Chinese Literature (II)Unit 52021/6/31 Tang Poetry•Tang poetry refers to poetry written in or about China's Tang dynasty, (618 - 907, including the 690-705 reign of Wu Zetian) and/or follows a certain style, often considered as the Golden Age of Chinese poetry. According to a compilation, the Quantangshi there were almost 50,000 Tang poems written by over 2,200 authors. During the Tang Dynasty, poetry continued to be an important part of social life at all levels of society. Scholars were required to master poetry for the civil service examinations, but the art was theoretically available to everyone. This led to a large record of poetry and poets, a partial record of which survives today. Two of the most famous poets of the period were Du Fu and Li Bai. 2021/6/32 Gutishi and Jintishi•Tang poetry can be divided into the original gutishi (古体诗old stylistic poetry) and jintishi (近体诗new stylistic poetry). The latter is a stricter form developed in the early Tang Dynasty with rules governing the structure of a poem. The greatest writers of gushi and jintishi are often held to be Li Bai and Du Fu respectively. 2021/6/33 平仄与对仗平仄与对仗•平仄使诗句在语音上错落有致，产生音乐上的美感。
对仗使诗歌在句法、措辞，以及意象上形成对称，使人产生视觉上和心理意境上的美感•听觉上的错落有致（抑、扬、顿、挫），视觉上的整齐平稳，意境上的对称联想，这些形成了中国诗歌所特有的审美原则，其艺术感染力是世界其它语言所无法比拟的2021/6/34 律诗的格律律诗的格律 — 平仄平仄•平仄的四种基本格式：平仄的四种基本格式： 仄仄平平仄仄仄平平仄 平平仄仄平平仄仄平平平平平仄仄平平平仄仄 仄仄仄平仄仄仄平平平•平仄句内排列的变化平仄句内排列的变化仄仄仄仄平平平仄平仄 平平平平仄仄仄仄平平平平平平平平仄仄仄仄 仄仄仄仄仄仄平平平平2021/6/35 律诗的平仄律诗的平仄•平仄的组合：平仄的组合： 仄仄平平仄仄仄平平仄 平平仄仄平平仄仄平平平平 平平平仄仄平平平仄仄 仄仄仄平仄仄仄平平平平平 仄仄平平仄仄仄平平仄 平平仄仄平平仄仄平平平平 平平平仄仄平平平仄仄 仄仄仄平仄仄仄平平平平平•平仄句式组合的变化平仄句式组合的变化 平平平仄仄平平平仄仄 仄仄仄平仄仄仄平平平平平 仄仄平平仄仄仄平平仄 平平仄仄平平仄仄平平平平 平平平仄仄平平平仄仄 仄仄仄平仄仄仄平平平平平 仄仄平平仄仄仄平平仄 平平仄仄平平仄仄平平平平2021/6/36 律诗的平仄律诗的平仄•七言律诗的平仄七言律诗的平仄平平仄仄平平仄平平仄仄平平仄 仄仄平平仄仄仄仄平平仄仄平平平平仄仄平平平仄仄仄仄平平平仄仄 平平仄仄仄平平平仄仄仄平平平平平 平平仄仄平平仄平平仄仄平平仄 仄仄平平仄仄仄仄平平仄仄平平平平 仄仄平平平仄仄仄仄平平平仄仄 平平仄仄仄平平平仄仄仄平平平平平仄仄平平平仄仄仄仄平平平仄仄 平平仄仄仄平平平仄仄仄平平平平平平平仄仄平平仄平平仄仄平平仄 仄仄平平仄仄仄仄平平仄仄平平平平 仄仄平平平仄仄仄仄平平平仄仄 平平仄仄仄平平平仄仄仄平平平平平 平平仄仄平平仄平平仄仄平平仄 仄仄平平仄仄仄仄平平仄仄平平平平2021/6/37 刘禹锡：酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠刘禹锡：酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠— — | | — — | | | — — | | — | | — — — | |— — | | | — — — — | | — — | | | — — | | — | | — — — | |— — | | | — — 巴山楚水凄凉地，巴山楚水凄凉地， 二十三年弃置身。
二十三年弃置身 怀怀旧空吟闻笛赋，旧空吟闻笛赋， 到到乡翻似烂柯人乡翻似烂柯人 沉舟侧畔千帆过，沉舟侧畔千帆过， 病树前头万木春病树前头万木春 今日听君歌一曲，今日听君歌一曲， 暂暂凭凭杯杯酒长精神酒长精神2021/6/38 杜甫：咏怀古迹五首之三杜甫：咏怀古迹五首之三群山万壑赴荆门，生长明妃尚有村群山万壑赴荆门，生长明妃尚有村 - - | | | - - - | - - | | -一去紫台连朔漠，独留青塚向黄昏一去紫台连朔漠，独留青塚向黄昏 | | | - - | | | - - | | - -画图省识春风面，环佩空归月夜魂画图省识春风面，环佩空归月夜魂 | - | | - - | - | - - | | -千载琵琶作胡语，分明怨恨曲中论千载琵琶作胡语，分明怨恨曲中论 - | - - | - | - - | | | - -2021/6/39 律诗的格律律诗的格律 — 对仗对仗•对仗又称对偶，是把语言中同类的或对立的概念并列排比，既要求句型一致，又要求词性相同，不仅实词对实词、虚词对虚词，而且要名词对名词、动词对动词、数量词对数量词，等等。
