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1、2017年新疆师范大学语言学复试仿真模拟三套题一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Broad and narrow transcription【答案】 Broad and narrow transcription: In broad transcription, one letter symbol is used for one sound. In narrow transcription , there are diacritics added to the one letter symbols to show the finer differences betwee
2、n sounds. 2 Transformational-Generative grammar【答案】 Transformational-generative grammar is proposed by Noam Chomsky. He postulated a syntactic base of language （called deep structure ） , which consists of a series of phrase-structure rewrite rules, i.e., a series of （possibly universal） rules that g
3、enerates the underlying phrase-structure of a sentence. The end result of a transformational-generative grammar is a surface structure that is identical to an actual sentence of a language , after the mediating of a series of rules （called transformations ） that act upon the deep structures. 3 Prefi
4、x【答案】 In linguistics, a prefix is a type of affix that precedes the morphemes to which it can attach. Prefixes are bound morphemes （they cannot occur as independent words ） . While most languages employ both prefixes and suffixes, prefixes are less common. Some languages employ mostly suffixes and a
5、lmost no prefixes at all. The use of prefixes has been found to correlate statistically with other linguistic features, such as a verb-object word order and the use of prepositions. 4 Cross-cultural communication【答案】 Cross-cultural communication is an exchange of ideas , information , etc , between
6、persons from different cultural backgrounds. The cultural conventions of the participants may widely different , and misinterpretation and misunderstanding can easily arise , even leading to a total communication breakdown. 5 Homonymy【答案】 In any language there are words which have the same linguisti
7、c form but are different in meaning. These words are called homonyms. For example, bank （of a river） , and bank （financial institution ）. 6 Metonymy【答案】 Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by 也e name of something intimately a
8、ssociated with that thing or concept. For instance , “Washington ”，as the capital of the United States, can be used as a metonym （an instanceof metonymy） for the United States government. 7 Concatenation【答案】 What makes a word separate from other words is that all the letters are lined up together wi
9、th no intervening spaces. That is, in a word, all letters are concatenated. Sometimes new words can be made by concatenating two existing wordsfor example, “airline” is a concatenation of the words “air” and “line” into a new word. 8 CAI and CAL【答案】 Computer-assisted instruction （CAI ） means the use
10、 of a computer in a teaching program. This includes:a. A teaching program which is presented by a computer in a sequence. The student responds on the computer , and the computer indicates whether the responses are correct or incorrect.b. The use of computers to monitor student progress, to direct st
11、udents into appropriate lessons, material , etc. This is also called computer-managed instruction.Parallel to CAI , there is CAL （Computer-Assistant Learning ） . The former aims at seeing educational problems on the part of the teacher, whereas the latter emphasizes the use of a computer in both tea
12、ching and learning in order to help the learner achieve educational objectives. The first kind of CAL programs which were developed reflected principles similar to programmed instruction. The computer leads the student through learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depe
13、nding on the studenfs response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material （see branching ）. In more recent CAL courseware students are able to interact with the computer and perform higher-level tasks while exploring a subject or problem. 二、Essay-question9 How do
14、you understand the role of linguistic research in social and economic development?【答案】 To see the role linguistics plays in social and economic development , we could specifically consider the integration of linguistic research with other fields of social life , such as computational linguistics, ps
15、ycholinguistics, applied linguistics, anthropological linguistics.As to the applied linguistics , it is undeniable that linguistic research has greatly influenced the language teaching and learning. For example , various linguistic schools have shed insight into the methodology of language teaching
16、, especially foreign language teaching. Those different models of language teaching are all aimed at a more successful and effective language teaching.As is known , for a human being in the society , communication is very important. In the social communication , linguistic research also made some important interpretations and explanations. Such as Grice?s Cooperative Principle
