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1、( (一一) ) 语语 态态 分分 类类 英英语语动动词词有有两两种种语语态态，主主动动语语态态和和被被动动语语态态。主主动动语语态态表表示示主主语语是是动动作作的的执执行行者者，被被动动语语态态表表示示主主语语是是动动作作的的承受者。如：承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动主动) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动被动) 汉汉语语中中常常用用“被被”、“给给”、“由由”、“受受”等等词词用用来来表表示示被被动动，而而英英语语用用：助助助助动动动动词词词词be b
2、e be be + + + + 及及及及物物物物动动动动词词词词的的的的过过过过去去去去分分分分词词词词构成。构成。 被动语态常用的八种时态被动语态常用的八种时态被动语态常用的八种时态被动语态常用的八种时态1. 一般现在时：一般现在时： People grow rice in the south of the country. Rice is grown in the south of the country. Rice is grown in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry
3、 lab without a teacher. We We are are not not allowed allowed to to enter enter the the chemistry chemistry lab lab without without a a teacher. teacher. 2. 一般过去时：一般过去时： They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. The build
4、ing of a new car factory was agreed on last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. His lessons were not easily forgotten. His lessons were not easily forgotten. 3. 一般将来时：一般将来时： They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. They wil
5、l give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. 4. 过去将来时：过去将来时： The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The The manager manager said said the the project project would would be b
6、e completed completed by by the the end of the year. end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. The The workers workers told told me me that that the the car car would would be be mended mended as as soon soon as possible. as possible. 5. 现在进行时：现在进行时： The radio
7、 is broadcasting English lessons. English lessons are being English lessons are being broadcastbroadcast on the radio. on the radio. We are painting the rooms. The rooms are being painted. The rooms are being painted. 6. 过去进行时：过去进行时： Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the workers were mendi
8、ng the road. Because the road was being mended. Because the road was being mended. This time last year we were planting trees here. Trees were being planted here this time last year. Trees were being planted here this time last year. 7. 现在完成时：现在完成时： Someone has told me the sports meet might be put o
9、ff.the sports meet might be put off. I have been told the sports meet might be put off. I have been told the sports meet might be put off. We have brought down the price. The price has been brought down. The price has been brought down. 8. 过去完成时：过去完成时： When I got to the theatre, I found they they ha
10、d had already already sold sold outout the tickets. the tickets. When When I I got got to to the the theatre, theatre, I I found found the the tickets tickets had had already already been sold out. been sold out. The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People People had consideredha
11、d considered him to be a great leader. him to be a great leader. He He had been consideredhad been considered to be a great leader. to be a great leader. 9. 含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态： 含含有有情情态态动动词词的的被被动动语语态态是是由由“情情态态动动词词+ be+ 及及物物动动词词的的过过去分词去分词”构成。构成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. You
12、r compositions Your compositions must be handed inmust be handed in after class. after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. A great many letters A great many letters can be writtencan be written with the computer by with the computer by him. him. 被动语态被动语态: 我们知道我们知道, 被动语态是由被动语态
13、是由be + done(动词的过去分词动词的过去分词)构成的构成的被动语态构成比较被动语态构成比较一般现在时 主 + am / is / are + done 一般过去时主 + was / were + done 含情态动词主 + 情态动词 + be done一般将来时主 + will be + done 现在完成时主 + have/has been + done 过去完成时主 +had been + done 现在进行时主 +am/is/are being + done 过去进行时主 + was/were being + done 过去将来时主 + would be + done 说明(1)
