《英语写作基础教程Chapter4PPT优秀课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语写作基础教程Chapter4PPT优秀课件（36页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Chapter 4 Developing ParagraphsFeatures of a ParagraphoAnalysis of Sample 1Features of a ParagraphoTask 1: Read Sample2 on page94 and identify the three fundamental features: the central idea, the supporting evidence, and how connection between sentences is achieved.oRead Sample3 and find the centra
2、l idea.An effective paragraph must have a central idea, which may be expressed either explicity in a topic sentence or implicitly.Features of a ParagraphoTopic sentence We now have, as a result of modern means of communication, hundreds of thousands of words flung at us daily. We are constantly bein
3、g talked at, by teachers, preachers, salesmen, public officials, and motion picture soundtracks. The cries of advertisers pursue us into our very homes, thanks to the radioand in some houses the radio is never turned off from morning to night. Daily the newsboy brings us, in large cities, from thirt
4、y to fifty enormous pages of print, and almost three times that amount on Sunday. We go out and get more words at bookstores and libraries. Words fill our lives.Features of a ParagraphHas new informationIs specificIs general enough to invite exploration of the topicIs strongIs not an announcementoTo
5、pic sentenceA good topic sentence:1)a. We went to the show last night. b. We had a terrible time at the show last night.2) a. Norris is the brightest student in our biology class. b. Norris is enrolled in a biology class.3) a. The longest three weeks of my life were when our aunt visited last summer
6、. b. Our aunt visited us for three weeks last summer.4) a. I had my first date with Clarence last spring. b. My first date with Clarence last spring was a disaster.Features of a ParagraphTopic sentenceWrite your own topic sentence for each of the following topics. Make sure each sentence expresses a
7、 particular point about the topic. Topic: Night Classes Topic sentence: I prefer taking night classes to day classes to fit my work schedules.(1) Topic: Black-and White Movies Topic sentence:_(2) Topic: Capital Punishment Topic sentence:_(3) Topic: Rap Music Topic sentence:_(4) Topic: Horror Movies
8、Topic sentence:_Exercise oSupply a topic sentence for the following paragraphs:1.A dog will follow his master anywhere, but a cat keeps to the house it is used to: and even when the house changes hands, the cat will remain there, so long as it is kindly treated by the new owners. A cat does not seem
9、 to be capable of the personal devotion often shown by a dog. It thinks most of its own comfort, and its love is only cupboard love.2.Red, for example, is the color of fire, heat, blood and life. People say red is an exciting and active color. They associate red with a strong feeling like anger. Red
10、 is also used for signs of danger, such as stop signs and fire engines. Orange is the bright, warm color of leaves in autumn. People say orange is a lively color. They associate orange with happiness. Green is the cool color of grass in spring. People say it is a refreshing color.Features of a Parag
11、raphoTransition Ive had a real problem with my car leaking oil on the driveway lately. Theres a pool of oil two thirds of the way up on both sides of the driveway. Theres a pool of oil inside the garage where I park the car. I clean the oil up. The next day its back again. I took the car to a garage
12、 to have the oil changed and the leak topped. The problem was more difficult than Id expected. The rear main bearing seal was leaking, but to replace it, the engine would have to be pulled. I couldnt afford that, so I had to wait and save up some money. I put three oil pans on the spots where the ca
13、r leaks oil when its parked. I cant think of any other solution for now. Ive had a real problem with my car leaking oil on the driveway lately. First, theres a pool of oil two thirds of the way up on both sides of the driveway. Theres another pool of oil inside the garage where I park the car. After
14、 I clean the oil up. The next day its back again. Finally, I took the car to a garage to have the oil changed and the leak topped. However, the problem was more difficult than Id expected. The rear main bearing seal was leaking, but to replace it, the engine would have to be pulled. I couldnt afford
15、 that, so I had to wait and save up some money. In the meantime, I put three oil pans on the spots where the car leaks oil when its parked. I cant think of any other solution for now.Exercise A. in additionB. for exampleC. in factD. alsoE. furthermore Teachers of foreign languages should be extremel
16、y well-qualified in order to carry out their duties properly. _(1)_, a teacher should possess a minimum of a graduate degree from a certified education school or institute if he is to teach high school or below. Besides the academic degree, teachers should not consider teaching only as an occupation
17、 for earning money; they should _(2)_ be interested in teaching. _(3)_, it was necessary that teachers be knowledgeable in their major fields. They should be skillful as well. _(4)_, the language teacher must know the target language well enough to be imitated by his students. Proficiency in the tar
18、get language includes fours skills: understanding, speaking, reading, and writing. A teacher should know the linguistic facts of the language of the students in order to understand the problems they will have in learning the target language. _(5)_, the teacher must be familiar with audio-lingual tec
