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1、Figures of speechFigures of speechInPoetry1 DefinitionnFigures of speech are forms of expression that depart from normal word or sentence order or from the common literal meanings of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect.2the chief functions of figures of speechn to embellish, to emph
2、asize or to clarify. nto give tone or atmosphere to discourse, nto provide vivid examples to stimulate thought nto give life to inanimate objects, nto amuse, or to ornament.3WordsareeitherliteralorfigurativenLiteral原意nWordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally.nFigurative比喻义nWordsusedinextende
3、dmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereadersorlistenersmindareusedfiguratively.4colourfulnIn“acolourfulgarden”thewordcolourfulisusedinitsliteralsensetodescribethemanydifferentcoloursoftheflowersnin“acolourfullife”or“acolourfulcareer”thewordisusedinitsfigurativesensebecaus
4、eneitherlifeorcareerhasanycolour.5Figures of Speech (2)1.simile 2.metaphor 3.personification 4.metonymy 5.Synecdoche6.Antonomasia7.euphemism8.Hyperbole9.litotes 10.Antithesis11.Paradox12. Oxymoron13. Epigram14.Apostrophe 15.rhetorical question 16. Irony17. Sarcasm18. Satire19. Ridicule20. Innuendo21
5、. Parody 22. Climax23. Anti-climax24. Alliteration 25. Assonance26. Onomatopoeia 27. Transferred epithet28. Pun29. Parallelism 30. Repetition6MajorfiguresofspeechinpoetrynSimile直喻nSimileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.nMet
6、aphor暗喻nAmetaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,this comparison is implied rather than stated.7Examplesnshehasafacethatsasroundasthemoon.nTimeflieslikeanarrow.nYourunlikearabbit.nLifeisayo-yo.Itsaseriesofupsanddowns.nAlltheworldsastage,Andallthemenandwomen
7、merelyplayers;8Herlipswerered,herlookswerefree,Herlockswereyellowasgold.Herskinwaswhiteasleprosy,TheNightmareLife-in-Deathwasshe,Whothicksmansbloodwithcold.她的唇色鲜红，她的表情不羁。她的枷锁黄如金。她的皮肤白如麻风。梦魇般的死中生命是她的存在，用冰冷浓稠了的血液。9TheWaningMoonByPercyByssheShelleynAndlikeadyinglady,leanandpale,nWhotottersforth,wrapped
8、inagauzyveil,nOutofherchamber,ledbytheinsanenAndfeeblewanderingsofherfadingbrain,nThemoonaroseupinthemurkyeast,nAwhiteandshapelessmass.n有如苍白、清癯、垂危的女郎，n薄纱掩面，步履踉跄，n精神恍惚，漫游出闺房n神魂颠倒，气吁吁游荡，n月儿升起在朦胧的东方，模模糊糊，一片白茫茫。10MixedmetaphorsnOnedangerinusingmetaphorsisthepossibilityofbeginningwithonecomparisonandendi
9、ngwithanothernThisiscalledamixedmetaphor（混合隐喻；多重隐喻）11AllegorynAllegory:a narrative thatservesasan extended metaphor.nAllegoriesarewrittenintheformoffables,parables,poems,stories,andalmostanyotherstyleorgenre.Annallegoryisa complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to get a point across.n 12Beca
10、use I could not stop for Deathby Emily Dickinson BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeathHekindlystoppedformeTheCarriageheldbutjustOurselves-AndImmortality.因为我不能停下来等待死神他便好心地停下来等我那辆车上只载我们两个以及永生。我们慢慢驱车他不慌不忙我也把我的劳与闲统统丢掉一边，为了他的礼让离那时已是几个世纪却仿佛过了还不到一天，我首次猜测到，马头在朝向永恒奔窜。Weslowlydrove-HeknewnohasteAndIhadputawayMylaboran
11、dmyLeisuretoo,ForHisCivility-Sincethen-tisCenturies-andyetFeelsshorterthantheDayIfirstsurmisedtheHorsesHeadsWeretowardEternity-13Hyperbole:nHyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point, to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects. n 14nShe was scared to
