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1、2018年东北林业大学外国语学院859专业基础知识之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Back-formation【答案】 Back formation refers to an abnormal type of word formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example , the word “television” appeared
2、before “televise”，and so does “editor” to “edit”. 2 Government【答案】 Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of o
3、thers in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In other words , the verb , or the preposition , determines , or governs , the form of the pronoun after it. 3 Homony
4、my【答案】 In any language there are words which have the same linguistic form but are different in meaning. These words are called homonyms. For example, bank （of a river） , and bank （financial institution ）. 4 Semantic field【答案】 It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system whi
5、ch shows their relationship to one another. For example, kinship terms such as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt belong to a semantic field whose relevant features include generation , sex , membership of the fathers or mothers side of the family. 5 Contrastive analysis【答案】 Contrastive an
6、alysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis , it is supposed that some le
7、aning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer. 6 HyponymyHyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and 【答案】a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante, and the more specific words are cal
8、led its hyponyms. For example , the hyponymy relationship could beestablished between “animal” and “rabbit”. 7 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis【答案】 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts : linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language deter
9、mines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around , they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus, speakers o
10、f different languages are said to think in different ways. The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine peopled thinking and behavior ; the weak one holds that the former influence th
11、e later. So far , many researches and experiments conducted provide support to the weak version. 8 Inflection【答案】 Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes , such as number , person , finiteness , aspect and case , which do not change th
12、e grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix: ?-ed?； the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix: ?-ren?. 9 functional morpheme【答案】 This is a subtype of fre
13、e morphemes, which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, “and, about when on , near, the” an so on. 10Open-class words【答案】 Open-class words refer to words whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited
14、 and with the emergence of new ideas , inventions , and so on ; new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. For example , nouns , verbs , and adjectives all belong to this class. 二、Short-answer-questions11What is reference?Reference means what a linguistic form refers
15、to in the real, physical world; it deals with 【答案】the relationship between linguistic elements and non-linguistic world of experience.Reference in its wider sense would be the relationship between a word or phrase and an entity in the external world. For example, the word tree refers to the object “
16、tree”.Reference in its narrower sense is the relationship between a word or phrase and a specific object, e.g. a particular tree or a particular animal. For example, Peters horse would refer to a horse which is owned , ridden by, or in some way associated with Peter. 12Write the international phonetic alphabet for the following words.（1） h
