《2017年河南师范大学555英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2017年河南师范大学555英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库.doc（6页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、2017年河南师范大学555英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Distinctive features of speech sounds【答案】 The distinctive feature is a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example , “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents
2、 in English. 2 inflectional morpheme【答案】 Inflectional morpheme: It is also called inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of words. Inflectional affixes only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a typical example of this kind. 3 Construal and constru
3、al operations【答案】Construal is the competence to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc. Construal operations are conceptualizing processes applied in language process by hu
4、man beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions. 4 Speech Act Theory【答案】 Speech act theory was proposed by J. L. Austin and has been developed by J. R. Searle. Basically , they believe that la
5、nguage is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used to “do things”，and to perform acts. 5 PhoneticsPhonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It 【答案】can be divided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics , acoustic phonet
6、ics and perceptual/auditory phonetics. 6 division of pragmatic labor【答案】 Horn observes that the Q-based and R-based principles often directly collide and suggests the resolution comes from a division of pragmatic labor，which reads “The use of a marked （relatively complex and/or prolix） expression wh
7、en a corresponding unmarked （simpler ，less “effortful”）alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message （one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed） . 7 Concatenation【答案】 What makes a word separate from other words is that all the l
8、etters are lined up togetherwith no intervening spaces. That is, in a word, all letters are concatenated. Sometimes new words can be made by concatenating two existing wordsfor example, “airline” is a concatenation of the words “air” and “line” into a new word. 8 StemA stem is a morpheme or combinat
9、ion of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be 【答案】added. For example, “friend-” in friends, and “friendship-” in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent to a root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix. 二、Essay-qu
10、estion9 A discussion on Saussure as the father of modem linguistics.【答案】 Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the unio
11、n of a form （signifier ） and an idea （signified ） , and it is the central fact of language.By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. Saussure exerted two kinds of influence on modem linguistics. First
12、, he provided a general orientation , a sense of the task of linguistics which has seldom been questioned. Second, he influenced modem linguistics.Many of the developments of modem linguistics can be described as his concepts, i. e. his ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature
13、 of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics , etc. Saussure fundamental perception is of revolutionary significance, and it is he that pushed linguistics into a brand new stage and all linguistics in the twentieth century is Saussurean l
14、inguistics. That?s why Saussure is considered being the father of modem linguistics. 10Some comments on the following statement based on your own experience:There exists a close relationship between language and culture. In other words, a successful master of a given language has much to do with an
15、understanding of that culture.【答案】 Language use is heavily tinted with its culture. A language does not only expresses facts, ideas , or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the peopled attitudes , beliefs, world outlook, and so on. In a word, language expr
16、esses cultural reality. To dig it further , a language, as a system of signs with their own cultural substances and values, may be viewed as a symbol of social identity. People are identified via their use of language. In this sense, language symbolizes cultural reality.On the other hand , as people?s language uses express the culture ，to be more specific , thei