19、hniques. Knowing all this will help the students to learn correctly and quickly. Steps in Writing a ParagraphStep 1： think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence (topic sentence).Step 2: think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or expla
20、in the main idea.Step 3: work out an outline to arrange the details or examples or facts in logical order. With the outline, the paragraph is almost half-done.Ways of Developing a Paragraph1.Development by Time 2.Development by Process3.Development by Space4.Development by Example5.Development by Co
21、mparison and Conrast6.Development by Cause and Effect7.Development by ClassificationWays of Developing a Paragrapho1. Development by Time to describe things in order of time chronological sequencingWords and phrases used in Describing Chronological Relations1. Development by Time Frank was definitel
22、y not expecting any visitors to his room that afternoon and indeed he had just begun to snooze in the mild afternoon sunshine _(1)_ someone tapped lightly on the door. _(2)_ Frank could respond to the knock, the handle turned and two children sidled in. _(3)_the first, a slightly gipsy-looking child
23、 wandered over to the window, the other leaned over Franks desk and placed a large box on the top. There was a short silence, and _(4)_ both children edged towards the door. They said nothing, not a word, and Frank too failed to find his voice; they had gone _(5)_ he could protest. He looked uneasil
24、y at the box. when, as, before, thenWays of Developing a Paragraph 2. Development by Process step-by-step description the right sequence , present tenseWords and phrases used in writing process descriptions 2. Development by ProcessAssignment www.pigai.org 160111, 121，131 No. 902235 160112, 160122,
25、No. 902237Ways of Developing Paragraphso3. Development by Space3. Development by Space In the middle of the rectangular-shaped courtyard stood three magnolia trees, all in full bloom. A little girl was hopping among them, now gazing at a bud, now collecting fallen petals. Under one of the trees stoo
26、d her parents, who, while keeping an eye on her, were examining the milk-white blossoms with great interest and admiration. In front of another tree a young couple, fresh and bright as the flowers, was posing for a picture. At one end of the couryard a group of youngsters had gathered behind an arti
27、st painting a flourishing limb, which looked so charming and real that a boy stooped to sniff at a half-open flower. At the opposite end a few elderly men and women stood admiring the leafless flowering trees and the people looking at them.Ways of Developing Paragraphso4. Development by Example illu
28、strations may be a single example or a series of examples Whether you do or do not open a gift in the presence of the giver; whether you should or should not turn the plate over to look at the makers symbol on the back; whether you put your coat on before or after you leave the hosts house; whether
29、you eat as quietly or as noisily as possible; whether you carry on a conversation during a meal; whether you walk in front of or behind a seated person; whether it is a friendly or an offensive gesture to put your hand on the arm of the person with whom you are talkingthese and a thousand other ques
30、tions are matters of cultural definition. None of them is inherently right or wrong, and none is good or bad manners except as a society defines it so. Examples are ususlly arranged in climactic order: the least important comes first, followed by others in order of increasing importance.Exercise In
31、a well-written paragraph of detail and example, all the facts support the topic sentence. Pick out the irrelevant material in the following:1.The topic sentence: I am fascinated by my grandmother. supporting evidence:My grandmother is about 90 this year.She was born into a well-to-do urban family.Sh
32、e seems never to require the services of a doctor.She has an abiding interest in collecting postcards.She does not have much sense of humor. She believes in everything: festivals, news, TV ads, success, and all the gods.She likes to eat fruit.She hates dogs.She likes the color of a strawberry.She ta
33、kes a walk in the garden every day.2. The topic sentence: Male chauvinism is evident in TV commercial advertisements. Supporting evidence:Commercials are new in China compared to those in developed countries.Television sets, like air-conditioners, are seen as luxury goods in China.There are two fema
34、le images in Chinese TV commercials: traditional women busy with household chores and “modern women” who believe that pleasure is the most important thing in life.In TV ads, “modern women” usually invire their boyfriends to buy them presents.Chinese men have got nicknames, like “qiguanyan” or “mofan
35、 zhangfu”.Chinese commercials are providing a stage for women.“Modern women” appear wise in commercials because they know how to depend on men but evade conventional duties.Ways of Developing Paragraphso5. Development by Comparison and ContrastComparison similaritiesContrast differencesblock present
36、ationalternating presentationsubject-by-subject patternpoint-by-point patternWays of Developing Paragraphso5. Development by Comparison and Contrastblock contrastalternating contrastSample1 Sample2 block comparisonSample3 5. Development by Comparison and Contrast The same qualities that make people
37、good house guests make them good hospital patients. Good house guests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a change, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates a compl
