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1、Unit 3paraphrasing exercisesParaphrasingParaphrasingvWhat is a paraphrase?vA statement that involves putting a passage from source material into your own wordsthe paraphrase has approximately the same number of wordsthe paraphrase must be attributed to the original sourcevParaphrasing, similar to su
2、mmarizing, is restating others ideas in your own words without altering the meaning or providing interpretation. vBut it differs from the latter in that a paraphrase will generally be about the same length as the original source material, as well as a paraphrase can have quoted words or terms that t
3、hat you cannot or do not want to change.v Likewise, a paraphrase should also be attributed to with an in-text citation. Steps for paraphrasingv1) Select a short passage (about one to four sentences) that supports an idea in your paper.v2) Read the passage carefully to fully understand it.v3) Take no
4、tes about the main idea and supporting points you think you should include in the paraphrase, including key words and terms used by the author.v4) Using only your notes to write a paraphrase. Your paraphrase should be about the same length as the original source.v5) Reread the original source. Is th
5、ere important information that you have forgotten or written inaccurately? Is your paraphrase too similar to the original source? If so, revise your paragraph.v6) Add in-text citation (check the required formatting style).Methods of Paraphrasingv1. use different vocabulary with the same meaningv1) u
6、se synonymsv2)change parts of speechv3) give definitionsv2. use different grammarv3. use different structurev1) change sentence orderv2)combine sentencesv3)split sentencesTasks for paraphrasingvTask1useasynonymofawordorphraseTask1useasynonymofawordorphrasev1a.Studiesshowedthattheywerebornwithsomethi
7、ngspecial.v1b.Studiesrevealedthattheyareendowedwithsomethingsuper-normal.v2a.Childrenareentitledtotherighttodeveloptheircapabilitiestothefull.v2b.Childrendeservetherighttolearntothelimitsoftheircapacity.v3a.Thepresentsituationsmakeushavethereasontobeoptimistic.v3b.Thepresentsituationsjustifytheoptim
8、ism.v4a.Despitethis,manycentralcityareashavelosttheirpopulation.v4b.Despitethis,manyinnercitieshaveexperiencedadecreaseinpopulation.vTask2changetheorderofinformationv1a.Obviously,differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsmentalillness.v1b.Obviously,attitudestowardsmentalillnessvaryfrompersontopers
9、on.v2a.Cognitivedevelopmentdependsonthechildrensculture.v2b.Thechildrenscultureaffectstheircognitivedevelopment.v3a.Asuccessfulcareertendstocostsomewomenahappymarriage.v3b.Somewomenachievesuccessintheircareerattheexpenseofmaritalhappiness.v4a.Technologyhassignificantlytransformededucationatseveralma
10、jorturningpointsinourhistory.v4b.Historyhasdemonstratedthattechnologyaffectseducationprofoundly.vTask3changefromtheactivetothepassiveorviceversav1a.Iftheworldtakeconcertedaction,theenergyproblemwillbedealtwithefficiently.v1b.Theenergyproblemwillbedealtwithefficientlybyconcertedworldwideaction.v2a.Ho
11、wever,onecanhardlycontrolthemediausedtogenerateinformation.v2b.However,verylittlecontrolcanbeexercisedoverthemediausedtogenerateinformation.v3a.Thestudyshowsthatfrequentparentalpraisehasagreatinfluenceononeslife.v3b.Thestudyindicatesthatoneslifeislargelyshapedbywhetherheorshereceivedfrequentparental
12、praise.v4a.Untilrecentlymostpeoplestillconsidereddaydreamingasawasteoftimeandasevidenceofmaladjustment.v4b.Untilrecentlydaydreamingwasstillperceivedeitherasawasteoftimeorasevidenceofmaladjustment.vTask4changethepositiveintothenegativeandviceversav1a.Eventhemodestlyeducatedadultcanbeupsetbysuchanexpe
13、rience.v1b.Nomodestlyeducatedadultcanfailtobeupsetbysuchanexperience.v2a.Manyinfluencescanbetakenintoconsiderationandmanyotherfactorsaffectglobaltemperature.v2b.Nosingleinfluencecanbetakeninisolationandmanyotherfactorsaffectglobaltemperature.v3a.Agricultureismostlikelytobeprofoundlyaffectedbyglobalw
14、arminginanycriticalactivity.v3b.Nomorecriticalactivitystandstobeprofoundlyaffectedbyglobalwarmingthanagriculture.v4a.Technologymakesitmoredifficulttoseparateourselvesfromworkandthinkingofwork.v4b.Itisnoteasynowtoremoveoneself-bothphysicallyandmentally-fromworkwithtechnology.vTask5changepersonalnouns
