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1、2017年河北师范大学英语语言文学英语语言文学专业综合复试之语言学教程复试实战预测五套卷一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Polysemy【答案】 Polysemy means a single word having several or many meanings. According to Crystal: Polysemy is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. Polysemic words
2、are signs of an advanced culture. Polysemy is also an essential feature of a language?s economy and efficiency. 2 Allomorph【答案】 A morpheme may take various shapes or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, the mo
3、rpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in “cats” /s/, in “bags” /z/，in “matches” /iz/. 3 Speech and thought presentation【答案】 Speech and thought presentation: These two terms are used for the language in fiction, referring to the presenting forms for indicati
4、ng the narrator?s speech or thought. The speech presentation may have the following four possibilities : direct speech , indirect speech , narrator?s representation of speech acts, and narrator?s representation of speech. The Thought presentation can also be categorized into : narrator?s representat
5、ion of thought , narrator?s representation of thought acts , indirect thought , free indirect thought, and direct thought. 4 Concord （or : Agreement）【答案】 It may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship wi
6、th one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category （or categories ） . For example, the syntactic relationship between that girl and she in the following dialogue: A: Who is that girl? B: Oh, she is my sister.5 Homonymy【答案】 In any language there are words which ha
7、ve the same linguistic form but are different in meaning. These words are called homonyms. For example, bank （of a river） , and bank （financial institution ）. 6 Embedding【答案】 It refers to the inclusion of a clause within a phrase or another clause, or of a phrase into another phrase. An example of e
8、mbedded clauses is: What I do is none of your business. （Nominal clause embedded as subject of another clause） 7 IPA【答案】 IPA is the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet , which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888. IPA is a set of symbols which can be used to repre
9、sent the phones and phonemes of natural languages. 8 Cross-cultural communication【答案】 Cross-cultural communication is an exchange of ideas , information , etc , between persons from different cultural backgrounds. The cultural conventions of the participants may widely different , and misinterpretat
10、ion and misunderstanding can easily arise , even leading to a total communication breakdown. 二、Essay-question9 Research has found that two-year-old English children produce negative sentences such as a） tod ） , but note）:a ）He doesn?t like cabbage.b ）Doesn?t like cabbage.c ）Him no like cabbage.d ）No
11、 like cabbage.e ）*Him doesn?t like cabbage.How can you account for this?【答案】 This founding firstly demonstrates one point that the acquisition of auxiliary verbs comes later than that of comparatively “simpler” morphemes such as pronouns. Therefore, it is unUkely for children to make mistakes as sho
12、wn in e） . The reason for this phenomenon could be explained by the fact that in the early stage of children language acquisition, the speech at first only contains content words and lacks the function elements.This founding also shows that children have a certain process of learning the negative fo
13、rm. There are generally three stages.1） At first, the negative element is not part of the structure of the sentences. It is simply attached to the beginning, as shown in d）.2 ） The negative element is inserted into the sentence. The additional negative forms dont and cant are used, and with no and n
14、ot, begin to be placed in front of the verb rather than at the beginning, as shown in c ）.3） Children begin to produce the appropriate part of do, be or the model verbs, to suit the person or tense, as shown in b） and a）. 10Categorize the following pairs: child-kid, alive-dead, big-small, husband-wi
15、fe.【答案】 Child-kid can be categorized under synonymy , alive-dead complementary antonymy , old-young gradable antonymy, and husband-wife converse antonymy.Synonymy is the technical term for the sameness relation.The members of a pair of complementary antonymy are complementary to each other. They div
16、ideup the whole of a semantic field completely, which means not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, and the denial of one also means the assertion of the other.Pairs of words of gradable antonymy have three characteristics :（1） they are gradable the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. As such, they can be modified by “v