14、done表示动词的过去分词(2)下划线的词为助动词 10: 动词不定式的被动语态动词不定式的被动语态1.be to do- be to be done2.be going to do-be going to be done3.Be about to do-be about to be doneEg: He is to read a novel A novel is to be read by himThey are going to hold a meeting tomorrow.A meeting is going to be held tomorrow.They are about to
15、shoot the murderer.The murderdr is about to be shot by them.(1) The police found that the house _and a lot of things _. A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into ; had been stolen C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen (2) If city noises _ from increasing, peopl
16、e _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to C. do not keep ; will have to D. do not keep ; have toDPracticePracticeA(3) -_ the sports meet might be put off. -Yes, it all depends on the weather. A. Ive been told B. Ive told
17、C. Im told D. I told(4) The maths problem _ among the students soon. A. is about to be discuss B. is going to be discussed C. is to discuss D. is going to have been discussedAB( (一一) )语态转换时要注意的问题语态转换时要注意的问题1. 1. 把把主主动动语语态态变变为为被被动动语语态态时时，其其谓谓语语动动词词的的时时态态要要与与原原句句时时态态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。保持一致，其谓语动词的数要
18、与新主语保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正确正确) A new computer have been bought. (错误错误) 2. 2. 含含有有双双宾宾语语的的主主动动句句变变被被动动句句时时，可可分分别别将将其其中中的的一一个个宾宾语语变变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my
19、 birthday. 如如果果把把直直接接宾宾语语( (指指物物) )改改为为主主语语，则则在在间间接接宾宾语语( (指指人人) )前前加加适适当的介词，如上句还可以说：当的介词，如上句还可以说： A present was given to me yesterday. 保留宾语保留宾语保留宾语保留宾语注意：注意：注意：注意：一般在下列一般在下列动词后，常在后，常在间接接宾语前用介前用介词 to，如：如： bring, give, lend, offer, pass, promise, sell, show, teach, tell 等。等。 The cup with mixture was
20、showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列一般在下列动词后，后，间接接宾语前用介前用介词 for, 如：如： buy, cook, choose, fetch, get, ,make, order, 等。等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. ) The meat was cooked for us. 3. 由由动动词词+ 介介词词或或副副词词构构成成的的短短语语动动词词，要要把把它它们们作作为为整整体体看看，即即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆
21、开或漏掉这类动词有把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉这类动词有 laugh at, operate on, look after, make fun of, make use of take care of, carry out, give up, hand in, point out, put away, put off, turn down, work out, talk about等。等。 The patient is being operated on. The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It
22、 neednt be talked about. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. His request was turned down. His request was turned down. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. A child is taken good care of A child is taken
23、good care of4. 带复合宾语带复合宾语(宾语宾语+ 宾补宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：a,动词动词+宾语宾语+adj We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. b,动词动词+宾语宾语+ n They chose Tom captain. Tom was chosen captainc.动词动词+宾语宾语+ to do She t
24、old us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. d,动词动词+宾语宾语+doing I found him lying on the floor he was found lying on the floore,动词动词+宾语宾语+done we found all our seats occupied. all our seats were found occupied.注注注注意意意意：在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, mak
25、e, feel等等动动词词后后作作宾宾语语补补足足语语的的动动词词不不定定式式都都不不带带 to，但但改改成成被被动动语语态态后都带后都带to， We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. His mother makes him clean the room every day. He is made to clean the room every day.（二）某些动词用主动表被动？（二）某些动词用主动表被动？1. The picture looks beautiful . 这里的这里的
26、look是表状态特征的连系动词，它后面要求跟形容词或是表状态特征的连系动词，它后面要求跟形容词或名词构成系表结构，其主动形式表被动含义。名词构成系表结构，其主动形式表被动含义。感官系动词一般感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain, turn out ,smell等。等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. The flowers look beautiful What he said sounds reasonable. T
27、he roses smell sweet. The medicine tastes bitter. 误：误：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 误：误：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 误：误：The pop music is sounded beautiful 2.有有些些动动词词既既是是及及物物又又是是不不及及物物，当当它它们们和和well, badly, easily等等副副词词连连用用时时，表表示示主主语语内内在在品品质质或或性性能能，
