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1、2018年东北师范大学外国语学院883英语专业基础(语言学)之语言学教程考研核心题库一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Performatives【答案】 Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is part of, the doing an action. The judge?s imprisonmen
2、t sentence, the president?s war or independence declaration, etc., are performatives.2 The Innateness Hypothesis【答案】 The innateness hypothesis was proposed by Chomsky. It says that the ability to acquire a human language is part of the biologically innate equipment of the human being, and that an in
3、fant is bom with this knowledge of basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal.3 Presupposition【答案】 A presupposition is a proposition （expressed in a sentence） that is assumed to be true in order to judge the truth or falsity of another sentence. For example , John di
4、dnt pass chemistry presupposes that John took chemistry. 4 Speech community【答案】 Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon , distinct social groups like hig
5、h school students or hip-pop fans. In addition, online and other mediated communities, such as many internet forums, often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the groups special purposes and priorities. 5 Interlanguage【答案】 It refer
6、s to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It?s a language system between the target language and the learner?s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the l
7、earner native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like “to touch the society”. 6 CoarticulationCoarticulation refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their 【答案】neighbors. For example , as in lamb , when a is followed by
8、 m , the velum will begin to lower itself during the articulation of a so that it is ready for the following nasal. When such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process coarticulation. If the sound becomes morelike the following sound, it is known as anticipatory coa
9、rticulation. If the sound displays the influence of the preceding sound, it is preservative coarticulation. 7 HyponymyHyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and 【答案】a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordian
10、te, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example , the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”. 8 Linguistic determinism【答案】 Linguistic determinism , is one of the two points of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis , and has developed into the strong version of
11、 this hypothesis. It could be summarized as follows: （1） One?s thinking is completely determined by his native language because one cannot but perceive the world in terms of the categories and distinctions encoded in the language. （2） The categories and distinctions encoded in one language system ar
12、e unique to that system and incommensurable with those of other systems. Therefore , the following statement could represent this hypothesis 4tIf Aristotle had spoken Chinese , his logic would have been different”. 9 Duality【答案】Duality refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated the
13、re are two levels of structure or patterning. At the first , higher level , language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units ; at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence （such as morphemes, words etc.）of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to f
14、orm units of meaning. For example , a syllable is the smallest unit that is normally spoken by itself, and scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words that are called morphemes. 10Slang :【答案】 It refers to casual , very informal speech , using expressive but in
15、formal words and expressions.For some people , slang is equivalent to colloquial speech but for others , it means “undesirable speech”. Usually , “colloquial speech” refers to a speech variety used in informal situations with colleagues , friends or relatives ，and “slang” is used for a very informal
16、 speech variety which often serves as an “in-group” language for a particular set of people such as teenagers , army recruits , pop-groups etc. Most slang is rather unstable as its words and expressions can change quite rapidly, for example , “Beat it!” “Scram!”，and “Rack off!” for “leave”. 二、Short-answer-questions11What is the relationship between linguistics a
