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1、语法复习语法复习-句子成分句子成分一、句子成分一、句子成分v一句子成分的定义：一句子成分的定义：v构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。语、状语、补足语和同位语。句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意意义充当充当词类例句例句主主语表示句子表示句子说的是什么人或什么的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，式，动名名词，短，短语或或句子句子We study in Huang
2、Qiao Middle School.谓语说明主明主语做什么，是什么或怎做什么，是什么或怎么么样动词或或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语表示表示动作行作行为的的对象象同主同主语Both of us like English.表表语与与联系系动词连用，一起构成用，一起构成谓语，说明主明主语的性的性质或特征或特征同主同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定定语用来修用来修饰名名词或代或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名, 副，介副，介词短短语或句子或句子We have eight lesso
3、ns every day.状状语修修饰动词，形容，形容词，副，副词，表，表示示动作作发生的生的时间，地点，原，地点，原因，目的，方式，因，目的，方式，结果等果等副副词，介，介词短短语或句或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语补足足语逻辑上与上与宾语是主是主谓关系关系形容形容词，名，名词，介，介词短短语等等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！二主语：二主语：v主语主语
4、(Subject)v是一个句子所表达的主体，普通位于句首。是一个句子所表达的主体，普通位于句首。但在但在therebe构造、疑问句当主语不疑问构造、疑问句当主语不疑问词时和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词词时和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的描画词和主词、不定式、动名词、名词化的描画词和主语从句等表示。例如：语从句等表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglis
5、hinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.名词代词数词不定式动名词名词化的描画词7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.主语从句it作方式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式三谓语三谓语v谓语谓语(Predicat
6、e)阐明主语所做的动作或具有的特阐明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和形状。动词在句中作谓语，普通放在主语之后。征和形状。动词在句中作谓语，普通放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：谓语的构成如下：v1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：vHepracticesrunningeverymorning.vTheplanetookoffattenoclock.v2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：v1由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：如：vYoumaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.vHehascaughtabad
7、cold.v2由系动词加表语构成。如：由系动词加表语构成。如：vWearestudents.v留意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要坚持一致。留意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要坚持一致。四表语四表语v表语表语(Predicative)用以阐明主语的性质、特用以阐明主语的性质、特征、形状与身份，它普通位于系动词如征、形状与身份，它普通位于系动词如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等等之后。表语普通由名词、代词、描画词、数之后。表语普通由名词、代词、描画词、数词、词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：语及表语从句表示
8、。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.名词名词2.Isityours?代词代词3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.描画词描画词4.Thespeechisexciting.分词分词5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?数词数词6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.不定式不定式7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.动名词动名词8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.介词短语介词短语9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.副词副词10.Thetruthistha
9、thehasneverbeenabroad.表语从句表语从句留意：系动词留意：系动词Linkingverb)用于衔接主语和用于衔接主语和表语，阐明主语的形状，性质特征和身份等。表语，阐明主语的形状，性质特征和身份等。1形状系动词用来表示主语形状，只需形状系动词用来表示主语形状，只需be一词，一词，例如：例如：Heisateacher.2继续系动词用来表示主语继续或坚持一种情况继续系动词用来表示主语继续或坚持一种情况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3表像系动词用来表示表
10、像系动词用来表示“看起来像这一概念，看起来像这一概念，主要有主要有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.留意：系动词留意：系动词Linkingverb)用于衔接主语和表用于衔接主语和表语，阐明主语的形状，性质特征和身份等。语，阐明主语的形状，性质特征和身份等。4感官系动词主要有感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come
11、,run.例如：例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.6终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达表达证明证明，变成变成之意，之意，例如：例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.五宾语五宾语v宾语宾语Object表示动作的对象或承爱者，普表示动作的对象或承爱者，普通位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：通位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：v1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.v2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomi
12、ngtoschoolontime.v3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.名词代词、动名词名词、数词4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithinkthatheisfitforhisoffice.名词化描画词，名词不定式短语动名词短语宾语从句v宾语种类：宾语种类：v1双宾语间接宾语双宾语间接宾语+直接宾语，例如：直接宾语，例如：Lend me your dictionary, pl
13、ease.vTo: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如：v He sent the novel to William yesterday.vFor: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如：v She bought a gift for her mother.v2复合宾语宾语复合宾语宾语+宾补，例如：宾补，例如：vThey elected him
14、their monitor.v以下动词只能接不定式做宾语以下动词只能接不定式做宾语vask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.v以下动词只能接动名词做宾语以下动词只能接动名词做宾语vadmit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,
15、mind,practise,suggest等，如：等，如：vJohnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.v以下动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，以下动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如但意义不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。等。六宾语补足语六宾语补足语v英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语外，还要有一个宾语补足语ObjectComplement，才干使句子的意义完好。，才干使句子的意义完好。带有宾语补足语的普通句型为：某些及物动带有宾语补足