28、是是不不及及物物动动词词，用用主主动动表表示示被被动动，这这时时不不用用被被动动语语态态，常见的有：常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, dry,wash, cook,wear 等。如：等。如： The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。这布很好洗。 Some silks wash well The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。这新产品很畅销。 The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。这支笔写字很流畅。 The poem reads fluently./ The shoes wear w
29、ell. The paper tears easily This kind of cloth dried easily对比：对比： The books sell well. (主动句主动句) The books were sold out. (被动句被动句) The meat didnt cook well. (主动句主动句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句被动句)3. want, need, require 作“需要 ”解时及be worth ,in need of后接动词，常用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。Eg:
30、 1: The flower needs/ wants/ requires watering. Your hair needs/wants/requires cutting The computer needs/wants/requires reqairing2: The film /music is worth listening to.3: His teaching method is in need of improving4. 不定式在某些形容词后作状语且和句子的主语（或宾语）构成逻辑上的动宾关系时：1.The sentence is easy to understand.2.She
31、found the problem hard to deal with.3.The box is heavy to lift4.The picture is pleasant to look at5.The novel is interesting to read此类形容词此类形容词：difficult, comfortable, pleasant, fit, interesting,unfit, light, heavy, dangerous, etc.5.不定式作名词的后置定语，和被修饰的不定式作名词的后置定语，和被修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，同时和该句主名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，同时和该
32、句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式常用主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式常用主动形式表被动含义：动形式表被动含义：1.She had only a cold room to live in.2.I have a meeting to attend.3.I have a lot of homework to do4.She has many children to look after5.I gave him a cake to eat6.I gave him a book to read第一，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：第一，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place ,
33、come about , break out, belong to, consist of, add up to, come into being, come true, turn out 等。如：等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 误：误：The fire was broke out in the capital building. Great changes have taken place in China. 误：误：Great changes have been taken place in China.第第二二，不及物动词
34、没有被动语态，如：，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 误：误：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 误：误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.（三（三)下列情况主动句不能改为被动句下列情况主动句不能改为被动句例如：例如：
35、据说据说It is said /thought that 据报导据报导It is reported that 据推测据推测It is supposed that 希望希望It is hoped that 众所周知众所周知It is well known that 普遍认为普遍认为It is generally considered that 有人建议有人建议It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invente
36、d the electric lamp. 3) It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.（四）在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主（四）在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示（五）英语中一些词的被动结构表五）英语中一些词的被动结构表主动意义主动意义be dressed in, be seated in/at/beside/next tobe addicted to , be determined tobe devoted to,be absorbed in,be disappointed
37、at, be lost in, be engaged in/be occupied in,be faced withEg: 1.She is seated on the sofa. 2. Addicted to surfing the internet, the boy often escapes from classes. 3. Determined to give up smoking, he threw away his remaining cigarettes. 4. Disappointed at failing in the math exam, Kenta wouldnt lik
38、e to talk about it to his parents.5. Judith lay on the sofa, absorbed in her book.（六）介词（六）介词in,on,under+名词短语表被名词短语表被动意义动意义常见的有：under control,under treatment,under repair,under discussion,under construction,beyond belief, beyond ones reach,beyond ones control, in print, in sight, on sale, on show, on
39、 trial, out of control, out of sight, out of ones reach, out of fashion,.Eg: 1.The building is under construction(is being constructed)2.The plane was out of control( cant be controlled)3.The road is under repair(is being repaired)4.Today some treasures are on show( are being shown) in the museum.1.
