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1、2018年暨南大学外国语学院706外语(英)水平考试之语言学教程考研核心题库-一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Predication analysis【答案】 Predication analysis is an important step in the analysis of sentential meaning. The predication is the common category shared by propositions, questions, commands, etc. Such analysis is to break down the s
2、entence into its smaller constituents: argument and predicate. The predicate is the major or pivotal element governing the argument. The argument is the logical participant. 2 Construal and construal operations【答案】Construal is the competence to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate wa
3、ys through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc. Construal operations are conceptualizing processes applied in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources empl
4、oyed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions. 3 Metonymy【答案】 Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by 也e name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. For instance , “Washington ”，as the capital of
5、 the United States, can be used as a metonym （an instance of metonymy） for the United States government. 4 bound rootBound root refers to the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total 【答案】loss of identity, and this base form could not occur alone, such as “-ceive” in “receive
6、”. 5 The London School of Linguistics【答案】 The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was J.R. Firth.6 Meaning shiftMeaning shift: In a narrow sense, meaning shift is
7、 used to refer to the change of meaning 【答案】that has nothing to do with generalization or restriction such as broadening or narrowing of meaning.7 DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, 【答案】what happened in the past, what will happen in
8、 the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. Forexample , we can talk about Sapir, who is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future. 8 Paradigmatic relations【答案】 Parad
9、igmatic relation , Saussure originally called associative , is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure , or between one element present and the others absent. 9 CategorizationCategorization is the process of classifying our experiences int
10、o different categories based 【答案】on commonalities and differences. There are three levels in categories: the basic level，the superordinate level ，and the subordinate level. 10Textual function【答案】 Textual function : The textual function is one of the three meta-functions language is composed of. It r
11、efers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences. 二、Short-answer-questions11Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the fo
12、llowing utterances and what implicature can be drawn.（1）A : Can you tell me the secret?B : But John is there.（2）A : Let?s go to the movies.B : Fll bring the Kleenex.（3）A : Would you drive a Mercedes?B : I wouldn?t drive ANY expensive car.【答案】 In the exchanges, the maxim of relation has been flouted.
13、 As to instance （1） , A will assume that if B is cooperative his reply must be relevant in a different sense: I will not talk about my secret now because I do not want to let John know. In （2 ），the answer of B seems irrelevant to A?s utterance. By doing so, A will likely derive the implicature that
14、B has accepted his suggestion, and is going to get prepared. In （3） , by violating the maxim of relation , B intends to implicate that Mercedes is an expensive car and he would not drive a Mercedes. 12Language can change through blending, metanalysis and borrowing. Give two English words to illustra
15、te each of them.【答案】 1） blending : smog, brunch2）metanalysis : an apron （which was originally “a napron”）； an adder （which was originally “a nadder”）3）borrowing : tea, encore 13thrived 10. breathed 11. turned 12. hissed【答案】 14What is behaviourism?【答案】 Behaviourism is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not experienced. Behaviourism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus-response reinforcement”，and the adult?s use of language is also a process of “stimulus-response”. 15How do you u
