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1、此文档是毕业设计外文翻译成品（ 含英文原文+中文翻译），无需调整复杂的格式！下载之后直接可用，方便快捷！本文价格不贵,也就几十块钱！外文标题：Factors influencing accuracy of construction project cost estimates in Pakistan: Perception and reality外文作者：Farrukh Arifa, Sarosh H. Lodib and Nida Azharc文献出处:Farrukh Arifa, Sarosh H. Lodib and Nida Azharc.Factors influencing acc
2、uracy of construction project cost estimates in Pakistan: Perception and realityJ.International Journal of Construction Management, 2018，15（1）: 59-70(如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做)英文3658单词，中文5801汉字。Factors influencing accuracy of construction project cost estimates in Pakistan: Perception and realityFa
3、rrukh Arifa, Sarosh H. Lodib and Nida AzharcAbstract：Construction projects are unique as they are priced before being constructed. Therefore, accuracy of construction project cost estimates is pivotal in project success. Several studies have determined factors influencing the accuracy of cost estima
4、tes. Comparatively less information is available for construction industries in developing countries. This study identified factors influencing the accuracy of cost estimates for construction projects in Pakistan. Cost data was collected for 46 completed construction projects. Four dimensions 60 fac
5、tors were considered. Dimensions included: project characteristics, project team, estimating procedures, and (costing related) information items. A rigorous analysis framework based on principal component analysis and regression analysis was used. Involvement of the contractor in the estimation proc
6、edure and labour rates were found to be the most significant factors. Early involvement of the contractor can result in realistic estimates through timely input from subcontractors, materials suppliers and manufacturers among others. This also helps in controlling labour costs as most of the constru
7、ction projects in Pakistan employ labour through subcontractors.Keywords: cost estimates; Pakistan; factors influencing accuracy; estimate bias; estimate consistency; principal component analysis; regression analysisIntroductionThe construction industry is unique in its working as compared to other
8、manufacturing and product development industries. Since it is a project-based activity, every construction project has its own nature, requirements, and characteristics. The uniqueness of construction projects is that they are priced before being constructed. Therefore, accuracy of project estimates
9、 have a pivotal role. This is the reason that more often than not, comparison of actual cost to early cost estimates becomes the measure of the project team, performance and overall success of the project (Oberlender & Trost 2001). Pricing and the profit required from the construction project are de
10、cided at the time of bidding and the bids acceptance (Halpin & Senior 2009). Therefore, construction project managers are primarily involved in cost control. This makes it necessary for construction managers to understand different factors that influence the accuracy of project cost estimates. Sever
11、al researchers have conducted detailed studies in order to determine factors influencing the accuracy of cost estimates. However, comparatively less information on this is available for the construction industries in developing countries.Realizing this need, the paper presents a rigorous analysis to
12、 determine factors influencing the accuracy of construction cost estimates. The data was collected from 46 construction projects in Pakistan. The authors adopted a two-stage statistical analysis framework to determine the perceived and real factors influencing the accuracy of estimates of constructi
13、on project costs. Certain conclusions have been drawn and strategic-level recommendations are provided, based on results of the analysis, to improve the cost estimation process and to reduce inaccuracy in the construction industry of Pakistan.The study presented in this paper first provides a brief
14、synopsis of similar prior studies conducted from different perspectives. Then it provides an account of the research objectives and scope, followed by details on research methodology and data collection. The main part of the paper provides details of the data analysis and its results. This is follow
15、ed by discussion of results of the analysis. Finally, strategic-level recommendations are provided for the improvement of cost estimation practices in the construction industry of Pakistan which could be equally applicable for other developing construction industries.Prior studiesSeveral studies hav
16、e been conducted related to accuracy of cost estimates for construction projects. On many occasions, researchers have attempted to measure the impact of certain project characteristics on the accuracy of estimates (Skitmore 1988; Akintoye & Fitzgerald 2000). Akintoye (2000) conducted a study to identify and under- stand the factors that influence contractors cost estimation practices in the UK. It was concluded that the main factors influencing c