在平仄上，要求两句必须相反，继平对仄，仄对平•因为汉字是方块字，单音节，每个音节有四声，易于对偶，故“俪文律诗，为诸夏所独有”（刘师培《中古文学史》）•律诗共八句两句为一联，分为四联，称“首联”、“颔联”、“颈联”、“尾联”按格律要求，颔、颈二联必须对仗2021/6/310 严对与宽对严对与宽对•严对严对–严对又叫工对，意思是对得工整严对除了应具有对偶的一般特点外，还要做到以下三点：2021/6/311 严对的要求严对的要求1.出句和对句的用词要避免重复句内可出句和对句的用词要避免重复句内可重复，但出句和对句必须一致）重复，但出句和对句必须一致） 即从巴即从巴峡峡穿巫穿巫峡峡，便下襄，便下襄阳阳向洛向洛阳阳 （杜甫（杜甫. 闻官军收河北河南）闻官军收河北河南） 四四面面荷花三荷花三面面柳，一柳，一城城山色半山色半城城湖湖 （济南大明湖联）（济南大明湖联）2021/6/312 严对的要求严对的要求2.对词性一致还有更具体的要求。
对词性一致还有更具体的要求•数目对数目对 共把共把十千十千沽沽一斗一斗，相看，相看七十七十欠欠三年三年 （白居易（白居易 . 与梦得沽酒闲饮且约后期）与梦得沽酒闲饮且约后期）•颜色对颜色对 两个两个黄黄鹂鸣鹂鸣翠翠柳，一行柳，一行白白鹭上鹭上青青天 （杜甫（杜甫 . 绝句）绝句） 2021/6/313 严对的要求严对的要求•方位对方位对 江间江间波浪兼波浪兼天天涌，涌，塞上塞上风云接风云接地地阴 （杜甫（杜甫 . 秋兴）秋兴）•专名对专名对 （人名与人名、地名与地名相对）（人名与人名、地名与地名相对） 窦融窦融表已来表已来关右关右，，陶侃陶侃军宜次军宜次石头石头 （李商隐（李商隐 . 重有感）重有感） 2021/6/314 严对的要求严对的要求•连绵对连绵对水光水光潋滟潋滟晴方好，山色晴方好，山色空濛空濛雨亦奇。
雨亦奇 （苏轼（苏轼 . 饮湖上初晴后雨）饮湖上初晴后雨）•叠字对叠字对漠漠漠漠水田飞白鹭，水田飞白鹭，阴阴阴阴夏木啭黄鹂夏木啭黄鹂 （王维（王维 . 积雨辋川庄作）积雨辋川庄作）2021/6/315 Old Style of Poems•五言古诗五言古诗• •李白 ：春思 •燕草如碧丝， •秦桑低绿枝； •当君怀归日， •是妾断肠时 •春风不相识， •何事入罗帏？•Five-character-ancient-verse •Li Bai： IN SPRING •Your grasses up north are as blue as jade, •Our mulberries here curve green-threaded branches; •And at last you think of returning home, •Now when my heart is almost broken.... •O breeze of the spring, since I dare not know you, •Why part the silk curtains by my bed?2021/6/316 （五言古诗）（五言古诗） 王维：渭川田家王维：渭川田家A FARM-HOUSE ON THE WEI RIVER•斜光照墟落， •穷巷牛羊归。
•野老念牧童， •倚杖候荆扉 •雉雊麦苗秀， •蚕眠桑叶稀 •田夫荷锄立， •相见语依依 •即此羡闲逸， •怅然吟式微•In the slant of the sun on the country-side, •Cattle and sheep trail home along the lane; •And a rugged old man in a thatch door •Leans on a staff and thinks of his son, the herdboy. •There are whirring pheasants, full wheat-ears, •Silk-worms asleep, pared mulberry-leaves. •And the farmers, returning with hoes on their shoulders, •Hail one another familiarly. ...•No wonder I long for the simple life •And am sighing the old song, Oh, to go Back Again! 2021/6/317 （乐府）乐府） 孟郊：孟郊： 游子吟游子吟 A TRAVELLER’S SONG •慈母手中线， •游子身上衣； •临行密密缝， •意恐迟迟归。
•谁言寸草心， •报得三春辉？•The thread in the hands of a fond-hearted mother •Makes clothes for the body of her wayward boy; •Carefully she sews and thoroughly she mends, •Dreading the delays that will keep him late from home. •But how much love has the inch-long grass •For three spring months of the light of the sun? 2021/6/318 （七言古诗）（七言古诗） 陈子昂：陈子昂： 登幽州台歌登幽州台歌 ON A GATE-TOWER AT YUZHOU •前不见古人， •后不见来者； •念天地之悠悠， •独怆然而涕下•Where, before me, are the ages that have gone? •And where, behind me, are the coming generations? •I think of heaven and earth, without limit, without end, •And I am all alone and my tears fall down. 2021/6/319 （七古）（七古） 李白：李白： 宣州谢朓楼饯别校书叔云宣州谢朓楼饯别校书叔云 A FAREWELL TO SECRETARY SHUYUN AT THE XIETIAO VILLA IN XUANZHOU •弃我去者， •昨日之日不可留； •乱我心者， •今日之日多烦忧。