15、intoimpersonalnounsandviceversa.v1a.Menarereluctanttoretireastheyanticipatethedeprivationofmoney.v1b.Reluctanceamongmentoretireisassociatedwithanticipateddeprivationofafinancialsource.v2a.Ifyoucomparetwosystemscarefully,youwillfindtheformerissuperiortothelatter.v2b.Carefulcomparisonoftwosystemswills
16、howthesuperiorityoftheformeroverthelatter.v3a.Mostpeopleagreethatitisnecessaryforthegovernmenttoregulatethemoneysupply.v3b.Thereisgeneralagreementthatitisnecessaryforthegovernmenttoregulatethemoneysupply.v4a.Moreandmorepeopleareawareoftheinadequaciesofourjudicialsystem.v4b.Therehasbeenanincreasingaw
17、arenessoftheinadequaciesofourjudicialsystem.vTask6changecomplexsentencesintosimpleTask6changecomplexsentencesintosimplesentencesandviceversa.sentencesandviceversa.v1a.Thoughachildscorespoorlyinhisfirstschoolyear,itshouldbenoreflectionofhisintelligence.v1b.Low-scoringchildinhisfirstschoolyearsdoesnot
18、necessarilymeanhehaspoorintelligence.v2a.Butsomesuggestedthatwemaycutdowngovernmentspendingandraisewagesforteachers.v2b.Butsomesuggestedlowergovernmentspendingandhigherwagesforteachers.v3a.Toachievethegoal,weneedtoexplorenewwaysboldlyandtrytocarryoutreformscontinuously.v3b.Theattainmentofthegoaldema
19、ndsboldexplorationofnewwaysandcontinuouseffortstocarryoutreforms.v4a.Ifwedevelopnanotechnology,wewilldependlessonnon-renewableresources.v4b.Ourdependenceonnon-renewableresourceswoulddiminishwiththedevelopmentnanotechnology.vTask7Task7Readthetextbelowandthendecidewhichisthebetterparaphrase,(a)or(b).v
20、AncientEgyptcollapsedinabout2180BC.StudiesconductedofthemudfromtheRiverNileshowedthatatthistimethemountainousregionswhichfeedtheNilesufferedfromaprolongeddrought.ThiswouldhavehadadevastatingeffectontheabilityofEgyptiansocietytofeeditself.va)ThesuddenendingofEgyptiancivilizationover4,000yearsagowaspr
21、obablycausedbychangesintheweatherintheregiontothesouth.Withouttheregularriverfloodingtherewouldnothavebeenenoughfood.vb)ResearchintodepositsoftheEgyptianNileindicatethatalongdryperiodinthemountainsattheriverssourcemayhaveledtoalackofwaterforirrigationaround2180BC,whichwaswhenthecollapseofEgyptiansoc
22、ietybegan.AssignmentvUsingthetechniquesyouhaveacquiredabovetoUsingthetechniquesyouhaveacquiredabovetoparaphrasethefollowingsentences.paraphrasethefollowingsentences.v1)ItbeganinFranceandGermany,buttookoffintheUnitedStates.v2)ThereHenryFordadaptedthemovingproductionlinefromtheChicagomeatindustrytomot
23、ormanufacturing,thusinventingmassproduction.v3)AftertheSecondWorldWartheindustrydevelopedplannedobsolescence,wherebyfrequentmodelchangesencouragedcustomerstobuynewcarsmoreoftenthantheyneededto.v4)Later,fromthe1970s,environmentalistsbegantocriticizetheindustryforproducinginefficientmodelswhichusedtoo
24、muchfuel,contributingtoglobalwarming.v5)Todaytheindustryownssomeofthestrongestbrandsintheworld.v6)However,manymajorcarcompaniesstrugglewithstagnantmarketsandfallingprofits.When to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?In general, it is best to use a quote whenvthe language of the original sourc
25、e text is irreplaceable vyou wish to appeal to the authority of the author to confirm the credibility of your argument on your topicvyou wish to argue with the authors position in considerable detailvyou plan to analyze and discuss the language itself In general, it is best to use a summary whenvyou
26、wanttoidentifyonlythemainideasofthewriter.vyouwanttogiveanoverviewofthetopic(fromseveralsources).vyouwanttosimplifyacomplexargument.vyouwanttocondensethemattertosuityourrequirement.In general, it is best to use a paraphrase whenvthereisnogoodreasontouseaquotetorefertoyourthereisnogoodreasontouseaquo
27、tetorefertoyourevidence.evidence.vyouaretryingtoexplainaparticularideaorapieceofyouaretryingtoexplainaparticularideaorapieceofevidenceinordertoexplainorinterpretitinmoredetail.evidenceinordertoexplainorinterpretitinmoredetail.vyouwanttodemonstratethatyouunderstandthesourceyouwanttodemonstratethatyouunderstandthesourceauthorsargument.authorsargument.vyouthinkthestyleandexpressingisinconsistentwithyouthinkthestyleandexpressingisinconsistentwithyourown.yourown.vyouneedtobalancethedirectquoteinyourwriting(youneedtobalancethedirectquoteinyourwriting(10%).10%).
