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1、名词(Nouns)1.名词的分类n1、专有名词(ProperNouns):指具体的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。例如:Africa, Tom,theEmpireStateBuildingn2、普通名词(CommonNouns):表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:universe,computer, danger2.普通名词(CommonNouns)n个体名词(IndividualNouns):表示某类人或东西的个体,如lawyer,gun,countryn集体名词(CollectiveNouns):表示若干个体组成的集合体,如fami
2、lyn物质名词(MaterialNouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如cotton,tea,airn抽象名词(AbstractNouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如happiness,work(工作),information3.CollectiveNounsnAcollectivenounreferstoagroupofpeople,animalsorobjectsasagroup;nEg.family,class,team,crew,police,etc.nWhenacollectivenounisusedinthesingular,theverbcanbeeitherSi
3、ngularorPlural.nThecompanyhasdecidedtoopentennewoutlets.nThecompanyhavedecidedtoopentennewoutlets.nNBThepolicearehere.(policehasnosingularform)nIfasingularverbisusedthenthenounisseenasasingleentity.Ifapluralverbisused,thenthenounisseenasconsistingofagroupofindividuals.4.名词的分类n1.可数名词(CountableNouns):
4、指可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:box,child,pearn2.不可数名词(UncountableNouns):指不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water,news,oil,information.5.可数名词的复数构成(规则变化)可数名词的复数构成(规则变化)n(1)在单数名词词尾加s。eg.map,boy,horse,table.n(2)s,o,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es.neg.class,box,dish,bench.hero, tomato, potaton注:以o结尾的词,变复数时只加sneg.photo, piano, kilo, tobacco, bamboo
5、, radio, zoo, video, studio, kangaroon注:以o结尾的词,变复数时可加s或是esneg.volcano, buffalon(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es,例外keyseg.family,city,countryn(4)以“f”,“fe”结尾的词,变f或者fe为-ves。neg.half,knife,leaf,shelf,thief,wife,wolf,lifen注:有些以“f”结尾的词,直接加-s.如:belief,chef,roof注:个别两种都可以,如scarf,handkerchief6.n(1)特殊变化的名词:footfeet,t
6、oothteeth,womanwomen,manmenchildchildren,mousemicen(2).合成名词构成复数时将包含的主体名词变为复数eg.son(s)-in-law,grand-child(ren)注:由man和woman构成的合成名词,里面的所有成分都要变为复数eg.womandoctor-?manteacher-?manservant-?n(3)有些词单复数同形eg.sheep,deer,fish(鱼),aircraft,Chinese,Japanese,n(4).有些词只有复数形式:eg.slacks,clothes,shorts,glasses,pants,scis
7、sors。这些词要表示数量,则加pair等。n注下面这些不不可可数数名名词词(经常被同学们认为是可数名词而变复数)的:nweather,progress,advice,information,furniture,jewelry,fun,knowledge,news,homework,paper(纸),work,trouble.可数名词的复数构成(不规则变化)可数名词的复数构成(不规则变化)7.不可数名词(UncountableNouns)1.不可数名词没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。na kilo of rice two kilos of rice, na sheet of pa
8、per three sheets of paper, na bottle of milk five bottles of milk.na_ofnews/advice/information/paper/furniturena_ofbreadna_oftoothpastena_ofchocolate/goldna_ofmeat/cake2.有的以s结尾的名词是不可数名词,如news, plastics, politics, physics, maths等。8. 名词所有格名词所有格(The Possessive Case)1. 一般情况在单数名词词尾加 s (apostrophe s) 如: a
9、 students book2. 不已s结尾的复数名词加s 如:mens clothes3. 以以s结尾的单数名词或者专有名词,结尾的单数名词或者专有名词, 加加 或者或者 s 如: Thomas (s) books, Charles (s) knife, the hostess (s) photo4. 以-s 或-es 结尾的复数名词只加 如: the workers suggestion, a two hours walk, 5. 复合名词的所有格一般在最后一个名词后加s: 如:his son-in-laws car, 9.J用于表示“某人的家”或“某店铺”等的名词,所有格后面的名词 常常
10、省略。 to Toms =to Toms house at the tailors=at the tailors shop at the barbers, the doctors, her uncles J用于表示两个或者两个以上的人共有一样东西,只需要后面的 名词用所有格;如果各自拥有某件东西时,则都用所有格形式。Tom and Henrys room faces north. (两人共用两人共用一个房间)一个房间)Tom and Henrys rooms face north. (两人共用多个房间)两人共用多个房间)Toms and Henrys rooms face north. (两人
11、各自拥有一个房间)两人各自拥有一个房间)J表示“多少时间的、多长(宽、高)的”概念时,有两种表达方法:数词数词+s 所有格所有格+名词名词=数词数词-单数名词单数名词+名词名词两个月的假期:两个月的假期:two months holiday=a two-month holiday五分钟的谈话:五分钟的谈话:five minutes talk=a five-minute talk十小时的休息:十小时的休息:ten hours rest=a ten-hour rest 名词所有格的用法提示名词所有格的用法提示10.J“of +名词” 构成的所有格表示无生命的名词 the window of the
12、 room, the title of the song, the advantage of reading 有生命的名词在名词本身较长或者定语较长时也可以用of the works of Marx, Engels and Mao Tse-tong the barking of the dogs kept me awake all night. Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate? J双重所有格 a friend of my fathers, a picture of my sisters (比较: a picture o
13、f my sister) a classmate of mine, three books of hers11.冠词12.不定冠词:na用在首字母发音为辅音的单词前面用在首字母发音为辅音的单词前面。n如:ahand,ahouse;auniversity,naEuropeancountry,auselesstool,nausefultool,aunit,auniform,naU.S.writer;nan用在首字母发音为元音的单词前面用在首字母发音为元音的单词前面。nanuglyman,anumbrellananhour,anhonor,anhonestboynanm,anr,anl,ana13.
