学术综合英语罗立胜U1PPT精品文档

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1、mainUnit 1Presenting a Speech2012Part A Section A Pre-listening-Background InformationToll Road A toll road (or tollway, turnpike, pike, toll highway or an express toll route) is a privately or publicly built road for which a driver pays a toll (a fee) for use. Structures for which tolls are charged

2、 include toll bridges and toll tunnels. Non-toll roads arefinanced using other sources of revenue, most typically fuel tax or general tax funds. The building or facility in which a toll is collected may be called a toll booth, tollPre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APar

3、t BListeningSection A Pre-listening-Background Informationplaza, toll station, toll bar or toll gate. This building is usually found on either side of a bridge and at exits. Three systems of toll roads exist: open (with mainline barrier toll plazas); closed (with entry / exit tolls) and all-electron

4、ic toll collection (no toll booths, only electronic toll collection gantries at entrances and exits, or at strategic locations on the mainline of the road). Toll roads have been criticized as being inefficient in three ways: 1. They require vehicles to stop or slow down, manual toll collection waste

5、s time and raises vehicle operating costs. Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningSection A Pre-listening-Background Information 2. Collection costs can absorb up to one-third of revenues, and revenue theft is considered to be comparatively easy. 3. Where th

6、e tolled roads are less congested than the parallel “free” roads, the traffic diversion resulting from the tolls increases congestion on the road system and reduces its usefulness. Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningSection A toll bridgestoll bridges: a

7、bridge over which traffic may pass upon payment of a toll, or feePart APart BSection A fuel taxfuel tax: (also known as a petrol, gasoline or gas tax, or as a fuel duty) an excise tax imposed on the sale of fuelPart APart BSection A. New Words and Expressionsbooming trade兴旺的贸易兴旺的贸易immigrant外来移民外来移民l

8、ink together连接起来连接起来turnpike收费路收费路fee费费vehicle车辆，机动车车辆，机动车Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningSection A Listen Task 1Listen to the lecture and try to get its main ideas by taking notes. Fill in the blanks according to your notes.1.The lecture is mainly ab

9、out 2. .2. The two important agricultural products are and .3. In the East they . In the South they .4. Advantages of roads: and .5. Purpose for road building:the relationship between road building and economic developmentgrain _cotton_grew grain_grew cotton_fast_convenient_to transport grain and co

10、tton_Pre-listeningTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BListeningTask 2.1Listen to the lecture again and try to answer the following questions.1. About 300 years ago, what helped the United States economy grow rapidly?A booming trade in grain and cotton.2. Why was there a

11、 big demand for grain during the period from 1700 to 1800?Because of the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BTask 2.23. How was cotton output increased in the South at that t

12、ime?The farmers got laborers from Africa.4. Why did trading first take place along the coast, and near rivers and lakes?Because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another.5. What did some private companies do as far as road building was concerned?They built roads and collecte

13、d fees.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BScriptRoad Building Good morning, everyone. Today Ill be talking about the relationship between road building and the development of the American economy during the 18th century. About 300 years ago, the U

14、nited States economy was growing rapidly, mainly because of a booming trade in two important agricultural products: grain and cotton. Grain output in the eastern part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe. As a

15、result, the demand for grain almost doubled. Part APart BScriptFor this reason, the trade in grain first developed in this part of the country. At the same time, the road system was gradually built up in order to transport the grain from the rural areas to various cities. The road building clearly h

16、elped develop the economy quickly in these areas and in the cities as well.During the same period, farmers in the South could get a large amount of laborers from Africa, and they started to grow cotton. As the cotton output increased, the farmers needed to sell it in other places. As a result, many

17、roads were built to link the rural areas to the cities.Part APart BScriptAt first, this trade of grain and cotton took place along the coast, or near rivers and lakes. It took place there because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another. Before 1700, it was very expensive t

18、o move the goods by road. So, farmers had to rely mainly on rivers to move their crops to markets.At that time, there was only one continuous road that existed in the US. It ran from north to south along country roads, which were linked together to make one long road. Within a short time, the first

19、east-to-west roads were built. They were called turnpikes. Private companies built these roads and collected fees from all vehicles that traveled on them.Part APart BScriptEventually, because of the booming trade of grain and cotton, a network of roadways was completed that connected some major citi

20、es and towns. Although traveling was still costly for farmers, they soon preferred to move their crops to cities and other areas on roadways rather than by boat because it was faster and more convenient.So here we can see a rather clear picture of road building in the United States and its impact on

21、 economic development during that period.Part APart BScript2Road Building Good morning, everyone. Today Ill be talking about the relationship between road building and the development of the American economy during the 18th century. About 300 years ago, the United States economy was growing rapidly,

22、 mainly because of a booming trade in two important agricultural products: grain and cotton. Grain output in the eastern part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe. As a result, the demand for grain almost doubl

23、ed. Part APart BScriptFor this reason, the trade in grain first developed in this part of the country. At the same time, the road system was gradually built up in order to transport the grain from the rural areas to various cities. The road building clearly helped develop the economy quickly in thes

24、e areas and in the cities as well.During the same period, farmers in the South could get a large amount of laborers from Africa, and they started to grow cotton. As the cotton output increased, the farmers needed to sell it in other places. As a result, many roads were built to link the rural areas

25、to the cities.Part APart BScriptAt first, this trade of grain and cotton took place along the coast, or near rivers and lakes. It took place there because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another. Before 1700, it was very expensive to move the goods by road. So, farmers had

26、 to rely mainly on rivers to move their crops to markets.At that time, there was only one continuous road that existed in the US. It ran from north to south along country roads, which were linked together to make one long road. Within a short time, the first east-to-west roads were built. They were

27、called turnpikes. Private companies built these roads and collected fees from all vehicles that traveled on them.Part APart BScriptEventually, because of the booming trade of grain and cotton, a network of roadways was completed that connected some major cities and towns. Although traveling was stil

28、l costly for farmers, they soon preferred to move their crops to cities and other areas on roadways rather than by boat because it was faster and more convenient.So here we can see a rather clear picture of road building in the United States and its impact on economic development during that period.