16、语的普通句型为：某些及物动词如词如make等等)+宾语宾语+宾补。宾补可由名宾补。宾补可由名词、描画词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短词、描画词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充任。例如：语和从句充任。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeo
17、urcitywhatyourcityisnow.名词描画词副词不定式短语如今分词介词短语从句七定语七定语v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：。定语可由以下等成分表示：v1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.描画词描画词v2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.分词分词v3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.v名词名词v4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeu
18、ssurprised.代词代词5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.不定式短语不定式短语6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.动名词动名词7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.介词短语介词短语8.Farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定语从句定语从句)八状语八状语v修饰动词、描画词、副词或整个句子，阐明修饰动词、描画词、副词或整个句子，阐明动作或形状特征的句子成分，叫做
19、状语动作或形状特征的句子成分，叫做状语Adverbial。可由以下方式表示。可由以下方式表示：v1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.v2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.v3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.副词及副词性词组介词短语不定式短语4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.分词短语名词状语从句9种状语种类如下： 1.Howaboutmeeti
20、ngagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.时间状语缘由状语条件状语地点状语方式状语vShecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.v6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.v7.Hewassotiredthathefellasl
21、eepimmediately.v8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.v9.Iamtallerthanheis.伴随状语目的状语结果状语退让状语比较状语 九同位语九同位语Appositive对前对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.十插入语十插入语Parenthesis对一对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe-)等，如：等
22、，如：Tobefrank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.练习练习一一.指出以下句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出以下句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdve
23、rbialv6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.v7.Hetookmanyphotosofthepalacesin.v8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.v9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.v10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.v11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.v12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.v13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.AttributePredicativeO.Pred
24、icateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.v14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?v15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.v16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?v17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.v18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.v19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.v20.Theapplestastedsweet.
25、O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative指出以下诸句中画线部分是什么成分：On the left of my house is an old church.Why could the boiling point of water be lower at the top of a mountain?3. I am not going to work today.4. This thing is for peeling potatoes.5.What time will you arriv
26、e?6.The Genie promised that if anyone should come and set him free, he would make him very rich.7. What nationality are you?S.S.V.Prep.O.Adv.O.C.Predicative8. I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50. 9. I am terribly confused by all this information.10. We had already reached 9000 fe
27、et by then.11. She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12. Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13. I love swimming. It keeps me fit.14. It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.AdverbialV.O.C.O.O.C.S.O.(二二)。划分句子成分。划分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.The
28、waiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Rea
29、dmethefirstparagraph.12.Iveorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.AprilDayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.Ifoundthebookinthe
30、corneroftheroom.19.hefinishedlunchandwentintothegarden.20.Thetelephonerang.21.Westudyhard.22.Hisfathermighthavedied.23.Willyouleavethedooropenwhengoingout.24.Canyoumakethedogstandstill?25.Thelandlordhadthemworkingdayandnight.26.Ithinkasoundknowledgeofgrammarisimportanttogoodwriting.27.Weallbreathe,e
31、at,drink.28.Iwokeupat6:00inthemorning.29.Thebookweighsfivekilos.30.TheywillbeflyingtoLondon.31.Theshopassistantfoundsomecertainmaterialsforme.32.HepromisedmeanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.33.Pleasepassanewly-publishedtome.34.HelivedinGuangZhou.35.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.36.Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.37.SheisteachingthepianotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusEnglishfor3years.38.Ilikepopularmusic.39.Sheknowswhattodonext.40.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.
