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1、中国古代科技发明ScienceandTechnologyinAncientChina中国古代科学技术中国古代科学技术 Science and Technology in Ancient China v中国作为世界四大文明古国之一，曾创造了光辉灿烂的古代科技和文化。本展览以四大发明为中心，择取古代天文、数学、医药学、机械、青铜冶铸、陶瓷、纺织刺绣、建筑等十二项学科内容，展示了中国古代的科学技术成就。本片的内容不足以代表中国古代科学技术的全貌，仅以此激励后人继往开来，重创辉煌。vChina,asoneoftheworldsfourcountriesofgreatancientcivilizatio
2、ns,isfamousforitsscientificdiscoveriesinancienttimes.Thisexhibitionselects12disciplines,includingastronomy,mathematics,medicalscience,machinery,bronzemetallurgy,potteryandporcelain,textileembroideryandarchitecturetodisplaythescientificandtechnologicalachievementsinancientChina.Thisexhibitiondoesnotp
3、resentthewholepictureofscienceandtechnologyinancientChina,butshowsenoughtoencouragelatergenerationstoinheritthepastachievementsandlookforwardtothefuturetocreatemore.http:/ of Abridged Armillav元代科学家郭守敬于1276年创制的简仪，是当时世界上最先进的天文观测仪器。vTheabridgedarmillamadebyGuoShoujingoftheYuanDynastyin1276.Itwasthemost
4、advancedastronomicalobservationinstrumentintheworldatthattime.todisplaythescientificandtechnologicalachievementsinancientChina.ThisexhibitiondoesnotpresentthewholepictureofscienceandtechnologyinancientChina,butshowsenoughtoencouragelatergenerationstoinheritthepastachievementsandlookforwardtothefutur
5、etocreatemore.v浑仪模型浑仪模型Model of Armillary Sphere v浑仪是中国古代测定天体位置的仪器，发明于战国时期（公元前475-公元前221年），唐宋时期趋于完善。vThearmillaryspherewasaninstrumentusedtomeasurethelocationofcelestialbodiesinancientChina.ItwasfirstinventedintheWarringStatesPeriod(475-221B.C.),andwasimproved.v水运仪象台水运仪象台vModel of Water-Driven Astro
6、nomical Clock Towerv北宋科学家苏颂于公元1088年研制水运仪象台。以水为动力，集浑仪、浑象、报时装置于一体，是世界上最早的天文钟。vSuSong,ascientistoftheNorthernSongDynasty(960-1127),directedtheresearchandmanufactureofthewater-drivenastronomicalclocktower.Usingwaterpowerandhavingallthefunctionsofthearmillarysphere,itwasthefirstastronomicalclockintheworl
7、d.赤道式日晷赤道式日晷Equatorial Sundialv风行于南宋（公元1127-1279年）时期赤道日晷是一种古老的天文仪器，利用日照时指针投影的位置表示时间。vThesundialshowsthetimebyindicatingthemovementofthesunastheshadowofthepointermoves.TheequatorialsundialbecamepopularintheSouthernSongDynasty(1127-1279).v登封测景台登封测景台Model of Dengfeng Astronomical Observatoryv元代天文学家郭守敬于
8、公元1279年设计建造的中国现存最早的天文台。vThisobservatorywaslocatedinDengfengCounty,HenanProvince,and（1279）wasbuiltbyGuoShoujingoftheYuanDynasty(1271-1368).Itistheoldestastronomicalobservatorystillextant.v侯风地动仪侯风地动仪Model of Zhang Hengs Seismographv公元132年张衡发明制造侯风地动仪是世界上第一台感知地震的仪器。地动仪利用惯性原理、以摆和杠杆机械为主的结构模式，测定地震和方向。vThis