29、Part APart BSection B Background InformationLake ItascaLake Itasca is a small glacial lake, approximately 4.7 km in area, in the Lake District of Northwestern Minnesota. It has an average depth of 6.110.7 m, and is 449.6 m above sea level. It is the source of the Mississippi River which flows 3,765.

30、9 km to the Gulf of Mexico; however, the exact point cannot be located, because there are many small tributaries and marshy areas that drain into the Mississippi watershed. Henry Schoolcraft identified Lake Itasca as the rivers source in 1832.Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground

31、 InformationPart APart BL-B-P.2 MinnesotaMinnesota is a state in the Midwest of the United States. The twelfth largest state by area in the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.27 million residents. Known as the “Land of 10,000 Lakes”, the states name comes from a Dakota word for “sky-

32、tinted water”. Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.The tallest building in MinnesotaThe University of MinnesotaPre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BL

33、-B-P.3The large majority of residents are of German or Nordic descent, but ethnic diversity has increased in recent decades. Substantial influxes of African, Asian, and Latin American immigrants have joined the descendants of European immigrants and the original Native American inhabitants.The state

34、 is known for its moderate to progressive politics and social policies, civic involvement, and high voter turnout. Minnesota ranks among the healthiest states, and has a highly literate population.Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BL-B-P. New Words and E

35、xpressionsLake Itasca艾塔斯卡湖艾塔斯卡湖Minnesota明尼苏达州明尼苏达州tributary支流支流interior内陆，内地内陆，内地gulf海湾海湾floodway泄洪道，分洪道泄洪道，分洪道levee堤岸堤岸reservoir水库水库harness治理治理hydroelectric水力发电的水力发电的 Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BTask 1A professor is going to talk about the Missis

36、sippi River.The Mississippi RiverPre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BTask 1Listen to the lecture and try to get its main ideas by taking notes. Fill in the blanks according to your notes.1.The origin of the Mississippi River: 2. 2. The total length

37、 of the Mississippi River: 3. The problem caused by the Mississippi River: 4. The four ways to control floodwaters: 5. The two functions of reservoirs: Lake Itasca in Minnesota_about 4,000 km_flooding in summer_floodways, dams, levees and reservoirs_holding water and generating electricity_Pre-liste

38、ningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsTask 2Listen to the lecture again and try to answer the following questions.1.How many states does the Mississippi River drain?2. 2. From where to where does the Mississippi River flow?3. How do the floodways work?31 U.S.

39、 states.It flows from the North to the Gulf of Mexico.They are empty channels. When the Mississippi is too high, the floodways are opened and some of the water can flow into the floodways.Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsTask 24. What are levees

40、? 5. Due to the four effective ways mentioned in the lecture, since when has the huge flood not broken out?They are earthen walls built alongside a river, holding the water and keeping it from overflowing.Since the 20th century.Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Li

41、sten for DetailsL-B-L.1 ScriptThe Mississippi River in America Good afternoon. Today were going to talk about the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is the largest river of the North America. Its major tributaries drain an area of approximately 3,000,000 square kilometers, or about one-eighth

42、of the entire continent. The Mississippi River lies entirely in the United States. From its source at Lake Itasca in Minnesota, it flows from the North almost due south across the continental interior, collecting the waters of its major tributaries, down to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mighty Mississippi

43、, as it is affectionately known, flows a total distance about 4,000 kilometers from its source. Part APart BL-B-L.1 ScriptWith its tributaries, the Mississippi drains all or part of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. As everyone knows, in the past the river was the most important way of tran

44、sporting goods from the North to the South, or from the South to the North in the United States. The Mississippi River is also a river that can sometimes get out of control and cause serious flooding in summer. Nowadays engineers use four different methods to control the floodwaters of the river. Th

45、ese four ways are: floodways, dams, levees and reservoirs. Ill discuss each of these here.L-B-L.1 Script Floodways are the first way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River. Floodways are empty channels ready to hold water from the river. When the Mississippi River is too high, the f

46、loodways are opened and some of the water can flow into the floodways. There are several floodways along the lower Mississippi River, which help prevent flooding effectively. The second way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River is with dams. Dams are walls that are built across a r

47、iver to control the water. There are more than 30 dams on the Mississippi River. Dams control the water by holding the water behind them until a decision is made to release it.L-B-L.1 Script Levees are a third way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River. Levees are earthen walls buil

48、t alongside a river. They hold the water in the river and keep it from covering the land beside the river. There are more than 2,000 miles of levees along the Mississippi River. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several reservoirs were built along the Mississippi River to harness the water. They have

49、two functions. One is to hold water, and the other is to generate electricity through hydroelectric power stations. Since the 20th century, no huge flood has broken out of the Mississippi River.L-B-L.1 Script2The Mississippi River in America Good afternoon. Today were going to talk about the Mississ

50、ippi River. The Mississippi River is the largest river of the North America. Its major tributaries drain an area of approximately 3,000,000 square kilometers, or about one-eighth of the entire continent. The Mississippi River lies entirely in the United States. From its source at Lake Itasca in Minn

