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1、Figures of Speech,Figures Of Speech In English Stylistics,Simile,A figure of speech in which one thing is liken to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison recognizable by the use of the word like or as. ( A Dictionary of Literary Terms),Simile,w 1. Ori
2、gin: Latin, meaning like w 2. Comparative words: like, as w 3. Functions: describing shape, scenery; expressing emotions; explaining; vivid description, making easy to understand; creating interest.,Structure of a Simile,Tenor + comparative word + vehicle Subject + comparative word + reference Examp
3、le: My love is like a red red rose Tom is as tall as his brother (not a simile) Tom is as tall as a Maypole.(simile),Type One: like,Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out
4、.,Type Two: as As firm as a rock As mute as a fish As strong as a horse As brave as a lion As obstinate as a cow As white as snow As black as ink / pitch As changeable as the weather As wet as a drowned rat As blind as a bat As fat as a pig As proud as a peacock As fresh as a rose,Type Three: what,T
5、wo Patterns: A is to B what C is to D. What C is to D, A is to B.,Type Three: what,Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter. 作家的笔犹如战士的枪。 .,Type Three: what,What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. 教育之于心灵犹如雕刻之于大理
6、石。 What salt is to food, wit and humor are to conversation and literature,Type Four: than,A home without love is no more than a body without a soul. He had no more idea of money than a cow,Type Five: and,Love and cough can not be hid. 爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的。 Truth and roses have thorns about them. Kings and
7、bears often worry their keepers. A word and stone let go cannot be recalled. 说出去的话就像抛出去的石子，是收不 回的。,Type Six: others,Who is to blame but her tyrant of a father. 怪谁呢？只怪她那暴君般的父亲。 A doctor must have the heart of a lion and the hand of a lady. 当一个医生必须有狮子般的胆量和仕女般 的巧手。,Simile,O, my loves like a red, red ro
8、se, Thats newly sprung in June: O, my loves like the melody Thats sweetly played in tune. Robert Burns,Simile,啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰； 六月里迎风初开； 啊，我的爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌； 唱得合拍又柔和。,The first line of the poem above, O, my loves like a red, red rose, is a simile. To communicate his feelings, the poet invites the reader to
9、perceive in his sweetheart some of the properties of a rose. Properties this might include are beauty, freshness, scentedness, specialness and rarity. Greenfly, thorns or blight, also common properties of roses, are likely to seem appropriate points of comparison, bearing in mind what we know of the
10、 context.,Metaphor,A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. (Websters New World Dictionary),Metaphor,A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poe
11、try. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit. ( A Dictionary of Literary Terms),Metaphor,Metaphors are often easy to identify and take the form X is Y. Something or someone is being compared to something or someone else through a construction using the appropriate part of
12、the verb to be (i.e. am, are, is, was, were, will be).,Metaphor,Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of fire. 教育不是将桶装满水，而是将火点燃。 Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned. 金钱像无底的海洋，将荣耀、良知和真理淹没。 Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is
13、written in poetry and remaining chapters in prose.,All the worlds a stage, And all men and women merely players; They have their exits and entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages (Shakespeare, As you Like it ) The first clause sets up the basic comparison. The
14、tenor and vehicle invoked by the first line are elaborated in the lines that follow. The metaphor makes possible for the literary writer to explain things vividly in great detail.,Metaphor,The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it. Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some
15、few to be chewed and digested. ( Of Studies, Bacon) She has a photographic memory for details. The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic.,Metonymy (借代）,A figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with w
16、hich it is associated. (Websters New International Dictionary),Metonymy,Definition: one thing for another; association w Metonymy is Greek for a change of name Function: brief, vivid, interesting Example: What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave (from the cradle to the grave从生到死）,A thousand mustaches can live together but not four breasts. 千条汉子能共处， 两个婆娘难相容。 The pen is mightier than the sword. He keeps a good table. (待客周到,以丰盛的饮食招待客人) She has the eye for the fair and
