单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1.turning n.,车削,2.,lathe n.,车床,3.,mount v.,安装,4.turret n.,转塔,5.boring n.,镗削加工,6.diversity v.,使多样性，使变化,7.damp v.,使减振，缓冲,8.guideway n.,导轨,9.carriage n.,(,机床的,),拖板,床鞍,10.spindle n.,主轴,11.hydraulic a.,液压的,12.lengthwise a.&ad.,纵向，纵长的,13.gearbox n.,齿轮,(,变速，传动,),箱,14.headstock n.,车头箱，主轴箱,15.hollow a.,空的，中空的,16.taper n.,圆锥,v.,锥形的,17.thread n.,螺纹,18.chuck n.,卡盘，夹头,19.tailstock n.,尾架,20.quill n.,活动套筒，衬套,21.longitudinally ad.,纵向地,22.screw n.,螺杆,23.nut n.,螺帽（母）,24.apron n.,拖板箱,25.keyway n.,键槽,26.rear n.,后部,27.triangular a.,三角形的,28.trapezoidal a.,梯形的,29.clamp n.,夹紧装置,Vt.,夹（紧，持，住）,30.identical a.,同一的，相等的,31.groove n.,凹槽,32.pad n.,垫片,33.washer n.,衬垫，垫圈,34.chip n.,薄片，金属屑,35.borne a.,有局限的,36.contour n.,轮廓，外形,37.cylindrical a.,圆柱（体，形）的,38.helix n.,螺旋线,39.pitch n.,齿节，螺距,40.periphery n.,边缘，外围,41.spiral n.,螺旋线,42.apex n.,顶,顶点,43.cone n.,锥面，锥体,44.handle n.,柄，把手,45.conical a.,圆锥的,46.kinematic a.,运动学的,47.profile n.,纵剖面,48.knurl n.V.,滚花，压花,49.circumferential a.,环绕的，圆周的,50.optimal a.,最佳（优）的,51.coolant n.,冷却剂,The lathe and its construction,车床及其结构,A lathe is a machine tool used primarily for,producing surfaces of revolution and flat edges.,车床主要是用来加工回转表面和端面的机床。
Based on their purpose,construction,number of,tools that can simultaneously be mounted,and degree of automation,lathes-or,more accurately,lathe-type machine tools-can be classified as follows:,基于各种车床的用途,、,结构、可同时安装的刀具的数目和自动化程度，车床，或者更精确地,说，车削类型的机床，可分为下列类型：,1,）,Engine lathes,动力车床，普通车床,2,）,Toolroom lathes,（万能）工具车床,3,）,Turret lathes,转塔车床，或六角车床,4,）,Vertical turning and boring mills,立式镗车床,5,）,Automatic lathes,自动车床,6,）,Special-purpose lathes,专用车床,Lathe bed,床身,The lathe bed is the main frame,，,involving a,horizontal beam on two vertical supports.,床身是车床的主要框架，包括支撑在两根立柱上的一根横梁。
horizontal a.,水平的,horizontal beam,横梁,vertical a.,垂直的,It is usually made of grey or nodular cast iron to damp vibrations and is made by casting.,它通常是由吸收振动的灰口铸铁和球墨铸铁铸制而成,Headstock,主轴箱,The headstock is fixed at the left hand side of,the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis,is paralled to the guideways(the slide surface of,the bed.,主轴箱安装在床身的左端,它包括主轴,其轴线,与导轨,(,床身的滑动表面,),平行Some modern lathes have headstocks with infinitely variable spindle speeds,which employ,frictional,electrical,or hydraulic drives.,一些现代车床的主轴箱采用无级变速，采用摩擦传动、电力传动或液压传动。
Tailstock,尾架,The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts,its lower base,an intermediate parts,and the quill.,安装好的尾架组件包括三个基本部分：底板、中间体和尾架套筒The lower base is a casting that can slide on lathe bed along the guideways,and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location,depending upon the length of the workpiece,.,底板是铸件，能沿着导轨在床身上滑动，,且有一夹紧装置，能根据工件的长度，在任何,位置锁紧整个尾架The hole in the open side of the quill is tapered to enable mounting of lathe centers,or other tools like twist drills or boring bars.,套筒开端的孔是锥孔，便于安装车床顶尖,和其他诸如麻花钻或镗杆之类的刀具。
twist drill,麻花钻,boring bar,镗杆,The carriage,拖板,(,溜板,),The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools and generating longitudinal and/or cross feeds.,拖板的主要作用是安装切削刀具以及产生纵向和（或）横向进给运动It is actually an H-shaped block that slides on the lathe bed between the headstock and tailstock while being guided by the V-shaped guideways,of the bed.,拖板实际上是一个,H,形的滑车当由床身上的,V,形导轨引导时，能在床身上的主轴箱和尾架之间滑动Lathe cutting tools,车床切削刀具,The shape and geometry of the lathe tools,depend upon the purpose for which they are,employed.,车刀的外形和几何形状取决于其用途。
T,urning tools can be classified into two main groups,namely,external cutting tools and internal cutting tools.,车刀可分为两大类，即外车刀和内车刀Turning tools,外圆车刀,Facing tools,端面车刀,Cutoff tools,切断刀,Thread-cutting tools,螺纹车刀,Thread-cutting tools have either triangular,square,or trapezoidal cutting edges,depending upon the cross section of the disired thread,.,根据所要求车削螺纹的横断面形状，螺纹车刀不仅有三角形、方形刀刃还有梯形刀刃Form tools,样板刀，成形刀,Form tools have edges especially manufactured,to take a certain form,which is opposite to the desired shape of the machined workpiece.,成形刀的刃口专门加工成一特定的形状，其形状与加工工件的理想形状相反。
Fig.11.2 indicates an arrangement of this latter type,which includes the carbide tip,the chip breaker,the,pad,the clamping screw(with a washer and a nut),and,the shank.,图,11.2,表示了机械紧固安装形式，其中包括硬质,合金刀头、断屑器、垫片、紧定螺钉（以及垫圈,和螺母），还有刀杆the carbide tip,硬质合金刀头,the chip breaker,断屑器,the pad,垫片,the clamping screw,紧定螺钉,washer,垫圈,nut,螺母,As the name suggests,the function of the chip,breaker is to break long chips every now and then,thus preventing the formation of very long twisted,ribbons that may cause problems during the,machining operation.,正如名称所示，断屑器的功用是不时地将长,切屑断开，这样可防止形成很长的切屑扭转带，,因为长扭转带可能会在机加工中引发问题。
long twisted ribbons,长（切屑）扭转带,every now and then,常常，不时地,Lathe operations,车床操作,Cylindrical turning,外圆车削,A single,full turn of the workpiece generates a,Circle whose center falls on the lathe axis;this,motion is then reproduced numerous times as a,result of the axial feed motion of the tool.,对工件进行的一次简单完整的车削产生了一个,以车床轴线为中心的圆；这个运动接着重复进行,。