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1、s发/s/的读音规则一、s在词首时，除了sugar，sure以及sh组合发/以外，其余一般发/s/。 例：surface，serve，seven，six，some，sign比较：design/dizain/一般前缀，合成词不影响其读音。s仍读成/s/。例：unsafe，unsatisfactory，roadside，teaspoon，snowstorm二、两个s在词尾时读作/s/。 例：grass，glass，address，press，success，pass，miss，stress，across，swiss, progress，process，kiss三、词尾s在u后读作/s/。 例：bu
2、s，us，minus，abacus，plus，status，virus四、在sis组合的弱读中，两个s都读作/s/。 例：emphasis，analysis，thesis，crisisemphasise, emphasize, analyse/ analyze, criticise/criticize (criticism n.)五、s在字母c前常读作/s/。 例：muscle，discipline，science六、s在某些前后缀中读作/s/。1在前缀mis-，dis-中，s读作/s/。 例：mismanage，misjudge， misbelieve，disorder，disobey2在后
3、缀sive，sity，self，-some，-sy中，s读作/s/。 例：expensive，intensive，decisive, yourself，handsome，troublesome，tiresome，quarrelsome七、s在清辅音前后常读作/s/。1s在清辅音前常读作/s/。 例：honest，newspaper，task，satisfy，grasp (grab, grip)2s在清辅音后常读作/s/。 例：sportsman，works，stops，roofs八、词尾se在字母r，l，n后读作/s/。 例：horse，nurse，worse，course， universe
4、，pulse，else，tense，senseI couldnt find good references by Googling, and I dont know anything about British English. As I think it through, it is quite complicated! Sorry - we should really get around to some spelling reform. I hope others can help edit this list if they think of exceptions. In Americ
5、an English, typically If there are any prefixes or suffixes causing an s to be in the middle of a word (either because the s is part of the prefix or because it is part of the root), the s is always unvoiced清音/s/, e.g. subsist, substandard, mismatch, mistake, etc. An s that is written next to an unv
6、oiced consonant 清辅音 is always unvoiced /s/, e.g. lisp, rasp, history, etc. When the unvoiced consonant of the above rule is t, then the /t/ is silent if the next syllable is syllabic /n/ or /l/: listen, whistle. (Otherwise it is pronounced. See the comments for a more detailed description of this ru
7、le.) An s before m is always voiced /z/: chasm, prism, plasma. However, the top rule takes precedence有优先权, so the s in mismatch is always voiceless /s/. An s that is written doubled between vowels is also unvoiced: massive, missive, missile, etc. However, if the s would occur in the phonetic stream
8、/s+j/ then it assimilates to /, e.g. in mission. An s that is written as one single letter between vowels is usually /z/, e.g. laser, risible, criticise/ criticize, desert, design, reason, busy, result, reserve, closer (the comparative form of the adjective close, has an /s/ sound). In the same envi
9、ronment as mentioned above /z+j/ will assimilate to / e.g. in vision. Terrible exception to the above: in dessert, the s is voiced to /z/. Many native English speakers misspell dessert for this reason. Note also that the difference between desert and dessert is not voicing, but which syllable gets t
10、he accent (it is the first in desert and the second in dessert). Possess and its derivatives are another exception; the middle ss is voiced to /z/. The terminating ss is not. Other miscellaneous exceptions: The -ss- in the American state name Missouri is also exceptionally pronounced /z/. In raspber
11、ry, the p is silent and the s assimilates to the /b/, so is voiced to /z/.补充：Based on the immediately surrounding letters: Word-internal -ns-, e.g. in insist, tense, tinsel, is almost always pronounced /ns/ with unvoiced /s/. This doesnt apply to words that end in -ns, like pens or lens (these have
12、/nz/). Exceptions: cleanse and pansy, which have /nz/. For some speakers, certain (but not necessarily all) words starting with trans such as transit and transition have /nz/. Word-internal -ls-, e.g. in else, pulse, is almost always pronounced /ls/ with unvoiced /s/. This doesnt apply to words that
13、 end in -ls, like eels or steals (these have /lz/). Exception: palsy, which has /lz/. Word-internal -rs-, e.g. in persist, verse, is almost always pronounced /rs/* with unvoiced /s/. This doesnt apply to words that end in -rs, like stars or yours (these have /rz/*).Based on identifying particular su
14、ffixes: The ending -sive is usually pronounced /sv/ with voiceless /s/, even when there is a vowel letter immediately preceding the letter s. For example, explosive, invasive, abusive, derisive are all pronounced with /s/. The ending -osity is always pronounced with voiceless /s/.名词复数后面s的发音规则一般来说，s在
15、元音或浊辅音后读z，在清辅音后面读成s，在t后与t在一起读成ts，在d后与d一起读成dz。cups 杯子 days 日子 hands 手 hats 帽子2、以s,sh,ch,x结尾的词在词尾加es，读izclasses 班级 buses 公共汽车 boxes 盒子 watches 手表3、以“元音字母y”结尾的词，加s，读作z；以辅音字母y结尾的词，变y为i，再加es，读iz。boy-boys 男孩 army-armies 军队 story-stories 故事 factory-factories 工厂 baby-babies 宝贝4、以o结尾的词，多数加s，读z。kilo-kilos 公里 photo-photos 照片 tobacco-tobaccos 烟草 piano-pianos 钢琴以元音字母o结尾的词一律加s，读z。zoo-zoos 动物园 radio-radios 收音机少数以o结尾的词，在词尾加-es，读z。tomato-tomatoes 西红柿 hero-heroes 英雄 Negro-Negroes 黑人 potato-potatoes 土豆5、以f或fe结尾的词，多数把f,fe变为v，再加es，读s。leaf-leaves 树叶 thief-thieves 小偷 wife-wives
