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1、 词汇四种构成方式词汇四种构成方式 制作人：英教11301万红芝英教词汇四种构成方式Three forms of words Blending ( 单词的混合 ） Clipping （ 缩略词 ） Acronymy （首字母缩合词） Back-formation英教词汇四种构成方式 . Blending Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus apart of another word. Words formed in this way are called bl
2、ends orpormanteau word .英教词汇四种构成方式 For example, flush is the combination of fl and ush. Blending is a very productive process and many coinages resulting from blending have become well-established. Moreover, they even serve as models for new formations. Hamburger is a popular fast food originating f
3、rom German seaport Hamburg. Later people mistook it as a combination of ham + burger and coined such words by analogy(类推） as beefburger, cheeseburger, shrimpburger.英教词汇四种构成方式 Four major groups of blends 1. head + tail autocide from (automobile + suicide)motel from ( motor + hotel ) chunnel from ( ch
4、annel + tunneslurb from ( slum + suburb ) 英教词汇四种构成方式2. head + head comsat from (communication +satellite ) telex from (teleprinter +exchange ) Amerind from ( American +Indian ) sitcom from ( situation + comedy )英教词汇四种构成方式3. head + word medicare from ( medical + care ) Eurasia from ( Europe + Asia )
5、telequiz from ( telephone + quiz ) autocamp from ( automobile + camp ) 英教词汇四种构成方式4. word + tail lunarnaut from ( lunar + astronaut ) bookmobile from ( book +automobile ) workfare from ( work + welfare ) tourmobile from ( tour + automobile )英教词汇四种构成方式 The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; ve
6、ry fewer areverbs and adjectives are even fewer. The few verbs are: telecast from (television +broadcast ) guestimate from ( guess + estimate ) breathalyse from (breath + analyse ).英教词汇四种构成方式 The limited use of blends Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspa
7、pers and magazines. Though many of them have already achieved currency in English, theyre still considered to be slang and informal. Dont use such words too often, particular in formal writing.英教词汇四种构成方式.Clapping Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off t
8、he original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping. In modern times, people tend to be economical in writing and speech to keep up the tempo of the new life.英教词汇四种构成方式 To save time, one is likely to clip words frequently used . In school e.g. economics econ gymnastics gym mathematic
9、s math trigonometry trig英教词汇四种构成方式In catering business e.g. luncheon lunch hamburger burger coca cola coke in other aspects e.g. aeroplane plane earthquake quake 英教词汇四种构成方式 There are four common types of clipping 1. Front clipping earthquake quake helicopter copter telescope scope telephone phone 英教
10、词汇四种构成方式2. Back clipping memorandum memo ( 备忘录 ） discotheque disco （迪斯科舞厅） stereophonic stereo （立体声的） dormitory dorm gentleman gent fanatic fan 英教词汇四种构成方式3. Front and back clipping influenza flu refrigerator fridge (注意变化形式） 4. Phrase clipping public house pub popular music pop zoological zoo英教词汇四种构成
11、方式Tip for some exchanges of words In some cases, clipping gives rise to alterations in spelling and pronunciationsas indicated by fridge, in which the letter d Is inserted between I and g to conform the English ways of spelling andpronunciation. Here are more examples .英教词汇四种构成方式 e.g. bicycle bike m
12、icrophone mike coca cola coke perambulator pram television telly This change in form and sound is possibly do to convenience and casualness in speech. 英教词汇四种构成方式. Acronymy Acronymy is the process of forming newwords By joining the initial letter of name ofsocial and Political organizations or specia
13、lnoun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronymy, depending on the pronunciation of the words. 英教词汇四种构成方式 Initialisms Initialisms are words pronounced letter by Letter. In case like A.D. , B.C. andC.O.D ( cash on delivery ), the letters areseparated by p
14、eriods ( 句号）, but most of them have no periods between letters. 英教词汇四种构成方式1. Letters represent full words VOA Voice of America BBC British Broadcasting Corporation UFO unidentified flying object c/o care of p.c. postcard英教词汇四种构成方式2.Letters represent constituents in a compound or just parts of a word
15、 TV television ID identification or identity card TB tuberculosis GHQ General Headquaters （总指挥部）英教词汇四种构成方式 Acronyms Acronyms are words formed from initialletters but pronounced as a normal word. e.g. radio detecting and ranging radar Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency WAVES More examples are as
16、 follows:英教词汇四种构成方式 CORE Congress of Racial Equality NATO the North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationAIDS acquired immune deficiency syndromeBASIC beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code TEFL teaching English as a foreign language英教词汇四种构成方式 Some acronyms are formed with the initial letter of the
17、first word plus the whole of the second N-bomb nuclear bomb D-notice Defence Notice G-man Government man D Day decimalization day V-Day Victory Day英教词汇四种构成方式 Both initialisms and acronyms have become very popular since the Second World War and Thus extremely productive. This is justified by the numb
18、er of such words collected in E.T. Growleys Acronyms and Initialisms Dictionary. The 1st edition which appeared in 1961 contains 12,000 entries; the 2nd edition that came out in1965 lists 45,000 entries; the 3rd edition whichwas published in 1970 collects 80,000 entries, Almost twice the number of t
19、he second edition. 英教词汇四种构成方式 With the advance of time, some of the words may fall out of use whereas by far a greater number of words will be added. Acronymy will undoubtedly remain an important contributor tocontemporary English vocabulary.英教词汇四种构成方式 Back-formation Definition of back-formation Bac
20、k-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. As we know, suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to the bases, and back-formation is therefore themethod of creating words by removing the 英教词汇四种构成方式the supposed suffixes This is because many of the removed
21、suffixes are not truesuffixes but inseparable partsof the words. Back-formation usually involves the following types of words.英教词汇四种构成方式1. Abstract nouns diagnose diagnosis donate donation enthuse enthusiasm emote emotion英教词汇四种构成方式2. Human nouns loaf loafer sculpt sculptor burgle burglar beg beggar英
22、教词汇四种构成方式3. Compound nouns and others eavesdrop eavesdropping merrymake merry-making babysit babysitter 英教词汇四种构成方式4. adjectives drowse drowsy laze lazy frivol frivolous英教词汇四种构成方式Words created through back- formation are mostly verbs There are only a few that can be used as nouns or both nouns and verbs. e.g. gloomy (a) gloom (n) greedy (a) greed (n) 英教词汇四种构成方式 Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gainedpublic acceptance.Therefore, they should beused with care.英教词汇四种构成方式That s all 谢谢观赏谢谢观赏英教词汇四种构成方式