51、esota, it flows from the North almost due south across the continental interior, collecting the waters of its major tributaries, down to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mighty Mississippi, as it is affectionately known, flows a total distance about 4,000 kilometers from its source. Part APart BL-B-L.1 Scrip

52、tWith its tributaries, the Mississippi drains all or part of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. As everyone knows, in the past the river was the most important way of transporting goods from the North to the South, or from the South to the North in the United States. The Mississippi River is

53、 also a river that can sometimes get out of control and cause serious flooding in summer. Nowadays engineers use four different methods to control the floodwaters of the river. These four ways are: floodways, dams, levees and reservoirs. Ill discuss each of these here.L-B-L.1 Script Floodways are th

54、e first way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River. Floodways are empty channels ready to hold water from the river. When the Mississippi River is too high, the floodways are opened and some of the water can flow into the floodways. There are several floodways along the lower Missis

55、sippi River, which help prevent flooding effectively. The second way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River is with dams. Dams are walls that are built across a river to control the water. There are more than 30 dams on the Mississippi River. Dams control the water by holding the wa

56、ter behind them until a decision is made to release it.L-B-L.1 Script Levees are a third way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River. Levees are earthen walls built alongside a river. They hold the water in the river and keep it from covering the land beside the river. There are more

57、 than 2,000 miles of levees along the Mississippi River. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several reservoirs were built along the Mississippi River to harness the water. They have two functions. One is to hold water, and the other is to generate electricity through hydroelectric power stations. Since

58、 the 20th century, no huge flood has broken out of the Mississippi River.Section B Background Information _ glacial lakeglacial lake: lake with origins in a melted glacierPart APart BSection B Background Information _ Minnesota TerritoryMinnesota Territory: an organized incorporated territory of the

59、 United States that existed from March 3, 1849, to May 11, 1858 when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Minnesota.Part APart BPart B- Pair Work.1Form pairs and answer the following questions. After a brief discussion, some students will be invited to prese

60、nt their ideas in front of the class.1. You need to travel from your home to a place 50 km away. Compare the different means of transportation you could use, and decide which one you would choose. Give specific reasons for your choice. Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work.22. Propose some ways to prevent poll

61、ution. Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work.2 If I need to travel to a place 50 km away from home, there are a number of different modes of transport I could utilize, for example, taking the bus, driving a car, or travelling by train. Taking a bus is a good choice as the bus system in Beijing has been well-de

62、veloped. It is possible for me to travel almost anywhere within 50 km of my house by bus. While on the bus, I can read a book, or relax, assuming it is not too crowded. The problem, however, is that it is often crowded and uncomfortable, especially during hot summer days. Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work.

63、2 Driving a car is an excellent option, assuming one owns a car. Cars are moderately expensive in China, and more and more people now can afford to enjoy this luxury. When available, a car is a very convenient means of transport. You can travel to the exact desired location in a relatively short tim

64、e. A car, especially a personal car, is rarely crowded. However, one cannot relax while driving. There is no opportunity to just take in the sights, or read a book. One must always stay focused on the road. Travelling by train, or the subway, is another option. If the destination is alongside the su

65、bway line, this option is by far the best. While trains can be congested, theyPair WorkPart B- Pair Work.2are the fastest method of traveling. Subways are never subject to traffic jams, as they usually run underground. However, the subway system in Beijing does not reach everywhere. In most cases, i

66、f I take the subway, I then have to either walk for 20 minutes, or shift to a bus to get where I head for. All in all, as for me, driving a car is the best option. The car is convenient and comfortable. However, taking a bus or a train can also be a good choice if a car is not available.Pair WorkPar

67、t B- Pair Work.2The least you could do：Turn off sound pollution 1) Keep the volume of your TV or music system low.2) Honk the car horn sparingly. 3) Discourage use of loudspeakers. 4) Avoid the use of band or crackers in wedding processions. 5) Get all to practice laws regarding sound pollution.Pair

68、 WorkPart B- Pair Work.2Vaporize air pollution1) Keep smoke emission from homes, factories or vehicles to minimum. 2) Avoid the use of firecrackers. 3) Dispose of garbage in bins and do not burn it. 4) Use spittoons or flowing drains for spitting. 5) Get all to practice laws regarding air pollution.

69、 Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work.2Purify water pollution1) Never dump garbage near communal taps, wells and other water bodies. 2) Do not tinker with public water pipes. 3) Avoid the use of pesticides and chemicals near streams, lakes and springs.4) Get all to practice laws regarding water pollution.Pair

70、 WorkPart B- Pair Work.2Dispose of chemical pollution1)Prefer organic manure to chemical fertilizers, paper to polythene, cotton, jute to polyester.2) Dispose of polythene bags through proper channel.3) Plant more trees and vegetation.4) Get all to practice laws regarding chemical pollution.Pair Wor

71、kBefore ReadingWatch a video clip and discuss the following questions with your partner.1. Do you have a dream? What is your dream?2. What do you think of the speech in the video? Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-A-1.1Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingI Have a DreamMartin Luther

72、 King, Jr. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having

73、his lips dripping with the words of “interposition” and“nullification” one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today!R-A-1.2Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-

74、A-1.2 I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope, and this

75、is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work

76、together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T1Presenting a SpeechStephen Lucas Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through lang

77、uage we share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to thinking itself. Contrary to popular belief, language does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.Before Rea

78、dingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T2 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speakers craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meanings of words and know how to use language

79、 accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T3 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately is to an accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in a dicti

80、onary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T4 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure

81、this by using familiar words that are known to the average person and require no specialized background; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T5 Using language vividly helps bring your speech

82、to life. One way to make your language more vivid is through imagery, or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common; it always con

