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1、2017年华北理工大学091语言学(同等学力加试)复试实战预测五套卷一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Innateness hypothesis【答案】 The “Innateness Hypothesis” of child language acquisition was proposed by Noam Chomsky , who states that language are somewhat innate and that children are bom with what he calls a language acquisition device,
2、which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.2 Diglossia【答案】 When two languages or language varieties exist together in a community and each one is used for different purposes, this is called diglossia. Usually, the more standard variety can be called the high variety or
3、H-variety , which is used in government , the media , education , and for religious services. The other one is usually a non-prestige variety, the low variety or L-variety used in the family, with friends, when shopping, etc. 3 Conversational implicature【答案】 Conversational implicature refers to a ty
4、pe of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. For example, the implicature of He is a tiger could probably be he has some characteristics of a tiger. 4 Contextual meaning【答案】 It is als
5、o called speaker?s meaning, or utterance meaning, which is more closely related to the context. For example, when a person says “My bag is heavy”，what he actually means may be asking the hearer to help him carry the bag. 5 Gradable antonym【答案】 Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that ar
6、e gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms. 6 Morpheme【答案】 Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content , a unit that cannot be divided
7、 into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning , whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example , in boys , there are two morphemes : “boy” and “-s”； in international, there are three morphemes: “inter-” “nation” and “-al”.7 Paradigmatic relations【答案】 Paradigma
8、tic relation , Saussure originally called associative , is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure , or between oneelement present and the others absent. 8 Slang :【答案】 It refers to casual , very informal speech , using expressive but infor
9、mal words and expressions.For some people , slang is equivalent to colloquial speech but for others , it means “undesirable speech”. Usually , “colloquial speech” refers to a speech variety used in informal situations with colleagues , friends or relatives ，and “slang” is used for a very informal sp
10、eech variety which often serves as an “in-group” language for a particular set of people such as teenagers , army recruits , pop-groups etc. Most slang is rather unstable as its words and expressions can change quite rapidly, for example , “Beat it!” “Scram!”，and “Rack off!” for “leave”. 二、Essay-que
11、stion9 Illustrate “Immediate Constituent Analysis”.The relation between a sentence and its component elements is generally referred to as the 【答案】relation between a construction and its constituents , in which a very important notion is immediate constituent analysis, IC Analysis for short.The immed
12、iate constituent analysis may be defined as： the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituentsword groups （or phrases ） , which are in turn analyzed in to the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.The immediate consti
13、tuent analysis of a sentence may be carried out with brackets or with a tree diagram. The criterion for the immediate constituent analysis is substitutability: whether a sequence of words can be substituted for a single word and the structure remains the same. Through IC analysis, the internal struc
14、ture of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguities, if any, will be revealed.For example: the IC structure for the sentence “The boy ate the apple.” is:1）Tree diagram 10List different types of Speech presentation and Thought presentation.【答案】（1） Speech presentation:Direct speech （DS ） :
15、 With the direct speech, what the character said is in its fullest form and with quotation marks.Indirect speech （IS ） : The propositional content of what the speaker said is presented, but it is not stated in the original words.Narrator?s representation of speech acts （NRSA ） : We don?t know what t
16、he speaker said, and all we know is that he used the speech act of doing something. It can be regarded as a summary of a longer piece of discourse and give more background information than indirect speech.Narrator?s representation of speech （NRS ） : It is a sentence which merely tells us that speech occurred , and which does not even specify the speech act