•长风万里送秋雁，•对此可以酣高楼 •Since yesterday had to throw me and bolt, •Today has hurt my heart even more. •The autumn wildgeese have a long wind for escort •As I face them from this villa, drinking my wine. 2021/6/320 •蓬莱文章建安骨， •中间小谢又清发， •俱怀逸兴壮思飞， •欲上青天览明月 •抽刀断水水更流， •举杯销愁愁更愁 •人生在世不称意， •明朝散发弄扁舟•The bones of great writers are your brushes, in the School of Heaven, •And I am a Lesser Xie growing up by your side. •We both are exalted to distant thought, •Aspiring to the sky and the bright moon. •But since water still flows, though we cut it with our swords, •And sorrows return, though we drown them with wine, •Since the world can in no way answer our craving, •I will loosen my hair tomorrow and take to a fishingboat. 2021/6/321 （乐府）（乐府） 李白：李白： 将进酒将进酒 BRINGING IN THE WINE •君不见， •黄河之水天上来， •奔流到海不复回？ 君不见， •高堂明镜悲白发， 朝如青丝暮成雪？ 人生得意须尽欢， 莫使金樽空对月， 天生我材必有用， 千金散尽还复来。
烹羊宰牛且为乐， 会须一饮三百杯•See how the Yellow River’s waters move out of heaven. Entering the ocean, never to return. See how lovely locks in bright mirrors in high chambers, Though silken-black at morning, have changed by night to snow. ...Oh, let a man of spirit venture where he pleases And never tip his golden cup empty toward the moon! Since heaven gave the talent, let it be employed! Spin a thousand pieces of silver, all of them come back! Cook a sheep, kill a cow, whet the appetite, And make me, of three hundred bowls, one long drink! ...2021/6/322 •岑夫子！ 丹丘生！ •将进酒； 君莫停。
•与君歌一曲， •请君为我侧耳听 •钟鼓馔玉不足贵， •但愿长醉不愿醒 •古来圣贤皆寂寞， •惟有饮者留其名 •陈王昔时宴平乐， •斗酒十千恣欢谑 •主人何为言少钱？ •径须沽取对君酌 •五花马， 千金裘 •呼儿将出换美酒， •与尔同消万古愁 •To the old master, Cen, And the young scholar, Danqiu, •Bring in the wine! Let your cups never rest! •Let me sing you a song! Let your ears attend! •What are bell and drum, rare dishes and treasure? •Let me be forever drunk and never come to reason! •Sober men of olden days and sages are forgotten, •And only the great drinkers are famous for all time. ...•Prince Chen paid at a banquet in the Palace of Perfection •Ten thousand coins for a cask of wine, with many a laugh and quip. •Why say, my host, that your money is gone? •Go and buy wine and we’ll drink it together! •My flower-dappled horse, My furs worth a thousand, •Hand them to the boy to exchange for good wine, •And we’ll drown away the woes of ten thousand generations! 