83、tains the words “like” or “as.” Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as.”Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T6 Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of lan

84、guage. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses

85、or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial consonant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T7 Using language appropriately means adapting to the particula

86、r occasion, audience, and topic at hand. It also means developing your own language style instead of trying to copy someone elses. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is much more likely to succeed. Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions. They nee

87、d strong supporting materials to bolster the speakers point of view. In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one. The three basic types of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingA

88、fter ReadingR-B-T8 In the course of a speech you may use brief examples specific instances referred to in passing and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression. Extended examples often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes are longer and

89、more detailed. Hypothetical examples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. All three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to reinforce ideas, or to personalize ideas. To be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured. Be

90、fore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T9 Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience. Above all, you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. Numbers can easily be manip

91、ulated and distorted. Make sure that your figures are representative of what they claim to measure, that you use statistical measures correctly, and that you take statistics only from reliable sources.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T10 Testimony is especially helpful for student spea

92、kers, because they are seldom recognized as experts on their speech topics. Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include testimony in a speech, you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their words. As with statistics, there ar

93、e guidelines for using testimony. Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified unbiased sources. If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T11 The impact of a speech is stron

94、gly affected by how the speech is delivered. You cannot make a good speech without having something to say. But having something to say is not enough. You must also know how to say it. Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys the speakers ideas clearly, interestingly, and without

95、distracting the audience.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T12 There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously, or impromptu. The last of these speaking extemporan

96、eously is the method you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches outside the classroom. When speaking extemporaneously, you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline. Speaking with PowerPoint is widely used now and very effective indeed.Before ReadingDetailed R

97、eadingAfter ReadingR-B-T13 Certainly there are other factors you should consider, such as personal appearance, bodily action, gestures, eye contact, volume, pauses and so on. By paying enough attention to what is mentioned above, you may present an effective speech.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfte

98、r ReadingR-B-T1- sustainsustain: v. keep in existence or maintain 支撑，撑住；保持支撑，撑住；保持Hope alone sustained him in his struggle. 在他奋斗过程中，只有希望支撑着他。在他奋斗过程中，只有希望支撑着他。e.g.R-B-T1- contrary tocontrary to: exactly opposite to 与与相反相反Contrary to all advice, he started to climb the mountain.他不顾大家的劝告，开始攀登那座大山。他不顾大家

99、的劝告，开始攀登那座大山。e.g.R-B-T2- craftcraft: n. occupation, trade or profession requiring skill 手艺，工艺手艺，工艺He graduated from a school of crafts and arts. 他毕业于工艺美术学校。他毕业于工艺美术学校。e.g.R-B-T3- look uplook up: seek for or out 查找查找e.g. If you dont know the word, why dont you in the dictionary. A. look at it B. look

100、 after C. look it throughD. look it upD_R-B-T4- clutterclutter: n. confused collection; disorderly things 凌乱，杂乱凌乱，杂乱His room is in a clutter so I have to tidy it up. 他的房间乱七八糟的，我不得不整理一下。他的房间乱七八糟的，我不得不整理一下。e.g.R-B-T5- similesimile: n. a figure of speech in which different things are compared by the us

101、e of the word “like” or “as” 明喻明喻metaphor: n. a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used to suggest a similarity between two things 隐隐喻喻“As white as snow” is a simile. “洁白如雪洁白如雪”是明喻。是明喻。In poetry the rose is often a metaphor for love. 在诗歌中，玫瑰通常暗指爱情。在诗歌中，玫瑰通常暗指爱情。e.g.R-B-T5- implicitimplici

102、t: a. understood though not directly stated 不言明的，默认的，含蓄的不言明的，默认的，含蓄的The system of rules implicit in a language is viewed as a mechanism for generating all sentences possible in that language. 隐含在语言中的规则体系被看作在该语言中生成所有隐含在语言中的规则体系被看作在该语言中生成所有可能的语句的一种机制。可能的语句的一种机制。Her attitude was implicit in the answer

103、she gave us. 她在给我们的答复中暗含了她的态度。她在给我们的答复中暗含了她的态度。e.g.R-B-T6- rhythmrhythm: n. a flow of sound in language with regular recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables 节奏，节律节奏，节律Stress and rhythm are important in speaking English. 说英语时，重音和节奏都很重要。说英语时，重音和节奏都很重要。It is said that the rhythm of tides is aff

104、ected by the moon. 据说潮汐的周期受月球的影响。据说潮汐的周期受月球的影响。e.g.R-B-T6- parallelismparallelism: n. the quality or state of being parallel 平平 行；对应，排比行；对应，排比A literary contrivance, such as parallelism orpersonification, could be used to achieve a particular effect. 修辞方法，如排比或拟人法，可用以达到某种特定的修辞方法，如排比或拟人法，可用以达到某种特定的效果。

105、效果。Dont exaggerate the parallelism between the two cases. 不要夸大那两件事的相似性。不要夸大那两件事的相似性。e.g.R-B-T6- antithesisantithesis: n. the rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses or sentences 对偶，对比对偶，对比The style of his speech was in complete antithesis to mine. 他和我的讲话风格恰恰相

106、反。他和我的讲话风格恰恰相反。“Give me liberty, or give me death” is an example of antithesis. “不自由，毋宁死不自由，毋宁死”是对偶的一个例子。是对偶的一个例子。e.g.R-B-T7- adapt toadapt to: make or become suitable to 适应适应I suggested he should adapt himself to the new conditions.我曾建议他适应新的条件。我曾建议他适应新的条件。e.g.R-B-T7- at handat hand: near; likely to

