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1、2018年三峡大学外国语学院892英语语言学之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 IPA【答案】 IPA is the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet , which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888. IPA is a set of symbols which can be used to represent the phones and phonemes of natural langua
2、ges. 2 Idiolect【答案】 Just as every speech community has a dialect, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called “idiolect” 3 Glottal Stop【答案】 V ocal tract is composed of oral cavity, nasal
3、cavity and pharynx. When the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop. 4 Surface structure【答案】 It is a term used in generative grammar to refer to the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the inp
4、ut to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear. For instance, “John is easy to please.” and “John is eager to please.” are two sentences with the same surface structure.5 cohort model【答案】 The cohort model is a supposed
5、 doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition postulated by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates compete with one another for activation. As
6、 more acoustic input is analyzed , candidates that are no longer consistent with the input drop out of the set. This process continues until only one word candidate matches the input- the best fitting word may be chosen if no single candidate is a clear winner. 6 Performatives【答案】 Performatives are
7、sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is part of, the doing an action. The judge?s imprisonment sentence, the president?s war or independence declaration, etc., are performatives.7 Relational opposites【
8、答案】 This is a type of antonymy , in which the members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. For example,“buy/sell” is such a pair. X buys something from Y means Y sells something from X. 8 Textual function【答案】 Textu
9、al function : The textual function is one of the three meta-functions language is composed of. It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences. 9
10、 Lingua franca【答案】 It is language that is used for communication between different groups of people, each speaking a different language , lhe lingua franca could be an internationally used language of communication （e. g. English） , it could be the native language of one of the groups, or it could a
11、 language which is not spoken natively by any of the groups but has a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary and is often a mixture of two or more languages. 10Predication analysis【答案】 Predication analysis is an important step in the analysis of sentential meaning. The predication is the commo
12、n category shared by propositions, questions, commands, etc. Such analysis is to break down the sentence into its smaller constituents: argument and predicate. The predicate is the major or pivotal element governing the argument. The argument is the logical participant. 二、Short-answer-questions11A n
13、umber interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?（a ） The deceased?s cremains were scattered over the hill.（b ） Hes always taking pills, either uppers or downers.【答案】 The words “deceased” “upper” and “downer” have under
14、gone a process of class shift. By shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or conversion. In the sentences above, “deceased”，“upper” and “downer” are ori
15、ginally adjectives, meaning “dead”，“higher” and “lower” respectively; in the sentences above, however, they mean “dead people”，“a drug used as a stimulant.” and “a depressant or sedative drug”，which are nouns. 12How well, in your opinion, does the word “communication ” represent the function of huma
16、n language?【答案】 We use language for an almost infinite number of purposes , from writing letters to gossiping with our friends , making speeches and talking to ourselves in the mirror. But the primary function of language is to transmit information and to convey commands, feelings and emotions. That is, language is a tool of communication. The t erm “communication” can be