2021/6/323 Jintishi（近体诗）（近体诗）•Jintishi (近体诗new-form poetry), or regulated verse developed from the 5th century onwards. By the Tang Dynasty, a series of set tone patterns had been developed, which were intended to ensure a balance between the four tones of Middle Chinese (中原四声) in each couplet (联句): the level tone (平声), and the three oblique tones (上声rising, 去声departing and 入声entering). The Tang Dynasty was the high point of the jintishi. Wang Wei (王维) and Cui Hao (崔颢) were notable pioneers of the form, while Du Fu was its most accomplished exponent.2021/6/324 Jintishi（近体诗）（近体诗）•The basic form of jintishi is lüshi (律诗), with eight lines. In addition to the tonal constraints, this form required parallelism (对仗) between the lines in the second and third couplets (颔联、颈联). The lines in these couplets had to contain contrasting content, with the characters in each line usually in the same part of speech.•Another form is the jueju (绝句), or quatrain which followed the tonal pattern of the first four lines of the lüshi. This form does not require parallelism.2021/6/325 New Style of Poems•（五言律诗） •王勃 送杜少府之任蜀州 •城阙辅三秦， •风烟望五津。
•与君离别意， •同是宦游人 •海内存知己， •天涯若比邻 •无为在歧路， •儿女共沾巾•Five-character-regular-verse •Wang Bo： FAREWELL TO VICE-PREFECT DU SETTING OUT FOR HIS OFFICIAL POST IN SHU •By this wall that surrounds the three Qin districts, •Through a mist that makes five rivers one, •We bid each other a sad farewell, •We two officials going opposite ways.... •And yet, while China holds our friendship, •And heaven remains our neighbourhood, •Why should you linger at the fork of the road, •Wiping your eyes like a heart-broken child? 2021/6/326 （五言律诗）（五言律诗） 杜甫：杜甫： 春望春望 A SPRING VIEW •国破山河在， •城春草木深。
•感时花溅泪， •恨别鸟惊心 •烽火连三月， •家书抵万金 •白头搔更短， •浑欲不胜簪•Though a country be sundered, hills and rivers endure; •And spring comes green again to trees and grasses •Where petals have been shed like tears •And lonely birds have sung their grief. ...•After the war-fires of three months, •One message from home is worth a ton of gold. ...•I stroke my white hair. It has grown too thin •To hold the hairpins any more. 2021/6/327 （七言律诗）（七言律诗） 崔颢：崔颢： 黄鹤楼黄鹤楼 THE YELLOW CRANE TERRACE •昔人已乘黄鹤去， 此地空余黄鹤楼 黄鹤一去不复返， 白云千载空悠悠。
晴川历历汉阳树， 芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲 日暮乡关何处是？ 烟波江上使人愁•Where long ago a yellow crane bore a sage to heaven, •Nothing is left now but the Yellow Crane Terrace. •The yellow crane never revisited earth, •And white clouds are flying without him for ever. ...•Every tree in Hanyang becomes clear in the water, •And Parrot Island is a nest of sweet grasses; •But I look toward home, and twilight grows dark •With a mist of grief on the river waves. 2021/6/328 （七言律诗）（七言律诗） 杜甫：杜甫： 登高登高 A LONELY CLIMBING •风急天高猿啸哀， •渚清沙白鸟飞回 •无边落木萧萧下， •不尽长江滚滚来。
