《The-American-War-of-IndependencePPT优秀课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《The-American-War-of-IndependencePPT优秀课件（60页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Lesson 3The American War of Independence现代现代 现代文明的美国历史，是从一现代文明的美国历史，是从一次伟大的、真正解放的、真正革次伟大的、真正解放的、真正革命的战争开始。命的战争开始。 列宁列宁What do the 13 stripes stand for?justicecouragelibertyDefinitionThe American War of Independence The American War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1783. It started in 177
2、5 and ended in 1783. It refers to the revoluntionary war that refers to the revoluntionary war that the 13 colonies fight against the the 13 colonies fight against the British colonial domination and British colonial domination and strive for the national independence.strive for the national indepen
3、dence.What brought 13 independent colonies to the same cause of fighting for the freedom from Britain as one nation?How did colonist identified themselves before the independence?FrenchIrishSwedishEnglishDutch GermansI am an Englishman.1.1.Population increase: Population increase: Britains 13 North
4、Britains 13 North American colonies experienced an American colonies experienced an extraordinary rate of population growth. extraordinary rate of population growth. This phenomenal growth was a precondition This phenomenal growth was a precondition for a successful independence movement. for a succ
5、essful independence movement. Causes: The American People Causes: The American People 2.2.Racial and ethnical diversity: Racial and ethnical diversity: The The American population also changed in composition. American population also changed in composition. The proportion of the colonists who were o
6、f The proportion of the colonists who were of English culture and ancestry steadily declined English culture and ancestry steadily declined during the 1700s as the result of the new during the 1700s as the result of the new arrivals, by forced or voluntary migration, of new arrivals, by forced or vo
7、luntary migration, of new racial and ethnic groups. racial and ethnic groups. Migrants from Migrants from Germany, ScotlandGermany, Scotland, and , and IrelandIreland made made up at least 30 percent of the white population, up at least 30 percent of the white population, thus adding ethnic diversit
8、y to a region already thus adding ethnic diversity to a region already divided along racial lines. divided along racial lines. Furthermore, as a result of massive slave trade Furthermore, as a result of massive slave trade and a high rate of natural increase, the total and a high rate of natural inc
9、rease, the total black population numbered 567,000 on the eve of black population numbered 567,000 on the eve of independence. independence. 3. Religious diversity: 3. Religious diversity: Many of the American colonists were Many of the American colonists were not members of any church. not members
10、of any church. Of those who had a religious Of those who had a religious affiliation, the vast majority were affiliation, the vast majority were ProtestantProtestant Christians. There were Christians. There were significant numbers of significant numbers of Roman Roman CatholicsCatholics in Maryland
11、 and Delaware, in Maryland and Delaware, and a small number of and a small number of JewsJews, mostly in , mostly in Rhode Island. Rhode Island. Summary:Summary:Rapid population growthRapid population growth, racial and racial and ethnical diversityethnical diversity andand religious diversityreligi
12、ous diversity made the American colonies more difficult made the American colonies more difficult for Britain to rule. for Britain to rule. It was therefore an important It was therefore an important preconditionprecondition for the rise of an independence movement for the rise of an independence mo
13、vement and the subsequent emergence of a unique and the subsequent emergence of a unique American nationality. American nationality. 1. The sharpening contradictionsbetween Awakening of National Consciousness Awakening of National Consciousness same languageunified marketshared cultureNation of Amer
14、icaturning point of the relationshipSeven Years WarFrench and native America allies vs. BritishCause: competition for land in north AmericaEnglish colonies encroached on Indian/French territory as the population grewThe French and Indian War is the common American name for the war between Great Brit
15、ain and France in North America from 1756 to 1763.The French and Indian War was the most extensive and most decisive of the colonial wars, with France suffering defeat.Without the war, colonial America would never have need to be independent from British monarchy, thus the birth of America nation.*C
16、onflict in the Ohio River ValleySeeds of war planted by when British fur traders moved into the Ohio River Valley in the 1750s.British land companies were also planning to settle colonists there. War Begins and SpreadsTo keep British out of the valley, they destroy a British trading post (Pickawilla
17、ny)The French then built forts to protect the region linking their Canadian and Louisiana settlementsVirginia ReactsSend major George Washington to ask the French to leaveEnglish build a fort close to present day PittsburgFrench seize the fort before they were done and name it Fort Duquesne“He told
18、me the Country belognd to them, that no English Man had a right to trade upon them Waters; & that he had Orders to make every Person Prisoner that attempted it on the Ohio or the Waters on it.” G.W.outcomeFrance ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to its ally Spain in compensation f
