《英语国家概况Chapter》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语国家概况Chapter（51页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、 外国语学院何金娥 Chapter 2 Chapter 2 HistoryHistoryThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland英英语语国国家家概概况况 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireThe Founding of the NationITransition to the Modern AgeIIIIIBritain Since World war IIIVAdditional InformationVTeach
2、ing ContentsThe Founding of the NationI 1.2 Feudal Society 1.1 Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxons 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥 1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxonsv1.1.1 Prehistoric Period (history undocumented)9,000 years ago part of E-Continent3,000 BC Iberians大约在公元前3000年，伊比利亚人伊比利亚人从地中海地区来到不列颠岛定
3、居他们给不列颠带来了新石器（Neolithic）文化，. (Stonehenge) 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥v Stonehenge It is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain and is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire. People began building Stonehenge about 5,000 years ago, dragging each stone into place.Stoneheng
4、e and its Statue 1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vThe name of BritainBritonsvTribal societyvCeltic Language (Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh) 1.1.2 Celtic Britain (8th5th Century BC) 英语国家概况英语国家概
5、况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vFirst invasionIn August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain vSecondCaesars second raid in 54 BCvThird and finalIn 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of BritainvLeftGermanic attack in Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the
6、 Roman occupation of the island. 1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD5th Century)I came, I saw, conquered.(Veni, Vedi. Veci) 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vCapable administrators & good builders (towns and cities & roads)Building of London River Thames “London Bridge”Buildin
7、g of roads 1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD5th Century) 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th8th Century)vGermanic people (the Jutes from Jutland(日特兰半岛，北欧半岛）, Angles from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany)vEnglish (language of the Angle
8、s)dominant languagevRoman Christianity St. Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century1066)vthe Vikings (from the Scandinavian countries: Norway, Denmark and Sweden)vAlfred the Great, king
9、of Wessex A peace treaty: the eastern half of the island was to be subject to the Danish law and come to be known as the DanelawFrom 1016 to 1042, under the rule of Danish kings.In 1042, the English throne was returned to the Anglo-Saxons 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥 Westminster Abbey, built in1
10、052, by the penultimate King of England, the Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century1066) 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vIn 1066, Edward chose Harold of Wessex to be King in his place.vDuke William, often referred to as William the Conquer, challenged Harolds succession,
11、 won the Battle of Hastings, and was crowned King. 1.1.6 The Norman ConquestDuke WilliamNorman Cavalier 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vIn 1067, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.1.1.6 The Norman Conquest 英
12、语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥 1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta)vIn 1154 Henry II ascended the thronevHenry II reformed the courts and the laws:introduced the jury system (陪审团制度)institutionalized common lawvJohn ascended the throne in 1199. He demanded feudal taxes and army service.vHe was forced t
13、o sign the Magna Carta (大宪章大宪章).Significance townspeoplefreedom of trade and self-government merchants and craftsmenfor the first time as a new political force part of the British Constitution today 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vProvisions of Oxfordlimiting the Kings power by calling regular meet
14、ings of the Great CouncilvParlerto talkvOfficial formation of the two houses of parliament:House of LordsHouse of Commons1.2.2 Birth of Parliament 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥va series of wars fought between England and France over trade, territory, security and the throne promoted the concept o
15、f English nationalism. promoted the development of the textile industryraised the social position of the bourgeois class.1.2.3 Hundred Years War (13371453) 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vA war for the throne between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. It reduced the power of nobility and
16、 helped to increase the power of the new rising bourgeois class. vThe House of Lancaster won and their leader Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor (1485-1603). 1.2.4 The War of the Roses (14551485)II. Transition to the Modern Age 2.1 Religious Reformation 2.2
17、The Civil War 2.4 The Industrial Revolution 2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥2.1 Religious ReformationvReasons2 religious camps: Catholic and Protestant vImmediate cause: Henry VIIIs divorcevAct of SupremacyHenry VIII“only supreme head of the church of Engl
18、and” vIn essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guiseHenry VIII 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vQueen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Consolidated the Church of EnglandDefended the fruit of the Reformation in essencevGolden Age of English HistoryEngland advanced in such areas as fo
19、reign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts.The age of exploration began: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. The American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth.Elizabeth2.1 Religious Reformation 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vparliamentary clas
20、hes over monopoliesthe monarchy attempted to control commercial activities in the interests of the court vKing Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, and ruled the country without it for eleven years.vThe various classes in England soon split up into two camps:Parliament: merchants, artisans and ap
21、prentices, peasantsKing: gentry, big landlords and monopolists 2.1 Religious Reformation 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vThe civil war broke out (16421649)Between the Royalists (the Cavalier 保王党人) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads 圆颅党人) vResult: the monarchy was abolished in 1649 England was declare
22、d a commonwealth, i.e. a republic 2.2 The Civil WarRoundheads with pikes 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vThe Commonwealth (16491660)Cromwell, the head of the CommonwealthConservative in social reforms and protected property ownershipIn 1660, Parliament had Charles II as king of England. This put an