9、seismographwasinventedbyZhangHenginA.D.132,astheworldsfirstinstrumenttosenseearthquakes.Itusedtheprincipleofinertia,usingpendulumandlevermechanics.v铜壶滴漏铜壶滴漏Copper Kettle Clepsydrav漏刻是一种古老的计时仪器。通过漏壶水面的高低，由箭刻标示时间。本件为元代1316年所制浮箭式漏壶复制件。vTheclepsydraisanoldinstrumentforcalculationoftime,originatinginthel
10、aterpartoftheNeolithicAge.Thewaterlevelmarkedbyanarrowinthekettleindicatesthechangeoftime.Thewaterclockdisplayedhereisareplicateofanarrow-markedwaterclockmadein1316intheYuanDynasty.指南针COMPASSv缕悬法指南示意模型缕悬法指南示意模型vConceptual Model of Suspended Compassv沈括于公元十一世纪著梦溪笔谈记载四种指南法，其中缕悬法指南“取新纩中独茧缕，以芥子许蜡缀于针腰，无风处
11、悬之”。vTheSketchbookofDreamBrookbyShenKuohasthefollowingentry:Takeasinglesilkthreadfromnewcocoon,waxitandtieitaroundthemiddleofaneedle.Suspendtheneedleinaplaceshelteredfromthewind.Theneedlewouldactasacompass.火药GUNPOWDERv万户飞天模型万户飞天模型Model of Wang Hus Rocketv十四世纪中国人万户利用火箭的反冲力和风筝上升的力量做升空实验，被誉为人类航天史上第一“飞人
12、”。vInthe14thcentury,WangHuexperimentedwithgunpowder-propelledrockets,makinghimapioneerofaeronautics.造纸术papermakingv造纸表演造纸表演Chinese Paper-Making Technique Spreads Worldwidev自汉代以后，中国造纸术不断改进，明代宋应星于公元1637年著天工开物，书中对古代造纸工艺进行总结。图为仿四川夹江造纸工序中“抄纸”的表演。vSincetheHanDynasty,thetechnologyofpapermakinghasbeenimprov
13、ingcontinuously,SongYingxinoftheMingDynasty(1368-1644)summarizedthetechnologyofpaper-makinginhisbookExploitationoftheWorksofNature.ThepicturehereisademonstrationofdippingpaperasusedinJiajiangCounty,SichuanProvince.青铜冶铸bronzecastingv铜绿山古矿井铜绿山古矿井Cross-Sectional View of the Ancient Copper Mine of Tongl
14、u Mountainv湖北大冶铜绿山古矿井遗址是迄今已发掘的生产时间最长、规模最大的古铜矿。它的开采年代最晚始于西周(约公元前1066前771年)，经春秋战国一直延续到汉代（公元前206公元220年），累计产铜不少于八万吨。vThenow-defunctTongluMountainCopperMineinHubeiProvincewasfirstexploitedintheWesternZhouDynasty(c.1066-771BC),andminingtherecontinuedupuntiltheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD).Itstotalcopperproducti
15、onwouldhavebeenabout80,000tons.v重金测量法示意模型重金测量法示意模型Conceptual Model of Heavy-Mineral Measuring Technologyv铜绿山古矿井采用重砂测量的方法确定采掘方向。vTheAncientTongluMountainCopperMiningadoptedheavy-mineralmeasuringtechnologytodeterminethedirectionofdigging.v井巷支护技术井巷支护技术Conceptual Model of Mine Support Technologyv铜绿山古矿井采
16、用符合力学原理的木框架支护技术，框外用木棍、木板作护壁，组成完整安全的井筒。vTheTongluMountainCopperMineusedanelaboratesystemoftimberingtosupporttheworkingareas.v分段提升法分段提升法Conceptual Model of Sub-Level Lifting Technologyv铜绿山古矿井采用分段提升的方法，利用辘轳等简单的机械，将井下50余米深处的矿石提出地面。vTheTongluMountainCopperMineusedthesub-levelliftingtechnologyandsimplewel
17、l-pulleymechanicalmethodstoconveytheorefromdepthsofupto50meters.v铜车马铜车马Replicas of Copper Chariots and Horsesv1980年秦陵出土大型彩绘铜车马，是继兵马俑之后的又一次震动世界的考古发现。二号铜车马由3462个零件组成；工艺上采用铸造、焊接、嵌接、插接等方法，堪称金属工艺史上的奇迹。vThecopperchariotsandhorsesunearthedin1980fromthemausoleumofEmperorQinShihuang,nearXian,ShaanxiProvince,