14、不定冠词的用法不定冠词的用法n泛指类人或物。如.Thisisasilkworm.n指不具体的某个人或物。如.Imetanoldmanonmywayhome.n用在序数词前,相当于another。如:Ihavethreebooks.Iwanttobuyafourthone.Canyougivemeasecondchance,please?Thereisathirdboyoverthere.(说明这里有两个男孩,那边还有一个,但是这三个男孩和顺序排列无关。)n表示“每(个)”,相当于every。如.Theyhavemusiclessonstwiceaweek.固定搭配。如:afterawhile,
15、haveawordwith,allofasudden.n14.定冠词的用法定冠词的用法n1.指世界上独一无二的事物:the sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the sky, the universe;n2.用在序数词,形容词最高级或表示方位的名词前面。nthesecondroom,intheeastn3.表示某一类人或事物除了用定冠词/不定冠词+名词单数,名词的复数 形 式 外 , 还 可 以 用 定 冠 词 +某 些 形 容 词 来 表 示 。 the sick/ wounded/ rich/ poor/ blind/ deaf/ old/ youn
16、g/deadn4.弹奏西洋乐器前要用定冠词。nplaythepiano/thetrumpet/theviolinn5.形容词最高级和序数词前面nMarchisthethirdmonthoftheyear.n6.用在表示方位的名词前。nThevillageliestotheeastofthetown.15.定冠词的用法定冠词的用法n7.第二次提到:nIboughtadictionaryyesterday.Thedictionaryhasbeensenttomybrother.n8.心照不宣;表示说话人和听话人都知道的人或物nPleasewatertheflowerseverymorning.n9
17、.区别他类:表示某一人或事物,以区别于其他类nThecowisausefulanimal.=Acowisausefulanimal.=Allcowsnareusefulanimals.nThetraingoesfasterthanthebus.n10.the+形容词比较级,the+形容词比较级,表示“越越”n11.在很多习惯用法中,如:in the morning ( afternoon, evening, night), on the right ( left), go to the cinema ( theater, opera, concert), in the 1960s, in th
18、e daytime, in the end16.1. 表示地名的the Pacific Ocean, the Mississippithe Great Wall, the United Nationsthe Peoples Republic of China, the United States of America2. 表示组织、朝代、战争the Youth League, the Party, the Peoples Dailythe Second World War/ the Song Dynasty3. 表示一家人the Browns, the Turners专有名词前定冠词的用法17
19、.零冠词的用法零冠词的用法1在节日,星期,月份,季节,假日等名词前。如:onMonday,inNovember,inspring,Christmas2玩球类运动,棋类游戏以及吃一日三餐的名词前。如:playfootball,playchess,playcards,havebreakfast3词前已有this,that,our,your,some,any,no,every等代词作定语时。4by连用的交通工具名词前不用冠词。如:bybus5在街道,公园,城市前。如:WallStreet,HydePark,Paris6.在学科前。如:Ilikechemistry.7. 在表示身份、职称的名词前。如:
20、Dr. Smith, PresidentLincoln8.复数可数名词表示一类人或物时。Cowsareusefulanimals.18.注意:1.以festival构成的节日要用the:theMid-AutumnFestival2.表示某一年的四季时要用the:thespringoflastyear,inthewinterof19803.表示四季与during连用时要用the;duringthewinter19.不用冠词的一些短语:natnoon/dawn/night/midnightnatschool,atwork,at/gohomengotouniversity,gotocollege,n
21、onwatch,onduty,inplaceof,nattable,inchargeof,intownnhandinhand,daybyday,nsoonerorlater,dayandnight,frommorningtillnight,fromeasttowestnthegirlinred/theladyinwhite,20.数词21.基数词。n表示数目的词是基数词。n如:one,twothousand,million,billion22.序数词n序数词一般由基数词加-th构成,序数词前加定冠词the。n如:7th-theseventhn第四十thefortiethn不规则:thefirs
22、t,thesecond,thethird,thefifth,theeighth,theninth,thetwelfth23.分数n分数的表达法;n1/3a(one)third,n2/3twothirdsn6/100-sixhundredthsn-a/onehalfn-a/onequartern-threequarters/threefourths24.数词的用法1.表示编号。如:thefourthlessonLessonFour第四课Room302,Page2152.表示钟点。Itsfive(oclock)3.其他用法。April(the)fifth,nineteenseventy-sixn5
23、0fiftypercentnonebyonentwentymetersdeep二十米深n2/5twofifths;52/3fiveandtwo-thirdsnhundredsof,thousandsofninhisthirtiesninthe1920s/inthe1920s25.名词的定义n名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。例如:nexample impression astronautn(5)man和woman修饰其它名词的情况。n如:menteachers,womendoctors.26.1. 主要用于表示有生命的人或物: Alices paintings, the presidents speech, the birds song2. 用于表示时间、距离、国家、城镇、地区、重量、价值、自然现象等。 half an hours walk/ drive New Years Day a miles distance Chinas development a pounds weight ten dollars value the earths satellite 名词所有格的用法名词所有格的用法27.