107、 happen 在附近，在手边；即将来临在附近，在手边；即将来临I havent my photograph album at hand, but Ill show it to you later. 我的相册不在手边，以后我再拿给你看。我的相册不在手边，以后我再拿给你看。Your big moment is at hand. 你的重大时刻即将到来。你的重大时刻即将到来。e.g.R-B-T7- hot airhot air: empty, meaningless talk 空话连篇空话连篇A straw vote only shows which way the hot air blows. 民

108、意投票只不过表明法螺吹向何方而已。民意投票只不过表明法螺吹向何方而已。His long speech was nothing but gas and hot air. 他的长篇大论不过是吹牛和空话罢了。他的长篇大论不过是吹牛和空话罢了。e.g.R-B-T7- assertionassertion: n. a clear and strong statement 断言断言I seriously question a number of your assertions. 对你所坚持的几个说法，我甚为怀疑对你所坚持的几个说法，我甚为怀疑。He spoke with assertion. 他坚定地说。

109、他坚定地说。e.g.R-B-T7- bolsterbolster: v. support; back up 支持支持It bolstered my belief. 这坚定了我的信念。这坚定了我的信念。They bolstered their morale by singing. 他们以唱歌来鼓舞士气。他们以唱歌来鼓舞士气。e.g.R-B-T7- anecdoteanecdote: n. a short narrative of an interesting, amusing or biographical incident 轶事轶事He told me some anecdotes about

110、 our English teacher. 他告诉我几个关于我们英语老师的掌故。他告诉我几个关于我们英语老师的掌故。e.g.R-B-T7- testimonytestimony: n. evidence based on observation or knowledge 证明，证据证明，证据I have reliance on the testimony of the witness. 我相信证人的证词。我相信证人的证词。Nothing could refute her testimony that the driverwas drunk. 她关于那个司机已经喝醉的证词无可辩驳。她关于那个司机

111、已经喝醉的证词无可辩驳。e.g.R-B-T8- in the course ofin the course of: in the process of 在在时期中、时期中、 在在期间、在期间、在过程中过程中e.g. In the course of our journey I told him everything.在旅途中我把一切都告诉了他。在旅途中我把一切都告诉了他。R-B-T8- in passingin passing: by the way; incidentally 附带地，顺便地附带地，顺便地e.g. He mentioned in passing that he had a n

112、ew car. 他顺便提到他有了辆新车。他顺便提到他有了辆新车。R-B-T10- crediblecredible: a. trustworthy; reliable 可信的，可靠的可信的，可靠的It is hardly credible that time should have passed so quickly.时间竟过得这么快，简直难以置信。时间竟过得这么快，简直难以置信。c.f. creditable 值得赞扬的值得赞扬的e.g. My son makes very creditable grades in school.我儿子在学校的成绩很值得称赞。我儿子在学校的成绩很值得称赞。e

113、.g.R-B-T12- impromptuimpromptu: a. & ad. not prepared 无准备的（地），无准备的（地）， 即席的（地）即席的（地）e.g. An impromptu visit broke up the long afternoon. 突然的到访打破了漫长的午后时光。突然的到访打破了漫长的午后时光。R-B-T1- . language does . language does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to

114、 events.“not simply but also”相当于相当于“not only but also”，连接两个并列成分连接两个并列成分“mirror reality”和和“helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events”。Language reflects reality and helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.R-B-T2- Good speakers Good speakers have respect

115、for language and know how it works.Good speakers have respect for language and know how language plays its role.“it”指代之前的指代之前的“language”。R-B-T5- Using language Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life.“bring to”表示表示“带来带来”，此外此外“bring to”还有还有 “恢复知觉恢复知觉”，“停靠停靠”等含义等含义。Using language vividl

116、y helps make your speech vivid and lively.R-B-T1- Using language appropriately Using language appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand.动词的动词的 -ing 形式可用作现在分词或动名词。动形式可用作现在分词或动名词。动词的词的 -ing 形式如果作句子的主语或宾语时，应形式如果作句子的主语或宾语时，应该是动名词形式；如果作补语或状语时，应该是该是动名词形式；如果作补语或状语

117、时，应该是现在分词形式。此处的现在分词形式。此处的“Using”“adapting”均均为动名词形式。为动名词形式。Using language appropriately means fitting in well with the particular occasion, audience and topic at hand.R-B-T8- To be more1 To be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured.“Richly textured” is used to describe a wor

118、k of art, literature, music, etc. that has many different parts that are combined to produce a final effect. In the visual arts, texture is the perceived surface quality of an artwork. It is an element of two-dimensional and three-dimensional design and is broadly distinguished by its perceived visu

119、al and physical properties. Use of texture, along with other elements of design, can convey a variety of messages and emotions.R-B-T8- To be more 2To be more effective, though, examples should be lively and varied.Part AR-B-T10- Be sure to Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualif

120、ied unbiased sources.Unbiased” means “not prejudiced” or “impartial”.Make sure you quote or paraphrase correctly and cite verified and unprejudiced sources.R-B-1.2 T1如何发表演说如何发表演说斯蒂芬斯蒂芬卢卡斯卢卡斯 在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承

121、文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。R-B-1.2 T2 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样, ,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应

122、该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。横生，恰如其分。R-B-1.2 T3 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究我究竟想

123、说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。必须准确无误。R-B-1.2 T4 如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱

124、堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。取宠。R-B-1.2 T5 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含的：它们总是包含“像像一样一样”或者或者“如同如同一样一样”这样的这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个

125、形式不同但是有连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像像一样一样”或或者者“如同如同一样一样”这样的连词。这样的连词。R-B-1.2 T6 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者

