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1、陕西西安秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词 EmperorQinShihuangsMausoleumandtheTerracottaWarriorsandHorsesMuseum EmperorQinShihuang(259210B.C.)hadYingashissurnameandZhengashisgivenname.HenametothethroneoftheQinatage13,andtookthehelmofthestateatageof22.By221B.C.,hehadannexedthesixrivalprincipalitiesofQi,Chu,Yan,Han,ZhaoandWei,an
2、destablishedthefirstfeudalempireinChinashistory. Intheyear221B.C.,whenheunifiedthewholecountry,YingZhengstyledhimselfemperor.HenamedhimselfShihuangDi,thefirstemperorinthehopethathislatergenerationsbethesecond,thethirdeventheonehundredthandthousandthemperorsinproperordertocarryonthehereditarysystem.S
3、incethen,thesupremefeudalrulersofChinasdynastieshadcontinuedtocallthemselvesHuangDi,theemperor. Afterhehadannexedtheothersixstates,EmperorQinShihuangabolishedtheenfeoffmentsystemandadoptedtheprefectureandcountysystem.Hestandardizedlegalcodes,writtenlanguage,track,currencies,weightsandmeasures.Toprot
4、ectagainstharassmentbytheHunaristocrats.EmperorQinShihuangorderedtheGreatWallbebuilt.Allthesemeasuresplayedanactiveroleineliminatingthecauseofthestateofseparationanddivisionandstrengtheningtheunificationofthewholecountryaswellaspromotionthedevelopmentofeconomyandculture.Theyhadagreatanddeepinfluence
5、uponChinas2,000yearoldfeudalsociety. EmperorQinShihuangorderedthebooksofvariousschoolsburnedexceptthoseoftheQindynastyshistoryandculture,divinationandmedicinesinanattempttopushhisfeudalautocracyintheideologicalfield.Asaresult,Chinasancientclassicshadbeendevastatedanddestroy.Moreover,heonceordered460
6、scholarsbeburiedalive.Thoseeventswerelatercalledinhistory“theburningofbooksandtheburyingofConfucianscholars.” EmperorQinShihuangforhisownpleasure,conscribedseveralhundredthousandconvictsandwentinforlargescaleconstructionandhadoversevenhundredpalacesbuiltintheGuanzhongPlain.Thesepalacesstretchedsever
7、alhundredliandhesoughtpleasurefromonepalacetotheother.Oftennobodyknewwhereherangingtreasuresinsidethetomb,wereenclosedalive. EmperorQinShihuangsMausoleumhasnotyetbeenexcavated.Whatlookslikeinsidecouldnolybeknownwhenitisopened.However,thethreepitsoftheterracottawarriotexcavatedoutsidetheeastgateofthe
8、outerenclosureofthenecropoliscanmakeoneimaginehowmagnificentandluxuriousthestructureofEmperorQinShihuangsMausoleumwas. No.1PitwasstumbleduponinMarch1974whenvillagersofXiyangVillageofYanzhaitownship,LintongCounty,sankawell1.5kmeastofthemausoleum.In1976,No.2and3Pitswerefound20mnorthofNo.1Pitrespective
9、lyafterthedrillingsurvey.TheterracottawarriorsandhorsesarearrayedaccordingtotheQindynastybattleformation,symbolizingthetroopskeepingvigilbesidethemausoleum.Thisdiscoveryarousedmuchinterestbothathomeandabroad.In1975,amuseum,housingthesiteofNo.1andcoveringanareaof16,300squaremeterswasbuiltwiththepermi
10、ssionoftheStateCouncil.ThemuseumwasformallyopenedtopubliconOct.1,theNationalDay,1979. No.1Pitis230meterslongfromeasttowest,62mwidefromnorthtosouthand5mdeep,coveringatotalareaof14,260squaremeters.Itisanearthandwoodstructureintheshapeofatunnel.Therearefiveslopingentrancesontheeasternandwesternsidesoft
11、hepitrespectively.Thepitisdividedintoelevencorridorsbytenearthenpartitionwalls,andthefloorsarepavedwithbricks.Thickrafterswereplacedontothewalls(butnowonecanonlyseetheirremains),whichwerecoveredwithmatsandthenfinesoilandearth.ThebattleformationoftheQindynasty,facingeast.Intheeastendarearrayedthreeli
12、nesofterracottawarriors,70piecesineach,totaling210pieces.Theyaresupposedtobethevanoftheformation.Immediatelybehindthemare38columnsofinfantrymenalternatingwithwarchariotsinthecorridors,eachbeing180mlong.Theyareprobablythemainbodyoftheformation.Thereisonelineofwarriorsintheleft,rightandwestendsrespect
13、ively,facingoutwards.Theyareprobablytheflanksandtherear.Therearealtogether27trialtrench,itisassumedthatmorethan6,000claywarriorsandhorsescouldbeunearthedfromNo.1Pit. No.2PitsisabouthalfthesizeofNo.1Pit,coveringabout6,000squaremetersTraildiggingsshowthisisapositeformationofinfantry,cavalryandchariots
14、oldiers,fromwhichroughlyover1,000claywarriors,and500chariotsandsaddledhorsescouldbeunearthed.The2,000yearoldwoodenchariotsarealreadyrotten.Buttheirshafts,crossyokes,andwheels,etc.leftclearimpressionsontheearthbed.Thecopperpartsofthechariotsstillremain.Eachchariotispulledbyfourhorseswhichareoneandhal
15、fmetershighandtwometreslong.Accordingtotextualresearch,theseclayhorsesweresculpturesafterthebreedintheareaofHexiCorridor.Thehorsesforthecavalrymenwerealreadysaddled,butwithnostirups. No.3Pitcoversanareaof520m2withonlyfourhorses,onechariotand68warriors,supposedtobethemandpostofthebattleformation.Now,
16、No.2and3Pitshavebeenrefilled,butvisitorscanseesomeclayfiguresandweaponsdisplayedintheexhibitionhallsinthemuseumthathadbeenunearthedfromthesetwopits.ThefloorsofbothNo.1and2Pitswerecoveredwithalayerofsiltof15to20cmthick.Inthesepits,onecanseetracesofburntbeamseverywhere,somerelicswhichweremostlybroken.AnalysisshowsthatthepitswereburneddownbyXiangYu,leaderofapeasantarmy.Alloftheclaywarriorsinthethreepitsheldrealweap
