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1、语法复习语法复习-句子成分句子成分词类词类名词名词代词代词形容词形容词副词副词动词动词数词数词连词连词介词介词冠词冠词感叹词感叹词China; pencil; salt; powerthey; itself; that; who; anybeautiful; round; excitingquite; luckily; almost; verybuy; die; have; will; must; beone; first; ten; tenthand; but; while; because; afterat; in; with; by; on; for; ofan; a; theOh; o
2、uch; aha词类词类短语短语句句子子成成分分主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语表语表语补语补语定语定语状语状语同位语同位语独立独立成分成分修饰修饰成分成分句句子子按按结结构构简单句简单句并列句并列句复合句复合句按按功功能能陈述句陈述句疑问句疑问句祈使句祈使句感叹句感叹句基基本本句句型型(get up; so that; look for)一、句子成分一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表
3、语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意意义义充当充当词类词类例句例句主主语语表示句子表示句子说说的是什么人或什么的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，式，动动名名词词，短，短语语或或句子句子We study in Zhucheng No.1 Middle School.谓语谓语说说明主明主语语做什么，是什么或怎做什么，是什么或怎么么样样动词动词或或动词词组动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示表示动动作行作行为为的的对对象象同主同主语语Both of us
4、like English.表表语语与与联联系系动词连动词连用，一起构成用，一起构成谓谓语语，说说明主明主语语的性的性质质或特征或特征同主同主语语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定定语语用来修用来修饰饰名名词词或代或代词词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名, 副，介副，介词词短短语语或句子或句子We have eight lessons every day.状状语语修修饰动词饰动词，形容，形容词词，副，副词词，表，表示示动动作作发发生的生的时间时间，地点，原，地点，原因，目的，方式，因，目的，方式，结结果等果等副副词词，介，介词词短
5、短语语或句或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补补足足语语逻辑逻辑上与上与宾语宾语是主是主谓谓关系关系形容形容词词，名，名词词，介，介词词短短语语等等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！（二）主语：（二）主语：主语主语(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问结
6、构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：和主语从句等表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriv
7、erisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语（三）谓语 谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主
8、语之后。征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffattenoclock.2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：注意：谓
9、语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（四）表语（四）表语 表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它特征、状态与身份，它位于系动词位于系动词（如（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）等）之后之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：词短语及表语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）（名词）2.Is
10、ityours?（代词）（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwenty one?（数词）（数词）6.Hisjobisto teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplaying football.（动名词）（动名词）8.Themeetingisof great importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）（副词）10.Thetruthisthat he has
11、 never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，一词，例如：例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：例如：Healwayskept silentatmeeting.3）表像系
12、动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，这一概念，主要有主要有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：Heseems (tobe)verysad.注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fal
13、l,get,go,come,run.例如：例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达表达证实证实，变成变成之意，之意，例如：例如：Therumorproved false.Hisplanturned outasuccess.（五）宾语（五）宾语宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyra
14、inpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）宾语种类宾语种类：（1）双宾语）双宾语【间接宾语（人）间接宾语（人）+
15、直接宾语（物）直接宾语（物）】，例如：，例如：Lendme your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如：Theye
16、lectedhim their monitor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：等，如：Herefusedto lend me his bike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finis
17、h,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreaking the window.下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如但意义不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。等。（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），才能使句子的意义完整。），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语
18、的一般句型为：某些及物带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如动词（如make等等)+宾语宾语+宾补）。宾补可宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：介词短语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodo
19、rder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（七）定语（七）定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisa beautiful city.（形容词（形容词）2.Chinaisadeveloping country;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词（分词）3.Therearethirty womenteachersino
20、urschool.（名词）（名词）4.His rapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）（代词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）（动名词）7.Heisreadinganarticleabout how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.Farmerswho saw usstaredatusasifwearewalkingskel
21、etons.(定语从句定语从句)（八）状语（八）状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodel
22、plane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下： 1.Howaboutmeetingagainat six?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecause of the rain.3.Ishallgothereif it doesnt rain.4.MrSmithliveson the third floor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwith great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状
23、语）Shecameinwith a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthat he fell asleep immediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthough she is old.9.Iamtallerthan he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）(9) 同位语：(appositive) 一个名词或代词后面有时可跟一个名词（或起类似作用的其他东西），对前者作进一步的解释,说明它指的是什
24、么等，叫做同位语。可充当同位语的由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、从句等。1.This is Mr. Zhou, director of our hospital.2.You girls may take those seats over there.3.Word came that our team won. 1.She herself said so.2.They both look beautiful.3.Are you two ready.4.His suggestion,to go home,has met with some opposition.idea, fact,
25、 news, hope, belief, thought, doubt等词后常接同位语从句。I had no idea that you were here.(10)插入语： 它是指插在句子中的词语，通常是对一句话作出一些附加的解释。 1.When do you suppose they1.When do you suppose theyll be back.ll be back.2.Where 2.Where did did they they suggest suggest we we should should go go during he summer holiday?during
26、he summer holiday?常做插入语的结构有： I think, I hope, Im afraid, I believe, I suppose, I wonder, you see, you know, dont you think, dont you know, I tell you, it seems, it seems to me, it is said, it is suggested 等。(3)做插入语的还可以是不定式、现在分词、介词短语、形容词、副词或从句。 1.To be frank, I dont agree with you.2.Strictly speaking
27、, you are wrong.3.This, in my opinion, is only a simple question.4.By the way, where is Xiao Li.5.Sure enough, enemy planes came again the next day.6.Honestly, I dont need it at the moment.7.You are not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so. 练习练习（一）（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
28、1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.主定语宾语宾语谓语谓语状语状语定语定语状语状语6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.9.Hiswishi
29、stobecomeascientist.10.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.11.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.12.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.定语定语表语表语宾语宾语主语主语谓语谓语目的状语目的状语宾语宾语形式宾语形式宾语真正宾语真正宾语表语表语宾语宾语(二二)。划分。划分句子成分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenp
30、ullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.Iveorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEng
31、lishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.AprilDayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.Ifoundthebookinthecorneroftheroom.19.hefinishedlunchandwentintothegarden.20.Thetelephon
32、erang.21.Westudyhard.22.Hisfathermighthavedied.23.Willyouleavethedooropenwhengoingout.24.Canyoumakethedogstandstill?25.Thelandlordhadthemworkingdayandnight.26.Ithinkasoundknowledgeofgrammarisimportanttogoodwriting.27.Weallbreathe,eat,drink.28.Iwokeupat6:00inthemorning.29.Thebookweighsfivekilos.30.Th
33、eywillbeflyingtoLondon.31.Theshopassistantfoundsomecertainmaterialsforme.32.HepromisedmeanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.33.Pleasepassanewly-publishedtome.34.HelivedinGuangZhou.35.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.36.Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.37.SheisteachingthepianotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusEnglishfor3years.38.Ilikepopularmusic.39.Sheknowswhattodonext.40.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.