•万里悲秋常作客， •百年多病独登台 艰难苦恨繁霜鬓， 潦倒新停浊酒杯•In a sharp gale from the wide sky apes are whimpering, •Birds are flying homeward over the clear lake and white sand, •Leaves are dropping down like the spray of a waterfall, •While I watch the long river always rolling on. •I have come three thousand miles away. •Sad now with autumn And with my hundred years of woe, •I climb this height alone. Ill fortune has laid a bitter frost on my temples, •Heart-ache and weariness are a thick dust in my wine. 2021/6/329 （七言律诗）（七言律诗） 李商隐：李商隐： 无题无题 TO ONE UNNAMED •相见时难别亦难， 东风无力百花残。
春蚕到死丝方尽， 蜡炬成灰泪始乾 晓镜但愁云鬓改， 夜吟应觉月光寒 蓬莱此去无多路， 青鸟殷勤为探看 •Time was long before I met her, but is longer since we parted, •And the east wind has arisen and a hundred flowers are gone, •And the silk-worms of spring will weave until they die •And every night the candles will weep their wicks away. •Mornings in her mirror she sees her hair-cloud changing, •Yet she dares the chill of moonlight with her evening song. ...•It is not so very far to her Enchanted Mountain •O blue-birds, be listening!-Bring me what she says! 2021/6/330 （五言绝句）王之涣：（五言绝句）王之涣： 登鹳雀楼登鹳雀楼 AT HERON LODGE •白日依山尽， 黄河入海流。
欲穷千里目， 更上一层楼 •Mountains cover the white sun, •And oceans drain the golden river; •But you widen your view three hundred miles •By going up one flight of stairs. 2021/6/331 （五言绝句）（五言绝句） 孟浩然：孟浩然： 春晓春晓 A SPRING MORNING •春眠不觉晓， •处处闻啼鸟 •夜来风雨声， •花落知多少•I awake light-hearted this morning of spring, •Everywhere round me the singing of birds – •But now I remember the night, the storm, •And I wonder how many blossoms were broken. 2021/6/332 （七言绝句）（七言绝句） 刘禹锡：刘禹锡： 乌衣巷乌衣巷 BLACKTAIL ROW •朱雀桥边野草花， 乌衣巷口夕阳斜 旧时王谢堂前燕， 飞入寻常百姓家。
•Grass has run wild now by the Bridge of Red-Birds; •And swallows’ wings, at sunset, in Blacktail Row •Where once they visited great homes, •Dip among doorways of the poor.2021/6/333 （七言绝句）（七言绝句） 杜牧：杜牧： 泊秦淮泊秦淮 A MOORING ON THE QIN HUAI RIVER •烟笼寒水月笼沙， •夜泊秦淮近酒家 •商女不知亡国恨， •隔江犹唱后庭花•Mist veils the cold stream, and moonlight the sand, •As I moor in the shadow of a river-tavern, •Where girls, with no thought of a perished kingdom, •Gaily echo A Song of Courtyard Flowers. 2021/6/334 Ci （词（词poetry））•Ci (词: cí, interchangeable with 辞) is a kind of lyric Chinese poetry. It is also known as Changduanju (長短句/长短句 “lines of irregular lengths”) and Shiyu (诗余 "that which is beside poetry").•Typically the number of characters in each line and the arrangement of tones were determined by one of around 800 set patterns, each associated with a particular title, called cípái (词牌). Originally they were written to be sung to a tune of that title, with set rhythm, rhyme, and tempo. Therefore, the title may have nothing to do with its contents. Some ci would have a "subtitle" (or a commentary, sometimes as long as a paragraph) indicating the contents. 2021/6/335 词的分类词的分类 1.按长短规模分，词大致可分小令小令(58字以内）、中调中调(59一90字)和长调长调（91字以上，最长的词达240字)。
