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1、Exercise,2. Translate the following into EnglishMaterials and methods,研究对象 征集研究对象是通过报纸广告和给医生去信进行的。入选标准是：(1)年龄55岁以上；(2)入睡性失眠或持续性失眠，其定义是每周至少有3夜上床后半小时不能入睡，或入睡半小时后觉醒；(3)失眠持续至少6个月；(4)觉醒时至少有一种失眠引起的负效应(如疲倦、无力、心情烦躁)。排除标准为：(1)失眠与某种疾病或药物不良作用直接相关；(2)睡眠时有呼吸暂停(呼吸暂停呼吸过浅指数15)或周期性肢体运动(肌阵挛指数15)；(3)经常服用安眠药或其它对精神状态有影响
2、的药物且不能或不愿停药；(4)正在进行精神治疗；(5)有重症抑郁症或其他严重精神病；(6)小型智力状况测验低于23分，表明有认知障碍。Reference words: 睡眠障碍：sleep onset latency 负效应:negative effect疲倦: fatigue 无力: impaired functioning心情烦躁:mood disturbances呼吸暂停:apnea呼吸暂停呼吸过浅指数:apnea-hypopnea index肌阵挛指数:myoclonic index with arousal安眠药:hypnotic medication 对精神状态有影响的药物:psy
3、chotropic medication 严重精神病: severe psychopathologic conditions知障碍:cognitive impairment小型智力状况测验:Mini-Mental State Examination,Subjects Prospective subjects were recruited through newspaper advertisements and letters to physicians. Inclusion criteria were (1) age 55 years or older; (2) sleep-onset or
4、maintenance insomnia, defined as sleep onset latency and / or wake after sleep onset longer than 30 minutes per night at least 3 nights per week; (3) insomnia duration of at least 6 months; and (4) a complaint of at least 1 negative effect during waking hours (e. g. fatigue, impaired functioning, mo
5、od disturbances) attributed to insomnia. Exclusion criteria were (1) evidence that insomnia was directly related to a medical disorder or adverse effects of medication; (2) presence of sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index 15) or periodic limb movements during sleep (myoclonic index with arousal 15); (3
6、) regular use of a hypnotic medication or other psychotropic medication with an inability or unwillingness to discontinue medication; (4) currently in psycho-therapy; (5) presence of major depression or other severe psychopathologic conditions; and (6) cognitive impairment as suggested by a score lo
7、wer than 23 on the Mini-Mental State Examination.,报名受试者要进行各种筛选，包括：(1)电话筛选；(2)询问睡眠史、精神病史检查、医疗史和查体。这些工作分别由有执照的睡眠专家、临床精神科医生和内科医生进行。工作小组定期开会以确定受试者是否符合标准。有163例进行了第二步审查，因精神病(n=9)、其它睡眠障碍(n=9)、不愿或不能在随机分组前停服催眠药(n=21)、内科疾病(n=6)或不符合失眠标准(n=3)而被排除者48例。115例进行了多项睡眠描记图的最后筛选，其中又有37例因睡眠呼吸暂停(n=23)、睡眠时有周期性肢体运动(n=6)、两种情
8、况兼有(n=2)、无失眠迹象(n=3)以及其他医学或精神病原因或无兴趣(n：3)而被排除,Prospective subjects underwent a multistep screening evaluation, which consisted of (1) telephone screening and (2) a sleep history interview, a psychological assessment, and a medical history taking with physical examination. These evaluations were condu
9、cted respectively by a board-certified sleep specialist, a clinical psychologist, and by a physician. Team meetings were regularly held to ascertain that subjects met the study criteria. Forty-eight persons of the 163 who underwent step 2 evaluation were excluded because of psychopathology ( n = 9),
10、 another suspected sleep disorder ( n = 9), lack of interest or inability to avoid taking sleeping medication prior to randomization (n = 21), medical problems (n = 6), or not meeting criteria for insomnia (n = 3). One hundred fifteen individuals underwent the final screening phase of polysomnograph
11、y. After this final evaluation, another 37 subjects were excluded owing to sleep apnea (n = 23), periodic limb movements during sleep ( n = 6), a combination of these 2 conditions (n = 2), no evidence of insomnia (n = 3), or for other medical or psychiatric reasons or lack of interest (n = 3).,其余78例
12、入选者随机分为认知行为治疗组(CBT，n=18)、药物治疗组(PCT，n=20)、CBT及PCT联合治疗组(n=20)和安慰剂对照组(n20)。78例中女性50例(641)、男性28例(35.9)，平均年龄65岁(SD，7岁)，平均教育水平14.4年(SD，2.5年)。入选者均为社区居民，白人70位(89.7)，黑人7位(9)，美洲本土人1位(1.3)，已婚53位(67.9)，已退休37位(47.4)。多数受试者(49位，62.8)自述有入睡和持续混合性失眠，22位(28.2)报告有持续性失眠, 5位(6.4)报告只有入睡性失眠。平均失眠持续时间16.8年(SD，16.9年)，60位(76.9
13、)用过安眠药。,The remaining 78 subjects were randomly assigned to either cognitive behavior therapy (CBT, n = 18),pharmacotherapy (PCT, n = 20), combined CBT and PCT (n = 20), or a placebo condition (n = 20). Of the 78 participants, 50 (64.1%) were women and 28 (35.9%) men, with a mean age of 65 years (SD
14、, 7 years). The average education level was 14.4 years (SD, 2.5 years). All subjects were community-dwelling residents, 70 (89.7%) were white, 7 (9%), black, and I (1. 3%), Native American; 53 (67. 9%) were married, 37 (47.4%), retired. Most 49 (62.8%) of the subjects reported mixed sleep onset and maintenance insomnia; 22 (28.2%) reported sleep maintenance insomnia and 5 (6.4%) reported sleep onset insomnia only. The average insomnia duration was 16.8 years (SD, 16.9 years) and 60 (76.9%) had previously used sleeping medication.,