23、 end to the Commonwealth. 2.2 The Civil War 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥2.3 Restoration and the Glorious RevolutionvRestoration:1661, Charles II: to restore the old social order1685, James II: to reestablish CatholicismvGlorious Revolution1688: joint sovereign of William and Mary1689: Bill of Ri
24、ghts (limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament ) removed the ruling monarch and established Constitutional Monarchy 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥2.4 The Industrial RevolutionvThe Industrial Revolution took place first in Britain for the following reasonshuge mar
25、ketcolonies in America and Indiacapitalenclosure movementlaborvA series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution: Spinning JennyWater frameSpinning mule Power loomSteam engine 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥Spinning JennyPower loom2.4 The Industr
26、ial Revolution 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vMeans of transportationcanals were dug to ship goodsthe locomotive invented in 1814the first railway completed in 1825large merchant fleetSteam EngineMerchant Fleet2.4 The Industrial Revolution 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vBy the middle of 19th cen
27、tury, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in BritainvIts influence: Britain changed in many waysdramatically increased industrial productivitythe process of urbanizationchanges in class structureThe conflict between the capitalists and the proletariansthe most important political issue2.4 The
28、 Industrial RevolutionIII. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 3.1 The Formation of the British Empire 3.2 Britain in the World Wars 3.3 The Fall of the Empire 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vFirst British Empire: 19th CenturyIt included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and
29、 many small states in the West IndiesvSecond British Empire during the Victorian Age: Mid- and late-19th CenturyQueen Victorias foreign policyNew ImperialismIt included the colonies in Australia, New Zealand and Canadadominions Victoria“Empress of India”In Asia, occupied Burma and some other small s
30、tates. Opium War against China In Africa, control Suez Canal and conquer EgyptUnion of South Africathe 4th dominion3.1 The Formation of the British Empire 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vOn the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen. a territory of 33.5
31、million square kilometers (1/4 of the worlds total land). a population of 393.5 million (8 times as large as that in Britain)3.1 The Formation of the British Empire 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥3.2 Britain in the World Wars 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥3.2.1 World War IvBy the beginning of the
32、 20th century, Britains dominance was challenged by other European nations and the USvTwo camps in Europe:Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy and USv The immediate causeassassination in Sarajevo vOver 32 countries were i
33、nvolved, 28 of which support the Allies Powers and Allies Powers wonvThe cost of the war for Britain was great: drained of its manpowerlost the sea supremacya huge national debt3.2.1 World War I 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vGermanyplan to conquer EuropevBritainappeasement vdeclare war on Germany
34、 on September 3, 1939 valliance with the Soviet Union and the United States vGermany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945vgreat costlose its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States. 3.2.2 World War IIWinston Churchill 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vI
35、ndependence movementIndia, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and Egypt vBritish Commonwealth of Nations (a loosely organized community of former British colonies)3.3 The Fall of the EmpireIV 4.1 “Three Majestic Circles” 4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US IV. Britain since World War II 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语
36、国家概况外国语学院何金娥vOne of the Big Three after WWIIvForeign Policy: Three Majestic Circles less involvement in the Commonwealth circle close cooperation with the United States an isolationist policy towards Europe4.1. “Three Majestic Circles” 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥vMargaret ThatcherReestablished
37、“special relationship” with the United Statesagainst European integration vTony Blairmore positive towards Europe (but refuse to join the Euro)further strengthened the close relationship with the United States4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Cartoon: The Special Relationship Between Britannia
38、& Uncle Sam50 Things You Need to Know About British History 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥50 Things You Need to Know About British History In date order： 1.Stonehenge 2200 BC2.Roman Invasion and Civilisation 43 AD3.St Augustine and Christianity 5974.King Alfred the Great and the Doom Book 8715.Bat
39、tle of Hastings and Norman Conquest 10666.Magna Carta and trial by jury 12157.Declaration of Arbroath 13208.Canterbury Tales 13709.Peasants Revolt 138110.The longbows at Agincourt 1415 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥11.Religious Settlement 1559 12.Sir Francis Drake and the defeat of the Spanish Amr
40、ada 158813.Gunpowder Plot 160514.Shakespeare 161015.Plantation of Ulster 161116.Execution of Charles I 164917.Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights 168818.The Bank of England 169419.Act of Union 170720.Britains first Prime Minister Robert Walpole 1721 50 Things You Need to Know About British Histor
41、y 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥21. Gin craze and British drink culture 172922. The East India Company and the Battle of Plassey 175723. Longitude 175924. Watts Steam Engine 176925. Arkwrights Spinning Frame 177126. Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations 177627. The Siege of Yorktown and the loss of Am
42、erica 178128. Nelsons death and the Battle of Trafalgar 180529. William Wilberforce and the abolition of the slave trade 180730. Battle of Waterloo and national identity 181550 Things You Need to Know About British History 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥31. Sir Robert Peel and the British Bobby 182
43、932.Factory Acts and the British weekend 185033.Dr Livingstone and Africa 185534.Charles Darwin and evolution 185935.The Red House and my home is my castle 185936.The laws of association football 186337.Suffragettes 191338.The Battle of the Somme 191639.The BBC 192740.Gandhi and Indian Independence
44、193150 Things You Need to Know About British History 英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况英语国家概况外国语学院何金娥41. The Blitz 194042. Frank Whittle and the jet engine 194143. The NHS and Welfare State 194844. SS Windrush and Multiculturalism 194845. The Beatles 196446. Monty Python and British humour 197147. Britain joins Europe 197348. Miners strike and Mrs Thatcher 198449. The Channel Tunnel 199150. The Good Friday Agreement 1998 50 Things You Need to Know About British History 外国语学院何金娥英英语语国国家家概概况况