18、showtheadvancedlevelofmetalworkinancientChina.Itwasanotherworld-shakingarcheologicaldiscoveryfollowingthediscoveryofterra-cottawarriorsandhorsesfromtheQinMausoleum.v擂鼓礅二号墓编钟复制件擂鼓礅二号墓编钟复制件Replica of a Set of Chimes from Leigudun No. 2 Tombv1981年湖北擂鼓墩二号墓出土战国编钟一套，音律准确，音色优美，基本音阶结构与C大调七声音阶相同。其件数和规模仅次于曾侯乙
19、编钟，总音域达5个8度以上，可自己转调，奏出五声、六声、七声音阶构成的各种乐曲。须五人合作演出，众声齐发，交响叠鸣。无愧为古代音乐之绝响。vThesetofchimesexcavatedin1981fromtheLeigudunNo.2TombinHubeiProvincehasthesamescaleasthesevenscalesinCmajor.Itstotalvolumerangeisoverfiveoctaves,andwasplayedbyateamoffivepersons.v透光宝镜透光宝镜Replica of the Precious Translucent Mirrorv“
20、透光镜”是西汉青铜工艺的精品。当光线照射在镜正面时，产生的反射图象与镜背面的纹饰一致，被称为“汉代魔镜”。vThisisamasterpieceofWesternHanDynasty(206BC-24AD)bronzecraftsmanship.Whenlightshinesonthefrontsideofthemirror,thereflectedimageisthesameasdecorativepatternontheback,thusknownasMagicMirroroftheHanDynasty.v马踏飞燕马踏飞燕Replica of the Galloping Horse Tre
21、ading on a Flying Swallowv马踏飞燕铸于汉代晚期。以夸张的艺术手法塑造了奔马的艺术形态，意境带有浪漫主义色彩。vThisgemofancientartwascastinthelateHanDynasty.Itportraysanartisticconceptthroughtheskillofhyperbolewitharomanticflavor.v失腊法铸造失腊法铸造Conceptual Model of Lost Wax Casting Techniquev失腊法出现于战国以前，是中国古代三大铸造技术之一。其特点是以可熔模料代替不可熔模料作模，造出复杂精致的器形。失
22、腊法是现代精密铸造技术的渊源。vThislost-waxcastingtechnique,appearedbeforetheWarringStatesPeriod,wasoneofthreemajorcastingtechnologiesinancientChina.Itusedsolublemoldingmaterialtoreplaceinsolublemoldingmaterialtomakecomplicatedandexquisitecasts.Modernprecisioncastingtechniqueoriginatesfromthetechnique.v泥范法铸造泥范法铸造C
23、onceptual Model of Mud-Casting Techniquev商代早期已用泥范法铸造器物，浇出的铸件表面较光洁。在近代砂范铸造出现以前，泥范铸造是中国最主要的铸造方法。vThistechniqueofmud-castingwasknowninChinaasearlyasintheShangDynasty(c.1600-1100BC).Beforetheinventionofsand-castinginmoderntimes,mud-castingwastheleadingcastingtechniqueinChina.v喷水鱼洗喷水鱼洗Sprinkling Washbasi
24、nv“鱼洗”大约出现于唐代，曾是皇宫盥洗用具。摩擦盆的两耳，由于振动，盆壁鱼嘴处喷起水花，宛如盆底的鱼在腾跃嬉戏，故有“鱼洗”之称。vThisinventionemergedintheTangDynasty(618-907).Itwasusedaswashingdeviceintheimperialpalace.Byrubbingtwoearsofthebasin,thevibrationwillcausewatertospoutfromthemouthofthefishonthewallofthebasin.机械Mechanicsv农业机械农业机械Agricultural Mechanics
25、v西汉（公元前206公元年）初年，农耕工具的发明促进了中国农业的发展。展出农具有：耕、犁、耧车、扇车、翻车等。InearlyyearsoftheWesternHanDynasty,agriculturewasalreadywelladvanced.Thefarmtoolsdisplayedhereareahandplow,animal-drawnseedplow,winnower,waterwheel,etc.v记里鼓车记里鼓车estoration of an Ancient Odometerv东汉（公元25-220年）出现记里鼓车。每行驶一里路，木人自动击鼓一次，因此而得名。车内装有一套具有
