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1、 Main Points1) Individualism-collectivism1) Individualism-collectivism2) Individual-Oriented Societies3) Collectivism-Oriented Societies4 ) How to make the two work together Individualism-collectivism Individualism-collectivism All cultures must ask and answer the following question: To what extent
2、should people pursue their own individual activities and agendas rather than contributing to the success and well-being of the larger group, such a family, neighborhood, clan, team, or company? Individualismbeing differentCollectivismhow much you can do for the group you are in Some countries, such
3、as the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, place a high value on individualism. There cultures emphasize the worth and dignity of the individual over the group, independence rather than interdependence, and relatively few social obligations.Everybody is trying to be different
4、from the others in the team or clan;Personal goals are over the group goals;People place the worth and dignity of the individual over the group. Other cultures, such as Japan and China, tend to emphasize the larger group. These cultures encourage people to put the interest of the group above their o
5、wn, maintain strong ties and obligations to group members, and value long-term social relationships above short-term accomplishments. Individualistic culture believes that people are supposed to take care of themselves and remain emotionally independent of groups, organizations, or other collectivit
6、ies. Self-emphasis is important, even in building friendships. 1. Individual-Oriented SocietiesIndividuals can do whatever they want, and their “freedom” and their “rights” are necessary values. They build contracts to protect their rights from others and to protect their dignity. Their high level o
7、f self-respect does not keep them from enjoying a good time and an occasional adventure, even if they might feel guilty later. When they are friendly, they are very verbal and open, but they can be very critical toward enemies. Individuals like to debate issues but will withdraw and become defensive
8、 with somebody they dont trust. When they are interested, they can be loud with lots of questions but they are likely to look away when they get bored. (1) Others behavior is explained by personal traits.(2) Ones success is attributed to his own ability.(3) Self is defined as individual entity.(4) O
9、ne knows more about self than others.(5) Achievement is made for ones own sake.(6) Personal goals are over group goals.(7) Self-assuredness is valued.(8) Autonomy and independence is valued.(9) dependence on others is avoided.(10) One bears casual connections to many groups.(11) Task completion is i
10、mportant.(12) One has few obligations to others.(13) Confrontation is acceptable.The characteristics of individuals2. Collectivism-Oriented Societies2. Collectivism-Oriented Societies Collectivist culture emphasizes the ingroup, such as the organization or the extended family. Collectivists value ha
11、rmony and avoid direct confrontation. They emphasize building relationships with other through rituals and politeness, and task accomplishment becomes an indirect or secondary goal. (1)Groups are major units of social perception.(2) Others behavior is explained by group norms.(3) Success attributed
12、to help of group.(4) Self defined in terms of group.(5) One knows more about others than self.(6) Achievement is for benefit of group.(7) Ingroup goal is over personal goal.(8) Modesty is valued.(9) Interdependence is valued.(10) Ostracism (排斥排斥) is feared.(11) One has strong connections to a few gr
13、oups.(12) One has many obligations to others.(13) Harmony is expected.(14) Relations are important.3. Impact upon individual-oriented societies Individualism, as described above, refers to the attitude of valuing ourselves as separate individuals with responsibility for our own destinies and our own
14、 actions. Proponents (支持支持者者) of individualism believe that self-interest is an appropriate goal. Therefore, the individual-collective dimension plays out in the individual-oriented societies in following aspects.1) The ideal of the individual is deeply rooted in the social, political, and economic
15、institutions of such societies as the United States and England. The individual is the source of moral power, totally competent to assess the effects of his or her own actions, and is expected to be responsible for those actions.2) Family ties tend to be relatively unimportant. That is not to say th
16、at in the United States the family is unimportant in any absolute sense, for the family remains the primary group to which most Americans have their strongest loyalties. Nevertheless, when compared with other cultures, Americans divide their time and emotional energy between family and a wider varie
17、ty of social groupings, including church, school, labor union, workplace, and a host of voluntary organizations.3) The physical layout of the typical American house, designed to maximize individual space, clearly reflects the emphasis placed on individualism and personal privacy. There are doors on
18、bathrooms and bedrooms, parents are expected to acknowledge the private space and possessions of their childrens rooms, and children are usually restricted in their use of space that is considered the domain of the parents.4) The concept of individualism is instilled from an early age in the United
19、States by constant encouragement of children to become self-sufficient. e.g. Children are taught to make their own decisions, clarify their own values, form their own opinions, and solve their own problems. They are encouraged to search out answers for themselves, rather than relying on the teacher
20、or adult. 5) In the United States, the Bill of Rights (人权法案人权法案) protects people against infringement (侵害侵害) of their individual rights by the state, thus allowing them to express their ideas freely, practice whatever religion they choose, assemble freely, and generally control their own lives to as
21、 great a degree as possible.4. Impact upon collective-oriented societies Collectivism emphasizes common interests, conformity, cooperation, and interdependence. It attempts to see a group of individuals as having a single identity similar to a person. It has purpose, and it acts to achieve goals. Th
22、erefore, the individual-collective dimension plays out in the collective-oriented societies in following aspects.1) People tend to identify or define themselves primarily as members of a group rather than as individuals. 2) Property, such as land or livestock, is controlled by the larger group rathe
23、r than being individually owned. Whereas Americans own property (to the extent that they have total control over it), people in collectivist societies have only limited rights and obligations to property that is ultimately controlled by the larger group. 3) Basic life choices, such as who you will m
24、arry or what profession you will follow, are not made exclusively, or even primarily, by the individual. For example, marriages in some parts of the world are arranged by parents and other influential members of the two family groups involved.4) Collectivist societies have a strong sense of responsi
25、bility to the group (e.g. country, family, company). In Japan, for example, if an individual does not give his or her best effort, it is seen as letting down the entire group. In other words, both success and failure are team affairs in Japan.5) There is considerably less privacy. Children, even in
26、those homes with ample room, frequently share the same sleeping areas with their parents and siblings until well into adolescence. Clearly, they do not adhere to the American value that considers children “disadvantaged if they must share a room with a sibling.5) Comparison between individualism-col
27、lectivismThe following table was taken from the “Comparative Analysis: Conclusion, and Future Directions” in Comparative Management-A Regional View (published by Ballinger Publishing Company in 1988) written by Raghu Hath and Kunal K. Sadhu. From this table, we see clearly how some countries or regi
28、ons in the world are culturally interrelated in terms of individualismcollectivism. OrderOrderRegion/CountyRegion/CountyIndividualism- CollectivismIndividualism- Collectivism1 1North America (US) North America (US) IndividualismIndividualism2 2Japan Japan Collectivism and IndividualismCollectivism a
29、nd Individualism3 3Europe: Anglo Europe: Anglo IndividualismIndividualism4 4Germanic:Germanic:West Slavic, West West Slavic, West Urgic Urgic Medium IndividualismMedium Individualism5 5Near Eastern: Near Eastern: Balkanic Balkanic CollectivismCollectivism6 6Nordic Nordic Medium/high individualismMedium/high individualism7 7Latin Europe Latin Europe Medium/high individualismMedium/high individualism8 8East SlavicEast SlavicCollectivismCollectivism9 9ChinaChinaCollectivismCollectivism1010AfricaAfricaCollectivismCollectivism1111Latin AmericaLatin AmericaCollectivismCollectivism The End