126、长句的开头或者结尾使用排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。R-B-1.2 T7 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着

127、演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。就会大大提高。 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事

128、例、统计数据和证词。般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。R-B-1.2 T8 在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子比如过比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件去发生的一个很具体的事件有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子描述、叙述或描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事者奇闻轶事通常长一些，但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像通常长一些，但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形，这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三中的情形，这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达

129、给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果，例子应该生动活泼，丰富多娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果，例子应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。彩。R-B-1.2 T9 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是：演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌，并且运用得恰最重要的是：演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌，并且运用得恰如其分。由于数

130、据很容易操纵和捏造，因此，对于演说者来说，如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造，因此，对于演说者来说，一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴，并且要确保统计方法正确，数一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴，并且要确保统计方法正确，数据来源可靠。据来源可靠。R-B-1.2 T10 证词对于那些学生演说者来说特别重要，因为他们都不是证词对于那些学生演说者来说特别重要，因为他们都不是演讲主题方面的专家，所以引用那些权威的观点对于增加演说演讲主题方面的专家，所以引用那些权威的观点对于增加演说者观点的可信度来说是一种好方法。演说者在演讲中引用证词，者观点的可信度来说是一种好方法。演说者在演讲中引用证词，可以一字不差地引用别人的话

131、，或者对他们的话进行解释说明。可以一字不差地引用别人的话，或者对他们的话进行解释说明。和统计数据一样，证词的使用也需要遵循一定的程式。例如，和统计数据一样，证词的使用也需要遵循一定的程式。例如，一定要确保引用或者解释别人的话准确无误，并且确保引文来一定要确保引用或者解释别人的话准确无误，并且确保引文来源可靠公正。如果听众对你的引文不太熟悉，请一定要确立引源可靠公正。如果听众对你的引文不太熟悉，请一定要确立引文作者的可信度。文作者的可信度。R-B-1.2 T11 演说的方式也会极大影响其质量。如果一篇演说言之无物当演说的方式也会极大影响其质量。如果一篇演说言之无物当然无人喝彩，但是只有内容是远远

132、不够的，你还必须懂得如何演然无人喝彩，但是只有内容是远远不够的，你还必须懂得如何演说。良好的演说方式虽然不能增添更多的信息量，但是它能够帮说。良好的演说方式虽然不能增添更多的信息量，但是它能够帮助演说者清晰地表达思想，使演说妙趣横生，让观众全神贯注。助演说者清晰地表达思想，使演说妙趣横生，让观众全神贯注。R-B-1.2 12 演说的表达方式基本上有四种：通读手稿中的段落、复述背演说的表达方式基本上有四种：通读手稿中的段落、复述背诵过的一段文章、幻灯片辅助的演说以及即兴发挥或即席演说。诵过的一段文章、幻灯片辅助的演说以及即兴发挥或即席演说。最后一种方法在课堂讲座经常会用到，大部分课外讲座也会采用

133、最后一种方法在课堂讲座经常会用到，大部分课外讲座也会采用这种即席演说的方式。当你即席演说时，你只需要准备一小段简这种即席演说的方式。当你即席演说时，你只需要准备一小段简短的提要或者一个演讲大纲即可。幻灯片辅助演说的方式现在运短的提要或者一个演讲大纲即可。幻灯片辅助演说的方式现在运用得很广泛，事实证明这种方式也非常有效。用得很广泛，事实证明这种方式也非常有效。 R-B-1.2 13 当然，还有其他的因素你需要考虑，如个人的外表、肢体语、当然，还有其他的因素你需要考虑，如个人的外表、肢体语、手势、目光接触、讲话的声调、停顿等。总之，如果你能够留心手势、目光接触、讲话的声调、停顿等。总之，如果你能够

134、留心上述的方法，相信你的演讲一定会妙语连珠，赢得满堂喝彩。上述的方法，相信你的演讲一定会妙语连珠，赢得满堂喝彩。R-C-R1Choose the best answer to each question below. 1.Which of the following about language is true according to the author? A. It can be regarded as a tool of exploiting the rhythm of language.C. It can create our imagination about any event

135、around us. D. It can help us to be aware of the meanings of words.B. It mirrors reality and also helps to create our sense of reality.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-R22. What is true about good speakers, according to the author in

136、 Paragraph 2?B. They like to talk as much as possible in public.C. They must be professors or people who are well educated. D. They must have special talents in talking to others.A. They have respect for language and know how it works.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAf

137、ter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-R33. Why did the author cite the example of an accountant using numbers accurately in Paragraph 3?A. He wanted to indicate the importance of language to an accountant. B. He was describing the difference between two occupations.C. He wanted to make accountants bet

138、ter understood.D. He was trying to stress the importance of using language accurately.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-R44. When you use statistics in your speech, what should you pay attention to?A. You should be able to measure th

139、e statistics properly.B. They should be good enough to be manipulated and changed.D. They should be large enough to be impressive and surprising.C. You should get the statistics from reliable sources.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C

140、-R55. What does “using language appropriately” mean?A. It means that your language should be vivid and interesting to your audience.C. It means that you should develop your own language and your own style. D. It means that you should not copy someone elses language.B. It means that your language sho

141、uld adapt to the particular occasion, audience, and topic.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-V1A. Choose one word or phrase from the given list to fill in the blanks in the following sentences. Change the form where necessary. Vocabul

142、ary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslation1. what they predicted, the disease broke out and killed thousands of people.2. Without receiving her reply as scheduled, he regarded it as acceptance.Contrary to _implicit _Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingassertioncontrary tolook upimplicita

