替代 省略 插入语 一，替代替代是指为了避免重复，用相应的词替代上文中出现的某个单词或词组，这种现象叫替代 that /one /it ; do/ does / did ; so ; not that，one， it 等替代上文中的名词•that 指上文出现过的不可数名词单数或可数名词,特指,表示 “the+n.”, 其复数为those.•The population of China is larger than _______ of Germany.•The book on the desk is easier than _______ on the shelf.•The students in this class work harder than ______ in that class.thatthatthose •one用来代替上文出现过的单数可数名词, 表示泛指,复数为ones. 可用 “an/a+n.表示.•A stone bridge is usually stronger than _____ made of wood.•it用来代指具体的, 特定的上文提及的东西, 与上文是同名同物•I bought a pen yesterday, but I lost _____ afterwards.oneit do 替代上文中出现过的动词(词组)•A horse runs faster than a cow does.(runs)•This student studies harder than that one does.(studies)•---- Did you read this novel? ---- Yes , I did . (read this novel) so代替上文出现过的内容•用作下列动词的宾语, 代替一个宾语从句: I think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess, expect, hope及I’m afraid so 等.•---Do you think she will come? ---I think so. (I think she’ll come.) •so+do,does,did /can等/系v.+sb./sth. 表示某人或某事也是如此。
---It’s fine today. ---____________ yesterday.•so+sb./sth.+ do,does,did /can等/系v.表示某人或某事确实如此 ---You are late again ---___________.So was itSo I am I think / believe / suppose / imagine/ guess / I’m afraid / expect / hope not代替一个否定的宾语从句Is she right?---I think not/ I don’t think so.---Will it rain tomorrow?---I hope not. 注意点•(1)think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, guess后的否定词not, 简略问答有两种: I think not或I don’t think so.. 我认为不这样.•(2)I hope not(否), I hope so(肯) √ I don’t hope so. ו(3)I’m afraid not. √ I’m not afraid so. ⅹ 二、插入语二、插入语•常插入一些单词, 短语或句子, 用来补充某些含义, 语法上称它们为 “插入语”. 它起到解释说明的作用, 如果去掉, 对句子本身影响不大. 然而有些插入语是不可去掉的, 比如:for example, in other words 等. 单词(多是副词)单词作插入语位置比较灵活, 可位于句末, 句中, 句首. •常见的有though, however, therefore, personally, luckily, obviously, consequently, fortunately等, 常用逗号与句子分开. I had thought he couldn’t come. He came, though.Personally, I think he’s too selfish.Her mother was seriously ill. Consequently, she left school 短语现在分词短语, 不定式短语, 介词短语都可作插入语, 起到补充说明的意思, •常见的插入语短语有:for example /by the way / generally speaking to be frank / believe it or not / on the contrary 句子do you think/believe/suppose, do you know, I believe, what’s more, let’s say, that is to say多位于句末, 也可位于句中.•As far as I know, He is very clever. 据我所知, 他很聪明.•Who do you think will go there? 你认为谁会去那儿? 注意点•插入语do you think/believe/suppose/know用于特殊疑问句中时, 其语序是:疑问词+do you think+主+谓?–What do you think you are doing?–How do you suppose they can answer these questions?–Whom do you think he really loves?–When do you expect they will come back? 三，省略 1.感官动词或使役动词（如：notice, hear, let, make)等后接不定式作宾补时省略to,被动时to不能省略。
即: notice / hear sb. do sth. sb. be noticed / heard to do sth. 2.在prefer to do rather than do cannot help but do, nothing …but do 等句型中常省略to 3.to代替不定式以免重复，常用此结构的动词：refuse ,want ,seem, mean , intend ,expect , hope , fear , fail ,wish, would like/love,tell等 •I couldn’t find him , though I wanted to . (find him)•--- Would you like to come to the party ? --- I’d love / like to . (come to the party)I meant to write to you , but forgot to .(write to you) --- You hurt him . --- I didn’t mean to . (hurt him) 4.应注意状语从句、定语从句中的省略。
状语从句中，如果谓语含动词be,主语又与主句主语一致或主语是it,从句中主语和be一齐省略 5.注意not ,so ,neither, nor的“替代性”省略 6. used to be 中be 不能省略 •不定式的完成式后保留to have ---- You ought to have finished your work. ---- I know I ought to have. •不定式的否定式后保留to --- Did you want to give a talk on this subject? --- I prefer not to. 。