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1、2024年高考化学总复习化学方程式大集锦一、非金属单质（F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si，H）1、氧化性：F2+H2=2HF (阴暗处爆炸)F2+Xe(过量)=XeF22F2(过量)+Xe=XeF4 (XeF4是强氧化剂，能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4)nF2+2M=2MFn(M表示大部分金属)2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2 (水是还原剂)2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI=2NaF+I27F2(过量)+I2=2IF7F2+Cl2(等体积)=2ClF (ClF属于类卤素：ClF+H2O=HF+HC
2、lO )3F2(过量)+Cl2=2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3 )Cl2+H2 2HCl (将H2在Cl2点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)3Cl2+2P 2PCl3 Cl2+PCl3 PCl5 Cl2+2Na 2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe 2FeCl3 Cl2+Cu CuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl )Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2Br =2Cl +Br2Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2 Cl2+2I =2Cl +I23Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I+3H
3、2O=6H+6Cl+IO35Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S Cl2+S2=2Cl+SCl2+H2S=2HCl+S (水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H+2Cl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClCl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2 Cl2+H2O2=2H+Cl+O22O2+3Fe Fe3O4 O2+K=KO2S+H2 H2S 2S+C CS2 S+Zn ZnSS+Fe FeS (既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取)S+2Cu Cu2S (只能由单
4、质制取，不能由离子制取)3S+2Al Al2S3 (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)N2+3H2 2NH3 N2+3Mg Mg3N2 N2+3Ca Ca3N2N2+3Ba Ba3N2 N2+6Na 2Na3N N2+6K 2K3NN2+6Rb 2Rb3N N2+2Al 2AlNP4+6H2 4PH3 P+3Na Na3P 2P+3Zn Zn3P2H2+2Li 2LiH2、还原性S+O2 SO2S+H2SO4(浓) 3SO2+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓) H2SO4+6NO2+2H2OS+4H+6=6NO2+2H2O+3S+4HNO3(稀) 3SO2+4NO+2H2O3S+4H+4 3SO2+4
5、NO+2H2ON2+O2 2NO4P+5O2 P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P+3X2 2PX3（X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）PX3+X2 PX5P4+20HNO3(浓) 4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2 CF4C+2Cl2 CCl4C+O2(足量) CO22C+O2(少量) 2COC+CO2 2COC+H2O CO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2 Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl2 SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2=Si(纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2 SiO2Si+C SiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2 (Si+2OH +H2O= +2
6、H2)3、歧化反应Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO（加碱或光照促进歧化： (Cl2+H2O H+Cl+HClO）Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(浓) 5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH 5Cl+ClO3+3H2O)3S+6NaOH 2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O (3S+6OH 2S2+SO32+3H2O)4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO2 (4P+3OH+3H2O=PH3
7、+3H2PO2)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO CaC2+CO3C+SiO2 SiC+2CO二金属单质（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的还原性2Na+H2 2NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na2O+O2 2Na2O22Na+O2 Na2O2 2Na+S=Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2 2Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH+H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2 2Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H24Na+TiCl4 4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2 MgCl2 Mg+Br2 MgBr22Mg+O2 2MgO M
8、g+S MgS2Cu+S Cu2S (Cu2S只能由单质制备)Mg+2H2O Mg(OH)2+H22Mg+TiCl4 Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbCl MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2 2MgO+C 2Mg+SiO2 2MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2 (Mg+2H+=Mg2+H2)2Al+3Cl2 2AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg（铝汞齐）4Al+3MnO2 2Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3 Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反
9、应)2Al+Fe2O3 Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeO Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)Al+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O Al+4H+NO3=Al3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2 2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 F
10、e3O4 2Fe+O2 2FeO (炼钢过程)Fe+I2 FeI2Fe+S FeS (FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g) Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2 Fe+2H+=Fe2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn Fe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn三非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) 金属氢化物(NaH)1、还原性：4HCl(浓)+MnO2 MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4H+2Cl+M
11、nO2 Mn2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(浓)+PbO2 PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O4H+2Cl+PbO2 Pb2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2 2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O16 H+10Cl-+2MnO4=2Mn2+5Cl2+8H2O6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2+3H2O6H+5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O14H+6Cl+Cr2O72=2Cr3+5Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2气与HCl
12、、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量) 2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量) 2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(浓)=S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)=3S+2NO+4H2O3H2S+2H+2NO3=3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4+6H+=2Mn2+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+
13、3S+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72+8H+=2Cr3+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+ +2NH3+3CuO 3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2+2H2ONH3+NO2+H+=N2+2H2O4NH3+3O2(纯氧) 2N2+6H2O 4NH3+5O2 4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O (用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2 (生氢剂)NaH+H2O=Na+OH+H24NaH+TiCl4
14、Ti+4NaCl+2H2 CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H22、酸性：4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O（可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻）4HF+Si=SiF4+2H22HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl H2S+Fe=FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl (弱酸制强酸的典型反应)H2S+Cu2+=CuS+2H+H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S+2H+H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2=PbS+2HNO3 (铅试纸检验空气中H2S)H2S+Pb2+=PbS+2H+H2S+2Ag=Ag2S+H2(银器在空气中变黑的原因)2NH3(液)+2Na=2NaNH2+H2 (NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH33、NH3的碱性：NH3+HX=NH4X (X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3 NH3+H+=NH4+2NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4 NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+