143、t handin the course ofadaptsustainunbiasedrhythmcluttermetaphorR-C-V23. He repeated his that he was not guilty in front of the jury in court.4. Using the Internet, he was able to information on a terrible disease torturing his wife.5. The young man well to the city life and his new environment.6. Th

144、ere is not enough oxygen in the Moons atmosphere to plant life.assertion_look up _adapted_sustain_Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingassertioncontrary tolook upimplicitat handin the course ofadaptsustainunbiasedrhythmcluttermetaphorReading ComprehensionR-C-V2

145、7. When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite qualified sources.8. childrens language acquisition, adults should pay attention to grammar.9. It is known to all Arabic children that “ship of the desert” is a for the camel.10. is one of the things you should try to eliminate when you make a spe

146、ech.unbiased_In the course of _metaphor_Clutter _Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingassertioncontrary tolook upimplicitat handin the course ofadaptsustainunbiasedrhythmcluttermetaphorReading ComprehensionR-C-V2B. From the list given below, choose the word whi

147、ch is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in each sentence.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading1. The government decided to take concrete steps to support its faltering economy. bolsterReading Comprehensionimpromptu sparinglycrediblecredentials

148、 paraphraseanecdotehypotheticaltestimonybolsterjuxtapositionR-C-V22.The evidence he presented at the meeting was reliable, according to his viewpoint. credible3. At the conference, he made an unprepared speech, which left a deep impression on every participant.impromptuVocabulary DevelopmentTranslat

149、ionBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading Comprehensionimpromptu sparinglycrediblecredentials paraphraseanecdotehypotheticaltestimonybolsterjuxtapositionR-C-V24. Experts warn that mankind should use natural resources economically. sparingly5. An interesting story about Albert Einstein wa

150、s rewritten and published in the Readers Digest. anecdoteVocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading Comprehensionimpromptu sparinglycrediblecredentials paraphraseanecdotehypotheticaltestimonybolsterjuxtapositionR-C-V26. He needs to build up his proof of his a

151、bilities and experience with his colleagues in biological research.credentialsVocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading7. Winning the scholarship is evidence of her intelligence in the field of physics.testimonyReading Comprehensionimpromptu sparinglycrediblecreden

152、tials paraphraseanecdotehypotheticaltestimonybolsterjuxtapositionR-C-V28. The medical students were asked how they would treat a supposed case and were marked according to their responses. hypotheticalVocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading9. Students should lear

153、n how to quote other peoples statements and also how to restate them. paraphraseReading Comprehensionimpromptu sparinglycrediblecredentials paraphraseanecdotehypotheticaltestimonybolsterjuxtapositionR-C-V210. The photographer used a side-by-side position of fat and thin models to demonstrate the bea

154、uty. juxtapositionVocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading Comprehensionimpromptu sparinglycrediblecredentials paraphraseanecdotehypotheticaltestimonybolsterjuxtapositionR-C-T1A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思通过语言，我

155、们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识和传承文化。想、传播知识和传承文化。1. Through language we can share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture.实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别优秀演说和空洞演实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别优秀演说和空洞演说的关键所在。说的关键所在。2. In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the differe

156、nce between a good speech and a poor one.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-T1假设的例子描述想象中的情形，能够十分有效地将演说假设的例子描述想象中的情形，能够十分有效地将演说者的思想传达给听众。者的思想传达给听众。3. Hypothetical examples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for re

157、lating ideas to the audience.只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪数据将有助于传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。浅。4. Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience.Vocabulary Dev

158、elopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-T1演说的表达方式基本上有四种：通读手稿中的段落，复演说的表达方式基本上有四种：通读手稿中的段落，复述背诵过的一段文章，幻灯片辅助的演说，即兴发挥的述背诵过的一段文章，幻灯片辅助的演说，即兴发挥的演说。演说。5. There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memori

159、zed text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously or impromptu.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-T1In the course of preparing ones speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics

160、and examples to bolsterones point of view.1. 在准备讲演的过程中，讲演者应该清楚地知道如何有效地在准备讲演的过程中，讲演者应该清楚地知道如何有效地利用数据和实例来支持其观点。利用数据和实例来支持其观点。 (in the course of, be aware of, statistics, bolster )B. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and phrases in brackets. Make additions or changes where

161、 necessary.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-T1By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience.2. 通过使用明喻和暗喻的方法可以使你的语言更加生动形通过使用明喻和暗喻的方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，更能够吸引你的听众。象，更能够吸引你的听众。 (simi

162、le, metaphor, vivid, attractive )The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing.3. 你所采用的适宜例子能够加深听众的印象，使你的观点更你所采用的适宜例子能够加深听众的印象，使你的观点更具有说服力。具有说服力。 (proper, reinforce, convincing )Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore Readi

163、ngDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-T1A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers ideas clearly and interestingly.4. 良好的演说方式会提升演讲的质量，而且它能够帮助演讲良好的演说方式会提升演讲的质量，而且它能够帮助演讲者清晰地表达思想，使演讲妙趣横生。者清晰地表达思想，使演讲妙趣横生。(deliver, convey, ideas )Yo

164、ur language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful.5. 你的语言要符合特定的场合和特定的听众。如果你的语你的语言要符合特定的场合和特定的听众。如果你的语 言在各个方面都是适宜的话，你的演说就是成功的言在各个方面都是适宜的话，你的演说就是成功的。 (adapt to, particular, appropriate, successful )Vocabulary De

165、velopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionW-A-I1 There are various kinds of speeches used in our social activities, and the script for a speech varies in the format and contents according to different listeners, topics and occasions. The script can be intend