12、death.nI told you a thousand times that you shouldnt behave like that.nBelinda smiled, and all the world was gay. ( A Pope)nHer beauty made the bright world dim. (Shelly )nI have a sea of trouble.15When I hear your namenMycompulsionistoblastdowneverywallwhenIhearyournamenIdpaintedonallthehouses,nThe
13、rewouldntbeawellnIhadntleanedintonToshoutyournametherenMycompulsionisnToteachthebirdstosingit,nToteachthefishtodrinkitnGodwillsentencemetorepeatingitendlesslyandforever.16personificationnBy definition, personification is a figure of speech which attributes human qualities to inanimate objects or abs
14、tract ideas. nIt is closely related to metaphor and is sometimes called personal metaphor . 17There are three chief kinds of personifications: 1) That produced by the use of adjectives. the blushing rose; the thirsty ground 2) That produced by the use of verbs. the kettle sings; the waves danced 3)
15、That produced by the use of nouns. the smiles of spring; the whisper of leaves18e.g.nThe wind whistle through the trees.nThunder roared and a pouring rain started.n I watched the moonlight dancing on the ripples of the lake. nThe ancient mansion spoke to me of bygone days.nThe gentle breeze caressed
16、 my cheeks and soothed my anger.19The Windby James StephensnThewindstoodupandgaveashout.HewhistledonhisfingersandKickedthewitheredleavesaboutAndthumpedthebrancheswithhishandAndsaidthathedkillandkill,Andsohewillandsohewill.20Metonymy借代nThesubstitutionofanounforanothercloselyassociatednoun.nThesubstit
17、utednounderives（获得）itsmeaninginthecontextitisusedbytheassociationproducedinthereadersmind.21ExampleofmetonymynIncontemporaryEnglishwhenwespeakofastatementfromthe“WhiteHouse”weunderstandthatthisisnotatalkingbuilding,butanofficialcommunicationwiththeauthorityofthePresidentoftheUnitedStateswholivesinth
18、eWhiteHouse.22A.Names of persons 1. John Bull:2.Uncle Sam:3.Ivan:4.John Doe:England,ortheEnglishpeopleTheUnitedStatesofAmericatheRussianpeopleordinaryAmericancitizenThealarmwentoutforaJohnDoewhostolethediamondsfromthestore.警察发出命令，搜捕一个从商店里偷盗钻石的家伙。B.Animals 1.BritishLion:2.thebear:EnglandortheEnglishg
19、overnmentTheformerSovietunionortheSovietgovernmentC.Parts of the bodygray hair:oldage1.Herheartruledherhead2.Useyourbrains.feelingsoremotionswisdom,intelligence,reason23D.Professions 1.the bar:2.the bench:3.the veil:4.the press:1.Hehasbeencalledtothe bar.2.Hehasbeenappointedtothe bench.3.Shetookthe
20、veil at20.4.Hesmeetingthe press thismorning.Whathasthe press tosaytothis?thelegalprofession;position(office)ofjudgeormagistrate;vocationofanun;newspapers;newspaperreporters;E. Locations of government, of business or industrial enterprises 1. Downing Street:2.TheWhiteHouse:3.Capitol Hill:4.the Pentag
21、on:5. Kremlin:6.Fleet Street:7.Wall Street:8. Madison Avenue:9.Hollywood:theBritishgovernmentorcabinetthePresidentorExecutivebranchoftheU.S.governmenttheLegislativebranchoftheU.S.government.theU.S.militaryestablishmentthegovernmentoftheformerSovietUniontheBritishpressU.S.financialcirclesAmericanadve
22、rtisingindustryAmericanfilm-makingindustry24euphemism委婉语nWordsorphrasesthatsubstituteanagreeableorinoffensivetermforamoredirectonethatmightembarrassorsuggestsomethingunpleasantnProfane(非宗教的;世俗的)wordsandexpressionsaregenerallytakenfromthreeareas:religion,toilets,andsex.25religionnGodgosh/gollynJesusj