26、减速作用的传动齿轮，是近代里程表和减速装置的先驱。ThisdeviceappearedintheEasternHanDynasty(25-220).Everymilethecarriagetraveled,thewoodenfigurewouldbeatthedrumonce.Asetofgearsconnectedthewheelsofthecarriagewiththewoodendrummer,onthesameprincipleasthatofthemodernautomobileodometer.v商代古战车商代古战车Model of an Ancient Chariotv屯溪磨房屯
27、溪磨房Model of Tunxi Millv明代（公元13681644年）初年，在安徽屯溪出现的一组综合性谷物加工机械。以流水冲击转轮带动石碓、石磨工作。IntheearlyMingDynasty(1368-1644),ahighly-efficientwater-powereddeviceformillinggrainwasinstalledinTunxiCounty,AnhuiProvince.纺织weavingv蚕房蚕房Silkworm Raisingv养蚕缫丝是中国古代的伟大发明之一，距今5000多年前，中国人已开始利用蚕丝织造丝织品。Thetechniqueofreelingsil
28、kfromsilkwormcocoonswasoneofthegreatinventionsinancientChina.Fivethousandyearsago,Chinesepeoplebegantousesilkfilamentsreeledfromcocoonstoproducesilkitems.v纺织纺织 Textile Spinning and Weavingv中国机具纺织起源于五千年前新石器时期的纺轮和腰机。西周时期具有传统性能的简单机械缫车、纺车、织机相继出现，汉代广泛使用提花机、斜织机，唐以后中国纺织机械日趋完善，大大促进了纺织业的发展。Textilespinningand
29、weavingusingmachineryinChinaoriginatedfromthespinningwheelintheNeolithicAge.IntheWesternZhouperiod,thespinningwheelwasfurtherdeveloped,andledtotheinventionofsophisticatedspinningandweavingmachines.IntheHanDynasty,thejacquardloomandcruiseloomwerewidelyused.IntheTangDynasty,textilespinningandweavingde
30、velopedasafull-scaleindustry.v四大名绣四大名绣 Four Famous Types of Embroideryv苏、湘、蜀、粤四大名绣。苏绣以绣工精细、针法活泼、图案秀丽、色彩典雅著称。Fourmaintypesofembroideryemerged-Suembroidery(producedintheCityofSuzhou),Xiangembroidery(producedinHunanProvince),Shuembroidery(producedinSichuanProvince),andYueembroidery(producedinGuangdongP
31、rovince).Suembroideryisfamousforitsfineworkmanship,beautifulpicturesandelegantcolors,andisratedasthebestofthefourtypes.v蜀锦机蜀锦机蜀锦机属提花机的一种，可织造多种图样花纹。vThismachinewastheforerunnerofthejacquardloom。v织布织布 Cloth Weaving春秋（公元前春秋（公元前770770476476年）时期，年）时期，中国已使用脚踏织机。中国已使用脚踏织机。 As early as in the Spring and As
32、early as in the Spring and Autumn PeriodAutumn Period（770-476 B.C.770-476 B.C.）, , China had begun to use the pedal China had begun to use the pedal loom, which was driven by loom, which was driven by manpower.manpower. v金缕玉衣金缕玉衣 Replica of Jade Burial Clothesv此金缕玉衣为公元前113年西汉中山靖王刘胜墓随葬品的复制品。玉衣由2498片小
33、玉片组成，每片玉片都磨光钻孔，钻孔直径约1毫米，用镀金丝连接而成，反映了当时设计水平和精湛加工技术。ThejadeburialsuitwasexcavatedfromthemausoleumofLiuSheng,ruleroftheStateofZhongshan.Itiscomposedof2,498piecesofjade,sewntogetherwithgoldthread.v双面绣双面绣 Double-Sided Embroideryv双面绣是刺绣中的珍品，通过巧妙的构思、精湛的技术达到同工异面之效。Double-sidedembroideryischaracterizedbyinge
34、niouscompositionandexquisitecraftsmanship.v建筑architecturev佛宫寺释加塔佛宫寺释加塔Model of the Sakyamuni Pagoda at the Temple of the Buddhas Palacev此塔建于辽1056年，位于山西应县，俗称“应县木塔”。是我国现存唯一的木塔。其体形高大，结构复杂，轮廓优美，是中国古代木构建筑的代表作。Thispagodawasbuiltin1056,duringtheLiaoDynasty.ItislocatedinYingCounty,ShanxiProvince.Itisthetall
