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1、4.7 Back-formation,-Regina,Suffixation,Back-formation,Back-formation,Definition: Back formation is a method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. Or Back-formation is the process of word-building by which elements are subtracted from a complex word.,For example,edit beg butle,or,gar,r
2、,inherit inheritor 继承 继承者 ,1)Abstract Nouns 2)Agential Nouns 3)Compound Nouns and Others 4)Adjectives,1)Abstract Nouns,e.g. diagnose diagnosis donate donation reminisce reminiscence appreciate difficult mass-produce ,appreciation,difficulty,mass-production,2)Agential Nouns,e.g. loaf loafer, hawk haw
3、ker, sculpt sculptor, butch peddle orate ,butcher,peddler,orator,3)Compound Nouns and Others,e.g. eavesdrop eavesdropping, merrymake(寻欢作乐) merry-making babysit babysitter air-condition free-associate(自由联想) care-take(暂时看管) ,air-conditioning,free-association,care-taker,4)Adjectives,e.g. drowse drowsy,
4、 laze lazy frivol frivolous, cose (聊天，谈心) greed (n) gloom (n) ,cosy，,greedy,gloomy,4.8 Sound Reduplication,Sound Reduplication,Definition: the formation of compound words by repeating the same element with little or no change,(1) words to imitate sounds e.g.,tick-tuck 滴答滴答,ha ha ha 哈哈哈,bow-wow(of do
5、g) 汪汪汪,cock-a doodle-doo(of cock) 喔喔喔,2)Words to suggest alternating movements e.g. ping-pong seesaw flip-flop,(3)Words to disparage by suggesting Instability, nonsense, insincerity, vacillation, ect, e.g. fingle-fangle 标新立异 miz-maze 迷津/头脑混乱 higgledy-piggledy 杂乱无章 dilly-dally 三心二意/浪费时间,(4) Words to
6、intensify e.g. teeny-weeny 小小的 tip-top 顶尖的/出色的 super-duper 了不起/出色,汉语重叠,AABB 热热闹闹 哭哭啼啼 吃吃喝喝 2. ABB/BBA 黑乎乎，邦邦硬，滚滚圆 3.ABAB 哗啦哗啦，讨论讨论 4.A里AB 俗里俗气，傻里傻气 5.AA 想想，看看，走走,4.9 Commonization of Proper Names,1) Names of people e.g. Newton, from the English scientist Newton cherub (a charming pretty male child)，
7、from Cherub (a winged little attendant of God) bobby (BrE policeman), from Sir Robert Peel (founder of London police in early 19th century), robot, from the mechanical monsters in the play R.U.R. by Karel Capek.,2 )Names of places e.g. china (porcelain), from the homeland China, champagne (a kind of
8、 wine), from Champagne in France where the white champagne was first produced,3)Names of books e.g. Utopia(an imaginary perfect society), from Sir Thomas Mores book Utopia, odyssey (an extended journey, 长期的冒险旅行)，from Homers epic The Odyssey, which describes all the hardships Odysseus experienced on his voyage home after the fall of Troy,4) Tradenames (商标名) e.g. nylon, orlon, dacron, rayon (originally trade names), four types of fabric, frisbee (a plate-like toy, 飞盘，飞碟)， deep-freeze (a deep freezer,冷藏箱)， Omega (a kind of cigarette) , Xerox (photocopier),Thank you !,