一首词，有的只一段，称为单调单调；有的分两段，称双调双调；有的分三段或四段，称三叠三叠或四叠四叠 2.按音乐性质分，词可分为令令、引引、慢慢、三台三台、序序子子 、法曲法曲、大曲大曲、缠令缠令、诸宫调诸宫调九种 3.按拍节分，常见有四种：令，也称小令小令，拍节较短的；引引，以小令微而引长之的；近近，以音调相近，从而引长的；慢慢，引而愈长的 4.按创作风格分，大致可以分成婉约派婉约派和豪放派豪放派 5.按词牌词牌分 2021/6/336 词谱举例词谱举例•憶江南憶江南 •單調二十七字，五句三平韻•白居易 江南好風景舊曾諳 日出江花紅勝火 春來江水綠如藍藍 能不憶江南南○⊙● ⊙●●○○◎●⊙○○●●⊙○○●●○○○●●○○2021/6/337 词谱举例词谱举例•憶秦娥憶秦娥 •雙調四十六字，前後段各五句，三仄韻、一疊韻•李白簫聲咽咽秦娥夢斷秦樓月月秦樓月月年年柳色灞陵傷別別樂遊原上清秋節節咸陽古道音塵絕絕音塵絕絕 西風殘照漢家陵闕闕•⊙⊙● ⊙○◎●○○● ○○●疊⊙⊙◎◎ ◎⊙○●•◎○⊙●⊙○● ⊙○◎●○○● ○○●疊⊙○⊙● ◎⊙○●2021/6/338 词谱举例词谱举例•一翦梅一翦梅 •雙調六十字，前後段各六句，三平韻•周邦彥一翦梅花萬樣嬌嬌。
斜插疏枝略點梅梢梢 輕盈微笑舞低回何事樽前拍手相招招◎●○○◎●○ ⊙◎⊙⊙ ◎●○○ ⊙○⊙●●○○ ⊙●○○ ◎●○○夜漸寒深酒漸消消袖裏時聞玉釧輕敲敲 城頭誰恁促殘更銀漏何如且慢明朝朝◎●⊙○◎●○ ◎◎○⊙ ◎●○○ ⊙○⊙●●○○ ⊙●○○ ◎●○○2021/6/339 词谱举例词谱举例•蘇幕遮蘇幕遮•雙調六十二字，前後段各七句，四仄韻•范仲淹碧雲天黃葉地地秋色連波波上含煙翠翠 山映斜陽天接水水●○○ ○●● ⊙●○○ ⊙●○○● ⊙●⊙○○●●芳草無情更在斜陽外外⊙●○○ ◎●○○●黯鄉魂追旅思思夜夜除非好夢留人睡睡●○○ ○●● ◎●○○ ◎●○○●明月樓高休獨倚倚酒入愁腸化作相思淚淚⊙●⊙○○●● ◎●⊙○ ◎●○○●2021/6/340 词谱举例词谱举例•念奴嬌念奴嬌•又一體 雙調一百字，前段九句四仄韻，後段十句四仄韻•蘇軾大江東去浪淘盡、千古風流人物物故壘西邊人道是、 三國周郎赤壁壁●○○● ●○● ○●○○○● ●●○○ ○●● ○●○○●●亂石穿空驚濤拍岸捲起千堆雪雪江山如畫一時多少豪傑傑●●○○ ○○●● ●●○○● ○○○● ●○○●○●遙想公瑾當年。
小喬初嫁了雄姿英發發羽扇綸巾 談笑處、檣艣灰飛煙滅滅○●○●○○ ●○○●● ○○○● ●●○○ ○●● ○●○○○●故國神遊多情應笑我早生華髮髮人間如寄一樽還酹江月月●●○○ ○○●●● ●○○● ○○○● ●○○●○●2021/6/341 词谱举例词谱举例•沁園春沁園春•雙調一百十四字，前段十三句四平韻，後段十二句五平韻•蘇軾孤館燈青野店雞號旅枕夢殘殘⊙◎○○ ◎◎⊙⊙ ◎◎◎○漸月華收練晨霜耿耿雲山摛錦朝露漙漙漙●◎○⊙● ⊙○◎● ⊙○⊙● ⊙●○○世路無窮勞生有限似此區區長鮮歡歡憑征鞍無語往事千端端◎●○○ ⊙○◎● ◎●○○⊙●○ ⊙○● ◎⊙○⊙● ◎●○○當時共客長安安似二陸、初來俱少年年⊙○◎●○○ ◎◎● ⊙○⊙●○有筆頭千字胸中萬卷致君堯舜此事何難難●◎○⊙● ⊙○◎● ◎○⊙● ◎●○○用舍由時行藏在我袖手何妨閑處看看但優遊卒歲且斗樽前前○●○○ ⊙○◎● ◎●○○⊙●○ ⊙⊙● ●⊙○◎● ◎●○○2021/6/342 Ci Poems •苏轼【江城子】•十年生死两茫茫• 不思量，自难忘， •千里孤坟、无处话凄凉。
• 纵使相逢应不识， •尘满面，鬓如霜 •Chiang chen tzu •Ten years living and dead have drawn apart •I do nothing to remember •But I can not forget •Your lonely grave a thousand miles away ... •Nowhere can I talk of my sorrow – •Even if we met, how would you know me •My face full of dust •My hair like snow?2021/6/343 •夜来幽梦忽还乡 •小轩窗，正梳妆， •相对无言、唯有泪千行 •料得年年断肠日， •明月夜，短松冈•In the dark of night, a dream: suddenly, I am home •You by the window •Doing your hair •I look at you and can not speak •Your face is streaked by endless tears •Year after year must they break my heart •These moonlit nights? •That low pine grave? 2021/6/344 苏轼【水调歌头】苏轼【水调歌头】 Shui tiao ko tou •明月几时有？•把酒问青天。