35、estancientwoodpagodaintheworld,andtheonlyextantwoodenpagodainChina.v清明上河图清明上河图Pure Brightness Festival on the Riverv北宋公元9601127年)体张择端绘画，图高24.8厘米，横528.7厘米，描绘了清明时节汴河一带的风光，再现了河南北宋都城汴梁（今开封）的城市街景和建筑形式。作者以手卷形式，推移视点取景，落笔兼工带写，着色典雅清淡，成为艺术上的珍品。ZhangZeduangoftheNorthernSongDynastycreatedthisscrollpicture.Itis2
36、4.8cmhighand528.7cmwide.ItshowsthescenesalongtheBianheRiveratBianliang,capitalofNorthernSong,ontheoccasionoftheannualPureBrightnessFestival.v木榫卯残木木榫卯残木Wooden Joggle and Mortisev浙江余姚河姆渡遗址出土，距今已有七千年历史。ThisevidenceofancientarchitecturalskillwasexcavatedfromtheHemuduRuinsinYuyaoCounty,ZhejiangProvince,a
37、nddatesbacksome7,000years.v斗拱斗拱Model of a Bucket Archv斗拱是中国传统建筑上的特有构件，从二千多年前就开始使用了。Theroleofthebucketarchistopasstheweightoftherooftocolumns,andinthesametimeithasacertainestheticvalue.v明清琉璃构件明清琉璃构件Imitation Colored Glazev琉璃构件是中国古建筑中重要的装饰材料，琉璃工艺出现于战国（公元前475221年）时期。Coloredglazewasanimportantdecoration
38、materialintraditionalChinesearchitecture.TheartofmakingandapplyingcoloredglazeappearedintheWarringStatesPeriod(475-221B.C.).陶瓷ceramicsv“中国中国原始瓷原始瓷的诞生的诞生”展版展版The Birth of Archetype Chinese Porcelainv商周(公元前16世纪前256年)时期，“原始瓷器”用高岭土为原料，烧成温度在1200以上，质地坚硬，吸水性弱，表面涂青绿色釉，已具备瓷器的基本特征。IntheShangandZhoudynasties,C
39、hinasarchetypalporcelaincameintobeing.Itusedkaolinasthematerial,anditsburningtemperaturewasupto1200degreesC,givingitahardqualityandstrongwaterabsorptionability.Thepredominantsurfacecolorwasblue.v景德镇制瓷作坊景德镇制瓷作坊Reproduction of a Jingdezhen Porcelain Kilnv景德镇以产瓷闻名于世，享有“瓷都”之称。元代以后，景德镇渐执全国瓷业之牛耳。图为仿清代景德镇制
40、瓷作坊。JingdezhenhabeenfamouforitsporcelainsincetheYuanDynasty,andenjoysthereputationofbeingtheporcelaincapitalofChina.HerewecanseeareproductionofaJingdezhenporcelainkilnasitwouldhavelookedduringtheQingDynasty.v印坯印坯Technological Process of Adobe Makingv制坯工艺分为：拉坯、印坯、晾坯、利坯、画瓷、荡釉等几个环节。图为拉坯表演。Workmanshipof
41、adobemakingincludeseveralprocedures,suchasabodemaking,engraving,drying,painting,andglazingetc.Thepicturepresentsadobemaking.v清代清代“景德镇窑景德镇窑”局部模型局部模型Partial Model of a Jingdezhen Kiln of the Qing Dynastyv明（公元13681644年）末清（公元16441911年）初，出现著名窑形“景德镇窑”，据其外形又称“蛋形窑”。它的出现将窑炉的构筑、烧炼技术推向新水平。AttheendofMingDynasty
42、andthebeginningoftheQingDynasty,thereappearedthefamousJingdezhenkiln,which,fromitsexternaloutline,wasalsocalledaneggkiln.Itpushedthetechnologyofkilnfiringandsmeltingtoanewlevel.v北宋馒头窑北宋馒头窑Model of a Bun Kiln of the Northern Song Dynastyv宋代（公元9601279年），一种“全倒焰式馒头窑”，窑温可达1300。IntheSongDynasty（960-1279）,