38、aining, unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. House guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as house g
39、uests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satisfying under the circumstances.Exercise 1.Read the following sentences and indicate if they are sentences of COMPARISON or CONTRAST.Though both are forms of humor, com
40、edy is different from satire.In 2050 the world will surely be different form what it is today.Fashions in furniture change just as clothing fashions do.Buying a car requires as much skill as selling one.Badminton is as important a sport in Indonesia as football is in the United States.There is more
41、hard work in writing than in physical labor.Ballet is a more exhausting art than gymnastics.“Friendship”, like “love”, is often discussed but seldom understood.Exercise 2. Write statements of contrast to fit the following patterns(you may need a word or a phrase to complete the sentence).TV and news
42、papers are_in many ways even though their aims may be the same.Sound travels_through air than water.Before 1880 many people died of smallpox; _, the percentage of deaths from smallpox is small today.Some children grow_ than other children because of nutritional differences._ to living on the farm, l
43、iving in the city is an intense struggle to survive in a concrete wasteland.Per capita earnings in Japan _ those in South Korea.Exercise 3. Write statements of comparison to fit the following patterns(you may need a word or a phrase to complete the sentence).The development of transportation and the
44、 development of communications_in many ways.Anshan in the Northeast of China and Panzhihua in the Southwest are _steel centers.Despite centuries of change, human beings and their primitive ancestors have many traits_._ badminton _table tennis requires a large playing area.Although the last days of t
45、he Roman Empire may at first appear very different from those of the United States today, there are ominous_ . Assignment oWrite a paragraph on the topic Advantages and disadvantages of multiple-thoice questions in exams.No. 915378Ways of Developing Paragraphso6. Development by Cause and EffectTo st
46、ate a cause and then mention or predict the effects.More and more fertile land is taken up by new buildings. the reduction of the grain output increasing environmental problems congestion too many peasants lost their jobseffects 6. Development by Cause and EffectIn the past few years, higher educati
47、on has become less important to young people than it was previously. the pressure of fierce competition better opportunities in the job market much of the knowledge taught in universities and colleges being out-datedTo state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes. cau
48、sesExercise Study the following information, and write C if it is a statement of CAUSE or E if it is a statement of EFFECT.1.Topic: Music in the United StatesPopular music showed a definite change in the 1950sa movement away from the big band sound .Teenagers became more affluent and thus had the mo
49、ney to buy records.The black population finally had the money in the 1950s to support the singers and musicians they had preferred for years.A large proportion of the adult white population that had been poor during the depression began to rebel against the sounds of the big band musicians.The new a
50、ffluence of groups of people who had previously had littele money to spend on entertainment paved the way for the emergence of gospel, blues, and rock music.Exercise Study the following information, and write C if it is a statement of CAUSE or E if it is a statement of EFFECT.2. Topic: TornadosTorna
51、dos are formed when warm, moist air spreads northward, meeting with cold air flowing from the north and west above it.The meeting of cold and warm air starts the characteristic circular motion.The circular motion quickly builds up and becomes forceful enough to tear buildings apart and uproot trees.
52、Not only are tornados able to move huge objects but they also occasionally do odd things, such as stripping a chicken of its feathers quickly.Exercise Study the following information, and write C if it is a statement of CAUSE or E if it is a statement of EFFECT.3. Topic: Drunk driversExcessive amoun
53、ts of alcohol cause one to lose ones sense of responsibility.Excessive amounts of alcohol slow reaction time and seriously impair depth perception.The inebriated driver is unable to make quick logical decisions and is often responsible for accidents causing serious injuries or death.Drunk drivers ar
54、e dangerous.Drunk drivers pose a serious threat to themselves as well as to others.Ways of Developing Paragraphso7. Development by Classification To classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics. rivers wide rivers narrow rivers long rivers short rivers deep rivers sh
55、allow rivers apples size place of origin color price quality7. Development by Classification oEssential to a good classification is parallelism.7. Development by Classification oEssential to a good classification is parallelism. track and field events gymnastics7. Development by Classification oAssi
56、gnment Write paragraphs of classification by expanding the following outlines.1.Topic: My Classmates among them are: their hometowns their majors their interests and hobbies their family backgrounds2. Topic: The Buildings on Our Campus among them are: their appearances their sizes their functionsWays of Developing ParagraphsoDevelopment by a Combination of MethodsTimeProcessSpaceExampleComparison and ContrastClassificationDevelopment by
