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1、An Appreciation Reading Course on Selected Foreign Literature,Of Studies Francis Bacon,Francis Bacon,Of Studies,Lawyer Essayist Statesman Philosopher Master of English,Francis Bacon,(1561-1626),培根是四百年前英国的哲人名士，学富五车，文震朝野，其散论札记当时亦属上乘之作。在四百多年来的英国文学史上，培根的文论以其思想精深、艺术精湛和文学精绝而风骚独领。其在英国文学与思想界之影响，颇似唐宋八大家之在中国，
2、历久弥新。,Content,Bacons Main Experience Bacons Famous Works Analysis of “Of Studies”,1st: Bacons Main Experiences,In 1561 born in London In 1573 entered Cambridge University In 1579 his father passed away In 1582 received the Qualification for Lawyer In 1606 Married Alice Barnham Bacon In 1626 Mar. mad
3、e an experiment Apr. died of bronchitis Bacons chief contribution to posterity lies in his role as the founder of materialism in philosophy and science in England.,2nd Bacons famous Works,Literary: Essays (1597) 随笔 The New Atlantis (1626) 新大西岛 (a utopian novel published in 1610) Philosophical: Novum
4、 Organum (1620)新工具 The Advancement of Learning (1605)论学术的进展 Professional: Maxim of the Law 法律箴言 Reading on the Statute of Uses 谈使用法则,Take as an example. A great tract on education. According to Francis Bacon, knowledge can be divided into two kinds: one is obtained from the Divine Revelation , the o
5、ther is the knowledge from the workings of human mind. Mans understanding consists of three parts: history to mans memory, poetry to mans imagination and creation, and philosophy to mans reason.,3rd Analysis of “Of Studies”,Warming up The first great modern essayist is Montaigne. The term “essay” wa
6、s borrowed from Montaignes Essais which appeared from 1580 to 1588. Therefore, Montaigne is the predecessor of Bacon. What do we mean by essay? Any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply to ent
7、ertain. Essays has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose. Of Studies is the most popular of Bacons 58 essays.,弗兰西斯培根是英国文艺复兴时期博学多才的散文家、哲学家、实验科学的先驱，留有58篇散文传世。 培根下笔，时而洋洋洒洒，时而十分简约，潇洒飘逸，有大将风度，口吻十分自信、认真。论断分明，又不失诗人奔驰的想象。不时用上一句拉丁文，使他的文章多了一份书卷气，带上一点古香古色。 培根的散文以准确、清楚、条理分
8、明著称，加上他擅长写出饱含人生的经验和智慧的名言警句，形成了培根散文的独特风格，使其能经久不衰。,Analysis of Of Studies,Of Studies，是培根400年前撰写的一篇探讨读书问题的散文杂记，亦是英语文学中妇孺皆知的劝学名篇。该文笔力遒劲苍幽，思想精深悠远，行文简洁明快，论述深入浅出，分析桴鼓相应，读来时若春雨润物，时若激流漂石，时若清风拂面，时若万籁俱号，令人似置身庄子齐物论。所谓之“野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也”之境界中。,Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Reading has
9、three functions. It delights you; it beautifies you; and it strengthens your ability. 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。,Their chief use for delight is in privateness （private life） and retiring; 其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时； for ornament, is in discourse （carrying on a conversation）; 其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中； and for ability, is in the ju
10、dgment and disposition of business. 其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。,For（ although, despite ) expert men (men of experience) can execute（ carry through, accomplish）, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels (direction), and the plots（ plan） and marshalling (arrange in logical order) of
11、affairs, come best from those that are learned. 练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。,To spend too much time in studies is sloth（ laziness, inactivity）; to use them too much for ornament is affectation (a deliberate pretense or exaggerated display); to make judgment wholly by their rules is the
12、humor of a scholar （mannerism, implying absurd error）. 读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。,They perfect（ make perfect or complete ）nature, and (studies) are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning（ weed out unwanted or unnecessary things） by study; and st
13、udies themselves do give forth directions too much at large (in general), except they be bounded in by experience. 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。,Crafty men（a person skilled in a job） contemn (look down on with disdain) studies, simple men admire them, and wise men
14、use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。 以下是第二部分。 In part 2, you can know more about how to read books. so come with me to find the method and benefit of reading.,Read
15、not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Dont disagree hostilely when you are reading, dont believe it wholly. We should not only focus on the words and sentences, but also think about it back and forth. . 读书时不可存心诘
16、难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。,Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 1. Taste - To read in the way that you test the taste of food, to read bits here and there. 2. Swallow - To read the whole book or story, but with little attention or without through understanding. 3. Chew and digest - To read carefully and slowly and then think about and understand the meaning or importance of 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则
