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1、独立主格结构独立主格结构一、独立主格结构的概念及基本一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式构成形式独立主格结构（theabsolutestructure）是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：1）Nightenshroudingtheearth，nobodycouldmakeoutwhattheda
2、rkmasswasfromadistance（黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。）2）Helayatfulllengthuponhisstomach，hisheadrestinguponhisleftforearm（他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。）独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为：1）Becausenightenshroudedtheearth，nobodycouldmakeoutwhatthedarkmasswasfromadistance2）Helayatfullle
3、ngthuponhisstomachHisheadresteduponhisleftforearm二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词代词分词（短语）外，独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词代词分词（短语）外，还有如下特殊构成形式。还有如下特殊构成形式。1名词介词短语名词介词短语1）The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist，a bunch of flowers in his hands（广岛市（广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜
4、花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。）市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。）2名词形容词（短语）名词形容词（短语）1）The Trojans asleep，the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse（特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的（特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。）木马里悄悄爬了出来。）3名词副词名词副词1）This little excitement over，noth- ing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze
5、at my mute companion（一阵小小的（一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。）兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。）Thewretchedboy，whohasrecentlybeendraggedfromtheforesttoscrubfloorsinthebarracks，isnowsweepingawaythesnow，hishandsnumbwithcoldThisintermezzoover，hefoundhimselfsurroundedbyseveralstunning，porcelain-facedJapanesew
6、omeninkimonosEveryafternoonaveryoldwomanhobbledpasttheramshacklehouse，avastloadoffirewoodonherbackwith + 复合复合宾语宾语1形式：形式：with +名名词词（或代（或代词词）+现现在分在分词词1.He fell asleep with the lamp burning.2.You cant leave here with the machine running.3.With him taking charge of the task, I have no doubt of its succe
7、ss.4.With winter coming on, its time to buy warm clothes.with +名名词词（或代（或代词词）+过过去分去分词词5.The old man was listening to the radio, with his eyes half closed.6.All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.7.With the trees grown tall, we can get more shade.8.With the work finished, all of us went out
8、for a walk.9.He stood for an instant with his hand still raised.with +名名词词（或代（或代词词）+动词动词不定式不定式11.I cant go out with all these dishes to wash.12.With so many books to read, I couldnt go out with you.13.With only two minutes to go, they hurried to the station.14.With all this work to do, I dont know i
9、f Ill have time to go out.with +名名词词（或代（或代词词）+介介词词短短语语15.He walked along with his hat on the back of his head.16.He simply stared at her with that peculiar expression on his face.17.He was asleep with his head on his arms.18.She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides.with +名词（或代词
10、）名词（或代词）+形容词形容词19.The man was sleeping with the window open.20.The mother doesnt allow her child to talk with his mouth full.with +名词（或代词）名词（或代词）+副词副词21.With John away, weve got more room.22.The Emperor walked in the middle of the procession with nothing on.23.The student listened to his teacher wit
11、h his head down.24.With the teacher there, he cant write.三、独立主格结构的用法三、独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。1作时间状语作时间状语1）My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami mattingAfter my shoes were removed， I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on
12、 the soft tatami matting（我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的（我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。）房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。）2）The governor pondering the matter， more strikers gathered across his pathWhile the governor was pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path（总督思考（总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。）这个问题时，更多
13、的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。）2作条件状语1）Weatherpermitting，theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrowIfweatherpermits，theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow（如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。）2）Suchbeingthecase，youhavenogroundsfordismissinghimIfsuchisthecase，youhavenogroundsfordismissinghim（如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。）3作原因状语1）Thestormdra
14、wingnear，thenavvydecidedtocallitadaySincethestormwasdrawingnear，thenavvydecidedtocallitaday（由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。）2）TheCossackbeingintentonhisstalking，hisfoottouchedtheprotrudingboughthatwasthetriggerBecausetheCossackwasintentonhisstalking，hisfoottouchedtheprotrudingboughthatwasthetrigger（这位哥萨克人只顾专心
15、致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。）4作伴随状语1）Itookmyticket，andmarchedproudlyuptheplatform，withmycheeses，thepeoplefallingbackrespectfullyoneithersideItookmyticket，andmarchedproudlyuptheplat-form，withmycheeses，andthepeoplefellbackrespectfullyoneitherside（我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。）四
16、、独立主格结构常见出题形式四、独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略及解题策略独立主格结构是一常考项目，在高考中多以语法结构填空形式出现。例如：1）Allflights，wedecidedtotakeagreyhoundAwerecanceledBhadbeencanceledChavingcanceledDhavingbeencanceled2）Theproductionsteadily，thefactoryneedsanever-increasingsupplyofrawmaterialAhasgoneupBisgoingupChavinggoneupDbeinggoneup此类题型的解题策略
17、可以概括为此类题型的解题策略可以概括为“结构分析法结构分析法”，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项部分作如下初步判断：部分作如下初步判断： 1）选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语）选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句（但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系从句（但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导）；副词引导）；2）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词）选项部
18、分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语（但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为短语（但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语）；主句的主语）；3）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构（独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状构（独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子）。初步判断后，即可联系句语从句或独立句子）。初步判断后，即可联系句子，对照选项，作出选择。子，对照选项，作出选择。 上述例题1）中的选项A和B与Allflights构成了句子，但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导，与主句之间也无连接词，因而是错误的，应排除
19、。选项C和D与Allflights都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，应选D，因为“班机”是“被取消”的。同样，例题2）中的选项A和B与名词theproduction构成了句子，但该句无连接词连接两个句子，因而应排除。选项C和D与theproduction都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，“产量在稳步增长”，在逻辑上是主谓关系，应用主动语态，所以应选C。此外，独立主格结构也时常见于其他诸如ClozeTest等题型中，并能广泛运用于写作和翻译之中。可见，掌握了独立主格结构对于学生提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。1Fordtrieddividingthelabor，eachwo
20、rkeraseparatetaskAassigningBassignedCwasassignedDwouldbeassigned2Thelecture，helefthisseatsoquietlythatnoonecomplainedthathisleavingdisturbedthespeakerAbeganBbeginningChavingbegunDbeingbeginning3Suchthecase，therearenogroundstojustifyyourcomplaintsAbeingBisCwasDtobe4Darknessin，theyoungpeoplelingeredon
21、merrymakingAsetBsettingChassetDwasset5Withallfactors，wethinkthisprogrammayexcelalltheothersinachievingthegoalAbeingconsideredBconsideringCconsideredDareconsidered6Anewtechnique，theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percentAtohavebeenworkedoutBhavingworkedoutCworkingoutDhavingbeenworkedout7Onthetopwastheclea
22、routlineofagreatwolfsittingstill，ears，alert，listeningApointedBpointingCarepointedDarepointing8Walterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice，butourwork，wedeclinedtheofferAnotbeingfinishedBnothavingfinishedChadnotbeenfinishedDwasnotfinished9Therearevariouskindsofmetals，eachitsownpropertiesAhasBhadCtohaveDhaving10Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports，eachonemajorpointincontrastwiththeotherAmakesBmadeCistomakeDmaking
