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1、2018年青岛科技大学外国语学院850英语综合考试I之语言学教程考研核心题库-一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis【答案】 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts : linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive proc
2、esses. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around , they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus, speakers of different languages are said to think in
3、 different ways. The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine peopled thinking and behavior ; the weak one holds that the former influence the later. So far , many researches and expe
4、riments conducted provide support to the weak version. 2 Conversational implicature【答案】 Conversational implicature refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. For examp
5、le, the implicature of He is a tiger could probably be he has some characteristics of a tiger. 3 CategoryCategory refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in 【答案】a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 4 Cognition【答案】 Cognition is,
6、in psychology, used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states （such as beliefs, desires and intentions ） and can be understood as information processing , especially when much abstraction or concreti
7、zation is involved , or processes such as involving knowledge , expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing , including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment. 5 Relational opposites【答案】 This is
8、a type of antonymy , in which the members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. For example, “buy/sell” is such a pair. X buys something from Y means Y sells something from X. 6 Cross-cultural communication【答案】 Cros
9、s-cultural communication is an exchange of ideas , information , etc , betweenpersons from different cultural backgrounds. The cultural conventions of the participants may widely different , and misinterpretation and misunderstanding can easily arise , even leading to a total communication breakdown
10、. 7 The London School of Linguistics【答案】 The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was J.R. Firth.8 Bound morpheme【答案】 Bound morphemes refer to those morphemes that
11、 can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. For example , in the word “careless”，“-less” is a bound morphe me since it could not occur by itself as a word. 9 Lingua franca【答案】 It is language that is used for communication between different groups of people, each speaking a d
12、ifferent language , lhe lingua franca could be an internationally used language of communication （e. g. English） , it could be the native language of one of the groups, or it could a language which is not spoken natively by any of the groups but has a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary and
13、 is often a mixture of two or more languages. 10Prefix【答案】 In linguistics, a prefix is a type of affix that precedes the morphemes to which it can attach. Prefixes are bound morphemes （they cannot occur as independent words ） . While most languages employ both prefixes and suffixes, prefixes are les
14、s common. Some languages employ mostly suffixes and almost no prefixes at all. The use of prefixes has been found to correlate statistically with other linguistic features, such as a verb-object word order and the use of prepositions. 二、Short-answer-questions11Analyze the following dialogue with ref
15、erence to Grices Cooperative PrincipleA : Oh I like this popular song so much How about you?B : I often hear classical music, especially, the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony No.9 is my favorite.【答案】 B has obviously violated Maxim of Relation: A was asking B?s opinion about a particular
16、 popular song , but B?s response was actually about classical music. By such a violation , B probably wanted to imply that he did not like that popular song. 12What is the view of the environmentalist theories of language acquisition? What are the representatives?【答案】 Environmentalist theories of learning hold that an organism n