19、or Spains loss to Britain of Florida (which Spain had given to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba).Britains position as the dominant colonial power in the eastern half of North America.Proclamation of 1763 英王诏谕The Proclamation of 1763 was a law prohibiting the colonists to move west
20、of the Appalachian Mountains.Cause: England was still in debt from the French and Indian War and didnt want to start another war.Effect: The colonist still moved west anyway because owning land was important (you needed it to be able to vote). King GeorgeIn order to pay the debt for the war, Britain
21、 began to lavish all kinds of taxes upon colonies.1.Royal Order (1763) 皇家令 2. Sugar Act (1764) 食糖法 3. Currency Act (1764) 货币法 4. Stamp Act (1765) 印花税法 5. Quartering Act (1765) 军队驻扎法 6. Declaratory Act (1766) 公告令 7. Customs Collecting Act (1767) 海关征税法 8. Revenue Act (1767) 岁入法 9. Tea Act (1767) 茶叶法St
22、amp ActThe Stamp Act was a tax on every sheet of every legal document.Cause: Britain needed money because they were in debt from the war so they taxed the colonists.Effect: The colonists boycotted British goods. They also organized the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty. Boston Massacre Th
23、e Boston Massacre was a clash between British troops and a group of colonists in which five colonists were killed.Cause: After lots of ridicule, the tension finally broke. Some colonists started throwing snowball in front of the Boston Customhouse. The soldiers became nervous and started shooting.Ef
24、fect: Six of the soldiers were acquitted, and two of them had their thumbs branded for shooting.“波士顿惨案波士顿惨案”Tea ActThe Tea Act was a tax on all imported tea from Britain.Cause: The colonists boycott against British goods had hurt their trade, so the British repealed the Townshend Acts after the Bost
25、on Massacre. Parliament only kept the tea tax.Effect: The Sons of Liberty organized a protest against the Tea Act known as the Boston Tea Party. Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件The Boston Tea Party was a protest organized by the colonists against the British. All the colonists dressed up as Indians and snuck
26、 on-board the British ships in the harbor. Then they threw all the tea on the ships into Boston Harbor. Cause: The colonists were upset by the Tea Act.Effect: The Intolerable Acts were passed to keep the colonists under control. The British government responded The British government responded by pa
27、ssing several Acts which by passing several Acts which came to be known as came to be known as the the Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts, which further , which further darkened colonial opinion towards darkened colonial opinion towards the British. the British. 17741774年不可容忍法年不可容忍法In response to Into
28、lerable Acts by the British Parliament, a meeting involving 45 members representing all the colonies except Georgia, was held in Philadelphia in 1774. the meeting was known in American history as the First Continental Congress.“只要英王放松控制，就愿意继续效忠英王，但保留斗争的权力只要英王放松控制，就愿意继续效忠英王，但保留斗争的权力”There leaders urg
29、ed Americans to disobey the Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts and to boycott British trade. Colonists began to organize militias and to collect and store weapons and ammunition.boycott bikt vt. 抵制 Militia mili民兵部队 ammunition n. 军火，弹药The Fire of Lexington and the Declaration of IndependenceOn April 19
30、th, 1775, a small battle took place between the British soldiers and the militia men (民兵) in Lexington and Concord near Boston. They were the first gunshots which were generally considered as the prelude of the great war of Independence.On April 19,1775, 700 British soldiers marched from Boston to f
31、orestall a rebellion of the colonists.At the village of LexingtonLexington, they confronted 70 militiamen. Someone-no one knows who- fired a shot, and the American War of Independence began. the American War of Independence began. The British easily captured Lexington and Concord, but as they marche
32、d back to Boston they were harassed by hundreds of Massachusetts volunteers. By June, 10, 000 American soldiers had besieged Boston, and the British were forced to evacuate the city in March 1776.Forestall f:st:l vt. 领先，先发制人 Lexington leksitn n. 莱克星顿Militiamen:民兵 Concord: 康科德 harass vt.反复袭击 besiege
33、bisi:d vt. 围攻，包围 evacuate v. 疏散，撤出 The Battle of Lexington 来克星顿波士顿康科德来克星顿波士顿来克星顿康科德The Battle of Lexington and Concord, taking The Battle of Lexington and Concord, taking place on April 19, 1775, marked the first place on April 19, 1775, marked the first fighting of the American Revolutionary Warfig
34、hting of the American Revolutionary War. . When the British sent a force of roughly When the British sent a force of roughly 1000 troops to confiscate arms and arrest 1000 troops to confiscate arms and arrest revolutionaries in Concord, they clashed revolutionaries in Concord, they clashed with the
35、local militia. with the local militia. The news aroused the 13 colonies to call The news aroused the 13 colonies to call out their militias and send troops to out their militias and send troops to besiege Boston. besiege Boston. In May 1775, a second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and bega
36、n to assume the functions of a national government. It founded a continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington. (commander-in-chief) Americans had their own armed forced and that they had made up their mind to fight for their freedom and independence.The second Continental Congres