43、akindofbun-typekilnwithupside-downflamesappeared.Thekilntemperaturecouldreachupto1300degreesC.v宋代龙窑宋代龙窑Model of a Dragon Kiln of the Song Dynastyv战国（公元前1475前221年）至秦汉，“龙窑”依山而建，多为长条斜坡形，犹如火龙自上而下，故而得名。Dragonkilnswereusuallyconstructedagainstmountainslopes,lookinglikelongdragons,hencethename.FromtheSprin
44、gandAutumnPeriod(1475-221B.C.)totheHanDynasty,dragonkilnsmadepossiblethebirthofstandardporcelains.v异彩纷呈的瓷器异彩纷呈的瓷器Colorful Porcelainsv宋代是中国瓷器发展的高峰期，名窑辈出，争奇斗艳。当时最著名的有定、汝、官、哥、钧五大名窑，产品各具特色，显示了宋代制瓷工艺的卓越成就。vTheSongDynastywasagoldenageforChineseporcelaindevelopment,andfamouskilnsappearedoneafteranother.The
45、mostfamouskilnsatthattimeweretheDingkiln,Ru;kiln,Guankiln,GekilnandJunkiln.Theyallhadtheirowncharacteristics,andcontributedtotheremarkableachievementsmadeinporcelainproductiontechnologyduringtheSongDynasty.v红陶陶器红陶陶器Display of Potteryv新石器时代早期，采用露天堆烧法或原始窑烧制的陶器在烧制过程中与大量空气接触，所以烧制成的陶器为红色，故称为红陶。Attheearly
46、NeolithicAge,potterieswereeitherbakedinopen-airorkilnedinprimitivekilns.Duringthebakingorkilningprocess,potterieshadcontactwithahugeamountofairandredcolorappeared.Itwasthereforecalledredpottery.中国医药chinesemedicinev针灸铜人针灸铜人Replica of Bronze Acupuncture Modelv北宋（公元9601127）医学家王惟一创制。铜人体表刻有14经络、354俞穴位置及名
47、称，作为对针灸的教授、学习、考试之用。ThismodelforteachingacupuncturewascreatedbyNorthernSong（960-1127）scientistWangWeiyi.Onthebodyofthebronzemanarelocatedthe14channelsandcollaterals,andthe354positionsoftheacupuncturepointswiththeirnames.印刷printingv印刷印刷Printingv印刷术是中国古代四大发明之一。唐(公元七世纪)初在石刻、拓印的基础上出现雕版印刷，公元十一世纪北宋时期毕昇首创活字
48、印刷法。从此，出现铸字、排版、印刷一套完整的印刷工序。公元十二世纪印刷术传入欧洲，为欧洲近代科学的兴起奠定了重要的物质基础。ThetechniqueofprintingisanotherofthefourgreatinventionsofancientChina.IntheearlyTangDynasty,woodenblockprintingwasusedextensively,andintheNorthernSongDynasty(960-1127),BiShenginventedmoveabletypeprinting.Soonafterwards,thistechniquewasint
49、roducedtoEurope,layinganimportantmaterialbasisfortherenaissanceofliteratureandart,andofmodernscienceonthatcontinent.数学mathemeticsv古代数学展区古代数学展区Ancient Mathematics Exhibition Areav数学是中国古代最发达的学科之一。突出的成就有：十进位值记数法、算筹与筹算、分数四则运算、剩余定理、圆周率计算、高阶等差级数求和公式、珠算和算盘等等，使中国古代数学在一定的历史时期内居于世界领先地位。vMathematicswasoneofthe
50、mostadvancedscientificfieldsinancientChina.TheoutstandingachievementsoftheancientChineseincludethedecimalsystem,counting-rodandrod-arithmetic,thefourfundamentaloperationsoffractions,remaindertheorem,calculationoftheratioofthecircumferenceofacircletoitsdiameter,high-orderarithmeticprogressionsumformulaandabacuscalculation.AllthesediscoveriesputChinaintheleadingpositionintheworldinmathematicsforatime.欢迎登陆刘克明的欢迎登陆刘克明的网站网站网址：网址：http:/ http:/ http:/ 电子邮箱：电子邮箱：liukemingl163,com电话：电话：87540856THEEND