166、ed for a welcome speech, acknowledgment speech, opening speech, farewell speech, New Years Eve speech, etc. When writing a speech, some attention should be paid to the following key points:Writing SkillsUseful ExpressionsIntroductionExampleHow to Write a Short SpeechWriting PracticeW-A-I11.The tone,

167、 words and content of the script for a speech should be determined beforehand in accordance with the speakers position. If you are asked to write a speech for your superior, the script should be formal. If you are asked to speak as a student, or an ordinary clerk, you should adopt your words and ton

168、e to fit this context.Writing SkillsUseful ExpressionsIntroductionExampleWriting PracticeW-A-I12. Careful attention should be paid to the occasion on which one will be speaking, and the speech should be tailored to suit the occasion. On formal and public occasions, a speech should be formal, and in

169、our daily activities, our speech should be informal.3. According to who the listeners will be, one can decide on the content and tone of the speech. The content of a speech should be determined with a clear aim and should be interesting for the listeners.Writing SkillsUseful ExpressionsIntroductionE

170、xampleWriting PracticeW-A-I24. Attention should be paid to the unity and logic of the script for a speech, and to the language of a speech, which should be vivid and moving.5. A speech has its own format and fixed expressions. For example, greeting the audience at the beginning of a speech with “Goo

171、d morning, ladies and gentlemen” is a common practice. At the end of a speech, “Thank you” is conventionally used. This format and some fixed expressions should be properly used when writing a speech.Useful ExpressionsIntroductionExampleWriting SkillsWriting PracticeW-A-U1Welcoming speech Today, we

172、feel very honored to have with us. On behalf of all present here, . Lets extend our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guest. Now let us invite to give us a lecture.Useful ExpressionsIntroductionExampleWriting SkillsWriting PracticeW-A-U2Answering speech Thank you for your nice

173、welcome and reception. It has been a long cherished hope to visit We are fortunate to enjoy this rare chance today. We feel specially honored to be given this opportunity to meet such a nice group of distinguished people. We are sure our stay here will be a fruitful and enjoyable one. Useful Express

174、ionsIntroductionExampleWriting SkillsWriting PracticeW-A-U3Send-off speech How time flies! It was here that we gave a hearty welcome ago. We are now here again to bid farewell. As you know, is well known to the world for his great achievements in the field of will leave for home tomorrow. We sincere

175、ly hope that will benefit us with some advice and valuable suggestions. Finally, we want to take this opportunity to beg to convey our profound friendship and best regards to his people.Useful ExpressionsIntroductionExampleWriting SkillsWriting PracticeW-A-U4Farewell speech First of all, allow me to

176、 thank you for your kind invitation to attend I am greatly honored once again to have an opportunity to visit and meet with so many people. This visit has been full of interesting things and everything here left me a deep impression. I have learnt a lot during my short stay here. It has given me muc

177、h better understanding of your I wish to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude again.Useful ExpressionsIntroductionExampleWriting SkillsWriting PracticeW-A-E1Read the following example and pay attention to the useful expressions in red.Example: A Welcome Speech Good morning, everyo

178、ne. First of all, on behalf of our department, I would like to welcome you all here. Our department has two programs for bachelors degree and two MA and PhD programs in architecture. There are 50 faculty members, including 10 full professors and 12 associate professors. We currently have about 200 u

179、ndergraduates, 50 international students, and 150 postgraduates.Useful ExpressionsIntroductionExampleWriting SkillsWriting PracticeW-A-E1 I believe that here you will have all possible advantages in improving not only your academic career, but also your education in life. You will realize that your

180、study here will be interesting and also full of challenges, and there will be quite a lot for you to learn in the future. You will certainly make progress in your lives and at school. Finally, I do hope you will all enjoy your stay here. Thank you!Useful ExpressionsIntroductionExampleWriting SkillsW

181、riting PracticeW-B-1According to the following information and in line with the sample speech, complete the following writing task.请为你所在学校的校长写一篇在计算机国际会议上的开幕请为你所在学校的校长写一篇在计算机国际会议上的开幕词。发言稿包括以下内容：词。发言稿包括以下内容：1 1）对所有的嘉宾、与会代表、）对所有的嘉宾、与会代表、朋友们表示热烈的欢迎；朋友们表示热烈的欢迎；2 2）国际会议的召开有助于学校计）国际会议的召开有助于学校计算机学科的发展，有利于该领

182、域学者的交流与合作；算机学科的发展，有利于该领域学者的交流与合作；3 3）预）预祝本次会议圆满成功。祝本次会议圆满成功。Writing SkillsWriting PracticeW-B-2Suggested Words and Phrasespleasuredistinguished gueston behalf ofInternational Symposium (国际研讨会国际研讨会)participantcomputer scienceprofessorscientistscholarexchange ideaslatest research achievementspush forw

183、arda great successa happy stayWriting SkillsWriting PracticeW-B-3 Good morning, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, It is my great pleasure on behalf of the university to extend our warm welcome to all the conference participants. It is a special honor for us to be holding the International

184、Symposium on Computer Science at our university. Among the participants are well-known professors, scientists and scholars in this field. I believe that this symposium will offer a good opportunity for you to exchange your ideas, share your latest research achievements and further cooperation in the

185、 field of computer science as well.Writing SkillsWriting PracticeW-B-4 Also, to some extent, this symposium will help us develop computer science in our university and help push forward our research in this field. Finally, I hope the symposium will be a great success and I hope everyone will enjoy their stay here. Thank you!Writing SkillsWriting Practice若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！138