23、eeznDevilOldNick26Toiletsnmens room / womens roomnthe little boys room / the little girls roomnrestroomnBathroomnWashmyhandsnthe head,(sailorsterminology术语)nlatrine(commonmilitaryterm)27sexnSleepwithsomeonenShagnBonknExchangingbodilyfluidsnGettinglaid28deathnPassedawaynPassedonnDepartednKickedthebuc
24、ketnPushingupdaisiesnSleepingwiththefishes(掉水里淹死)29ironynStatingonethingwhilemeaningtheexactopposite.northepersoncouldbetryingtoberude,eventhoughthewordsusedareseeminglypoliteetc.30ExampleofironynYourfriendturnsupinripped（撕裂的）jeans.Withasmirk（傻笑；假笑）,yousay,Iseeyouhaveputonyourbestclothes!31understat
25、ement含蓄陈述nTheoppositeofhyperbolenStatinganideainwordsthatarelessstrongthananticipated（预期的）.ntomakesomethingappearsmallerorlessimportantthanitreallyis.32ExampleofunderstatementnItdoesseemtoberainingalittle.nTheresafewcarsouttoday,arentthere?33sarcasmnSarcasmisaformofironythatiswidelyusedinEnglishespe
26、ciallywhenpeoplearebeinghumorous.nGenerallythesarcasticspeakerorwritermeanstheexactoppositeofthewordtheyuse,oftenintendingtoberudeortolaughatthepersonthewordsareaddressed（针对）to.34ExampleofsarcasmnIlovebeingmarried.ItssogreattofindthatonespecialpersonyouwanttoannoyfortherestofyourlifenIdinsultyou,but
27、yourenotbrightenoughtonotice.nNotallmenareannoying.Somearedead.35Synecdoche（提喻提喻：是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。提喻提喻又称举偶法。）nAfigurebywhichamorecomprehensivetermisusedforalesscomprehensiveorvice vers;aswholeforpartorpartforwhole,genus（类，种；属）forspeciesorspeciesforgenus,etc.36Exampleof
28、synedochenAllhands weresummonedtothequarter-deck(后甲板),nwherehandsisusedtodescribesailors.37Antithesis（对比）nAdirectcontrastinwhichtwosetsoffiguresaresetinoppositiontooneanother.38Exampleofantithesisn“Andso,myfellowAmericans,asknot,whatyourcountrycandoforyou.Askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.”JFKennedysIna
29、uguralAddressWinstonChurchill,inwhichhechallengestheLuftwaffe(theGermanairforce):n“Youdoyourworst-andwewilldoourbest.”nToerrishuman,toforgivedivine（神圣的；非凡的）.39Parallelism（排比）nParallelismreferstothefigureofspeechthatexpressesrelevantideasinthesameorsimilargrammaticalstructures.nIthelpsmakeasentencebr
30、ief,smoothandcoherent(连贯的)andgiveitrhythm,balanceandforce.40ExampleofparallelismnTo have and to holdfrom this day forward,nfor better for worse,nfor richer for poorer, nin sickness and in health, nto love and to cherish,ntill death us do part.41Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）nAncientGreek:Oxus=sharpMoros=dullnOxymo
31、ron=asharpdullnessorafoolishwise.n.aselfcontradictingphrase.42oxymoronnArhetoricalfigurebywhichcontradictoryorincongruous(不一致的)termsareconjoined(结合；连结)soastogivepointtothestatementorexpression;nanexpression,initssuperficialorliteralmeaningself-contradictoryorabsurd,butinvolvingapoint.n(Nowoftenloose
32、ly(宽松地)orerroneously(错误地；)usedasifmerely=acontradictioninterms,anincongruousconjunction.)43ExampleofoxymoronnPrettyuglynCivilwarnMobilehomenDryicenWhitegoldnOldnewsnOriginalcopynVoicemailnHalfnakednFinaldraftnAlmostperfectnOpensecretnWorkingholidaynMinorcrisisnActnaturallynOnlychoice44Pun(双关语；俏皮话)nA
33、playonwordsnthehumoroususeofaword,orofwordswhichareformedorsoundedalikebuthavedifferentmeanings,insuchawayastoplayontwoormoreofthepossibleapplications;aplayonwords.45ExampleofpunnSevendayswithoutwatermakesoneweak.nWhatswrongwiththisfish?Longtimenosea.nWhatdolawyersdowhentheydie?Liestill.nTryoursweet