40、The new dictionaries are very useful.They _well and _already.sell; have been sold outB. sold; had sold outC. sell, sell outare sold; have been sold out2. I saw Dave in lift this morning.-Really? He_around here for a long time.A. wont be seenB. wasnt seeC. hasnt been seenD. hadnt been seen3. The wind
41、ow is dirty.-I know. It _ for weeks.A.hasnt cleaned B.didnt cleanC. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned4. The heros story _differently in the newspapers.A.was reported B. was reportingC.reports D. reported5.Why did you leave that position?-I _a better position at IBM.A.offer B. offered C.am offered
42、D.was offered6. More than a dozen students in that school_abroad to study medicine last year.A. sent B. were sent C.had sent D.had been sent7. The policemans attention was suddenly caught by a small box which_placed under the Ministers car.A.has been B.was beingC.had been D.would be8. Millions of po
43、unds worth damage_by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.A.has been caused B.had been causedC. will be caused D.will have been caused9. When the old man_to walk back to his house,the sun_itself behind the mountain.A.started ; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidd
44、en C. had started ; was hidingD. was starting; hid10:The water _cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels11: The moment the 28th Olympic Games_open, the whole world cheered.declared B.have been declaredC. have declared D. were declared12.Mr Green stood u
45、p in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _.blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed13. In a room above the store, where a party _, some workers were busily setting the table.A.was to be held B.has been heldC.will be held D. is being held14.I dont suppose the police know
46、who did it.-Well surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and_now.A.has been questioned B.is being questionedC. is questioning D. has questioned15. The new type of cellphone _better if it is advertised on TV.A. will sell B. sells C. would sell D.sold16. The bridge which _ last year looks really
47、 beautiful. A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built17. This cloth _well and _ long. Ok. Ill take it. A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lastedC. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting18. An exhibition of paintings _ at the museum next week. A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D
48、. will hold 19. Im sorry, sir. Your recorder isnt ready yet. It _ in the factory. A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasnt repaired 20. Every possible means , but none prove successful. A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried 21. My little sister has broken
49、 my watch. - My watch _ by my little sister. A. is broken B. has broken C. have been brokenD. has been broken22. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house. - His room _ by him when I entered the room. A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned23. I shall ha
50、ve Finished reading the novel by dinner time.- This novel _ reading (by me) by dinner time A. will have finished . B. will has been finished C. will have being finished D. will have been finished24. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. -These three rooms _ (by you).A.are oughted to keep clean
51、B. ought to kept clean C. ought to be kept clean D. ought to have been kept clean1.The new dictionaries are very useful.They _well and _already.A.sell; have been sold outB. sold; had sold outC. sell, sell outD.are sold; have been sold out2. I saw Dave in lift this morning.-Really? He_around here for
52、 a long time.A. wont be seenB. wasnt seeC. hasnt been seenD. hadnt been seen3. The window is dirty.-I know. It _ for weeks.A.hasnt cleaned B.didnt cleanC. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned4. The heros story _differently in the newspapers.A.was reported B. was reportingC.reports D. reported5.Why di
53、d you leave that position?-I _a better position at IBM.A.offer B. offered C.am offered D.was offered6. More than a dozen students in that school_abroad to study medicine last year.A. sent B. were sent C.had sent D.had been sent7. The policemans attention was suddenly caught by a small box which_plac
54、ed under the Ministers car.A.has been B.was beingC.had been D.would be8. Millions of pounds worth damage_by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.A.has been caused B.had been causedC. will be caused D.will have been caused9. When the old man_to walk back to his house,the sun_its
55、elf behind the mountain.A.started ; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden C. had started ; was hidingD. was starting; hid10:The water _cool when I joined into the pool for morning exercise.A.was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels11: The moment the 28th Olympic Games_open, the whole world
56、cheered.A.declared B.have been declaredC. have declared D. were declared12.Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _.A.blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed13. In a room above the store, where a party _, some workers were busily setting the table.A.wa
57、s to be held B.has been heldC.will be held D. is being held14.I dont suppose the police know who did it.-Well surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and_now.A.has been questioned B.is being questionedC. is questioning D. has questioned15. The new type of cellphone _better if it is advertised
58、on TV.A. will sell B. sells C. would sell D.sold16. The bridge which _ last year looks really beautiful. A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built17. This cloth _well and _ long. Ok. Ill take it. A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lastedC. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting18. An exhibitio
59、n of paintings _ at the museum next week. A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D. will hold 19. Im sorry, sir. Your recorder isnt ready yet. It _ in the factory. A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasnt repaired 20. Every possible means , but none prove successf
60、ul. A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried 21. My little sister has broken my watch. - My watch _ by my little sister. A. is broken B. has broken C. have been brokenD. has been broken22. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house. - His room _ by him when I entered the room
61、. A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned23. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.- This novel _ reading (by me) by dinner time A. will have finished . B. will has been finished C. will have being finished D. will have been finished24. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. -These three rooms _ (by you).A.are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept clean C. ought to be kept clean D. ought to have been kept clean