37、s decided to draw up a declaration of independence. On July 4th, 1776, the document was accepted by the congress and since then July 4th has been observed as National Day of the United States.On July 2, 1776, the Congress finally resolved That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be free
38、 and independent states.” Thomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted a Declaration of Independence, which the Congress adopted on July 4, 17761776.托马斯杰斐逊为独立宣言主要撰稿者 富兰克林对其进行了润色。 Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of IndependenceOn July 4, 1776, the Congress formally declared the independenceThe Declara
39、tion states: “We hold these truths to self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving th
40、eir just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, ”Thomas Jefferson “我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权力，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权予他们若干不可让与的权力，其中包括生存
41、权、自由权和追求幸福的权力。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权力。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权力则是经被统治者同意所授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实力则是经被统治者同意所授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除”独立宣言独立宣言文本文本Importantly, it explained the philosophy behind the revolution-that men have a natural right to Life, Liberty a
42、nd the Pursuit of Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of HappinessHappiness; that governments can rule only with the consent of the governed; that any government may be dissolved when it fails to protect the rights of the people. Independence Hall (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)The Liberty Bellthe Liberty Be
43、ll rang when the Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence and has become the symbol of freedom in the United States. The bell weighs about 2000 pounds and is made mostly of copper (70%) and tin (25%).On July 4, 1776, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson were given t
44、he task of creating a seal for the United States of America. The Great Seal of the United The Great Seal of the United StatesStatesthe motto Annuit Coeptis, meaning It the Eye of Providence is favorable to our undertakings or He favors our undertakings.上帝保佑吾人基业Below the pyramid, a scroll reads, Novu
45、s Ordo Seclorum, meaning New Order of the Ages.Do you see a pattern of thirteen in the Great Seal? 13 stars in the crest above the eagle 13 stripes in the shield upon the eagles breast 13 arrows in the eagles left claw 13 olives and leaves in the eagles right claw 13 letters in the motto carried by
46、the eagle, E Pluribus Unum Why thirteen? Thirteen represents the first thirteen states - Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.The Battle of SaratogaThe Battle of Saratoga
47、 Date: 17th October 1777Place: Saratoga in New York StateCombatants: British and German troops VS. the AmericansResult: Turning PointVictory Point： General George Cornwallis surrounded at Yorktown, 1781The Treaty of Paris ： Britain recognize the independence of the United States, 1783Major LeadersMa
48、jor Leaders1.George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.2. Thomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers
49、 of the American Republic. He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.3. Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S. Constitutio
50、nWhats the influence of the War of Independence?*It had great international influence. *The colonies in Spanish America rose up one after another to overthrow Spanish colonial rules.*The French Revolution*After the War of Independence, capitalism got a chance for freer development.*Territorial expan
51、sionSignificance of the WarSignificance of the WarThe war, though seemingly one to The war, though seemingly one to replace a distant government with a replace a distant government with a local one, was a unique and radical local one, was a unique and radical event that produced deep changes and eve
52、nt that produced deep changes and had a profound impact. had a profound impact. By smashing the fetters of British By smashing the fetters of British rule, it gave the colonies their rule, it gave the colonies their right to national independence and right to national independence and assured US cap
53、italism of a free assured US capitalism of a free development.development.Furthermore, genuinely democratic Furthermore, genuinely democratic politics became possible after the war. politics became possible after the war. The rights of the people were The rights of the people were incorporated into
54、state constitutions. incorporated into state constitutions. Thus came the widespread assertion of Thus came the widespread assertion of liberty, individual rights, equality and liberty, individual rights, equality and hostility toward corruption which would hostility toward corruption which would pr
55、ove core values of republicanism to prove core values of republicanism to Americans. Americans. The greatest challenge to the old order The greatest challenge to the old order in Europe was the challenge to inherited in Europe was the challenge to inherited political power and the democratic idea political power and the democratic idea that government rests on the consent of that government rests on the consent of the governed.the governed.个人观点供参考，欢迎讨论