34、corn.Youwillsmilefromeartoear(笑得合不拢嘴).46ExampleofpunnOldphotographersneverdie,theyjusthaveflashbacks.nThatnewmysterynovelhasakillerstarttoit.nIwonderedwhythebaseballwasgettingbigger.Thenithitme.nThehospitallabisrecruiting.Theyrelookingfornewblood.47Clich（陈词滥调，老生常谈）nAclichisahackneyed（陈腐的；平庸的）phraseo
35、rexpression.nThephrasemayoncehavebeenfreshorstriking（显著突出的）,butithasbecometiredthroughover-use.48ExampleofclichnNopain,nogainnEverycoinhastwosidesnLast,butnotleast,avoidclichsliketheplague（瘟疫）瘟疫）.49Paradox（自相矛盾，悖论）nParadoxisafigureofspeechinwhichastatementappearstobeself-contradictory,butcontainssom
36、ethingofatruth.nParadoxisusedforemphasisorstylisticeffect.50ExampleofparadoxnThechildisfathertotheman.nCowards（懦夫）diemanytimesbeforetheirdeath.51Zenosparadox(芝诺,希腊哲学家)nTheTortoisechallengedAchillestoarace,claimingthathewouldwinaslongasAchillesgavehimasmallheadstart（先行一点点).nAchilleslaughedatthis,foro
37、fcoursehewasamightywarriorandswiftoffoot,whereastheTortoisewasheavyandslow.52Zenosparadoxn“Howbigaheadstartdoyouneed?”heaskedtheTortoisewithasmile.n“Tenmeters,”thelatterreplied.nAchilleslaughedlouderthanever.n“Youwillsurelylose,myfriend,inthatcase,”hetoldtheTortoise,“butletusrace,ifyouwishit.”53Zeno
38、sparadoxOnthecontrary,”saidtheTortoise,“Iwillwin,andIcanproveittoyoubyasimpleargument.”54Zenosparadoxn“Goonthen,”Achillesreplied,withlessconfidencethanhefeltbefore.Heknewhewasthesuperiorathlete,buthealsoknewtheTortoisehadthesharperwits（智慧),andhehadlostmanyabewildering(使人困惑的)argumentwithhimbeforethis
39、.55Zenosparadoxn“Suppose,”begantheTortoise,“thatyougivemea10-meterheadstart.nWouldyousaythatyoucouldcoverthat10metersbetweenusveryquickly?”n“Veryquickly,”Achillesaffirmed(断言；肯定）.n“Andinthattime,howfarshouldIhavegone,doyouthink?”56Zenosparadoxn“Perhapsameternomore,”saidAchillesafteramomentsthought.n“
40、Verywell,”repliedtheTortoise,“sonowthereisameterbetweenus.Andyouwouldcatchupthatdistanceveryquickly?”n“Veryquicklyindeed!”57Zenosparadoxn“Andyet,inthattimeIshallhavegonealittlewayfarther,sothatnowyoumustcatchthatdistanceup,yes?”nYe-es,”saidAchillesslowly.n“Andwhileyouaredoingso,Ishallhavegonealittle
41、wayfarther,sothatyoumustthencatchupthenewdistance,”theTortoisecontinuedsmoothly.58ZenosparadoxnAchillessaidnothing.n“Andsoyousee,ineachmomentyoumustbecatchingupthedistancebetweenus,andyetIatthesametimewillbeaddinganewdistance,howeversmall,foryoutocatchupagain.”n“Indeed,itmustbeso,”saidAchilleswearil
42、y.59Zenosparadoxn“And so you can never catch up,” the Tortoise concluded sympathetically.n“You are right, as always,” said Achilles sadly n and conceded（让步） the race.60FiguresofspeechtodowithsoundnSomefiguresofspeecharechosenbecauseofthesoundtheymake.nSomepoetsorprosewritersoftenchooseawordtoechothe
43、meaning61Alliteration（押头韵）nAlliterationistherepetitionofconsonantsounds（辅音字母）62ExampleofalliterationnAlso,avoidawkwardoraffected（做作，不自然）alliteration.63StanthestrongsurfersavedseveralswimmersonSaturday.TinyTommyThomsontakestoytruckstoTimmysonTuesday.Clickheretoreadmorealliterations.64Assonance（半谐音，押韵
44、）nassonanceistherepetitionofvowel（sounds元音）.65Onomatopoeia（拟声；声喻法）n(pronounced:onno-motto-pay-uh)nOnomatopoeiaisafigureofspeechinwhichthesoundofawordechoesthethingitdescribes.nItisaformofsymbolisminsound.66ExampleofonomatopoeianHiss（嘘声）nSizzle（嘶嘶声）nCuckoo（杜鹃叫）nBuzz（嗡嗡声）nBeep（嘟嘟响）nding-dong（门铃声；争吵）nBang（发巨响；重击）67Chugchugchug!SwishswishswishYeeeeeeAhhhhhhhhGlipppGlupppGluppp68