•不知天上宫阙，•今夕是何年？•我欲乘风归去，•又恐琼楼玉宇，•高处不胜寒•起舞弄轻影，•何似在人间？•The moon -- how old is it? •I hold the cup and ask the clear blue sky •But I don't know, in palaces up there •When is tonight? •If only I could ride the wind and see – •But no, jade towers •So high up, might be too cold •For dancing with my shadow – •How could there, be like here? 2021/6/345 •转朱阁，•低绮户，•照无眠•不应有恨，•何事长向别时圆？•人有悲欢离合，•月有阴晴圆缺，•此事古难全•但愿人长久，•千里共婵娟 •Turning in the red chamber •Beneath the carved window •The brightness baffles sleep •But why complain? •The moon is always full at parting •A man knows grief and joy, separation and reunion •The moon, clouds and fair skies, waxing and waning – •And old story, this struggle for perfection! •Here's to long life •This loveliness we share even a thousand miles apart! 2021/6/346 辛弃疾【青玉案】辛弃疾【青玉案】The Lantern Festival •东风夜放花千树，•更吹落、星如雨。
•宝马雕车香满路 •凤箫声动，•玉壶光转，•一夜鱼龙舞•Lanterns look like thousands of flowers aglow; •Later like stars, from the skies, fallen below. •On main streets, horses and carriages ply. •There, ladies shed perfume, as they pass by. •Orchestral music and song greet our ears, •As the moon, slow and steady, eastward veers. •Of the Spring Festival, this night marks the end. •The whole night, capering, carps and dragons spend. 2021/6/347 •蛾儿雪柳黄金缕，•笑语盈盈暗香去 •众里寻他千百度 •蓦然回首，•那人却在，•灯火阑珊处•Adorned with ribbons or paper flowers on their head, •Clad in their best raiment, something bright or red, •Women squeeze their way among the festive crowd, •As they talk and laugh; even giggle aloud. •Rouged and powdered; perfumed to their heart's content, •They cannot but leave behind a subtle scent. •Up and down the main streets, I must have run— •A thousand times or more in quest of one, •Who I have concluded, cannot be found; •For, everywhere, no trace of her can be seen, •When, all of a sudden, I turned about, •That's her, where lanterns are few and far between. 2021/6/348 李清照【如梦令】李清照【如梦令】 To the Tune of Like a Dream •昨夜雨疏风骤， •浓睡不消残酒。
•试问卷帘人， •却道海棠依旧 •知否？知否？ •应是绿肥红瘦•Last night a sprinkling of rain, a violent wind. •After a deep sleep, still not recovered from the lingering effect of wine, •I inquired of the one rolling up the screen; •But the answer came: •"The cherry-apple blossoms are still the same." •"Oh, don't you know, don't you know? •The red must be getting thin, while the green is becoming plump." –tr.by Lucy Chow Ho 2021/6/349 李清照【一剪梅】李清照【一剪梅】 A Twig of Mume Blossoms•红藕香残玉簟秋 •轻解罗裳， •独上兰舟 •云中谁寄锦书来？ •雁字回时， •月满西楼 ••The jade-like mat feels autumn's cold,•I change a coat And 'mid the fading fragrance •Of lotus pink alone I boat. •Will wild returning geese bring letters through the cloud? •When they come,with moonbeams •My west chamber's o'erflowed. 2021/6/350 •花自飘零水自流。
•一种相思， •两处闲愁 •此情无计可消除， •才下眉头， •却上心头•As water flows and flowers fall without leaving traces, •One and the same longing •O'er flows two lonely places. •I cannot get rid of this sorrow: kept apart •From my eyebrows, •It gnaws my heart.2021/6/351 Qu (曲曲poetry)•In Chinese literature, qu (Chinese: 曲), or yuanqu (元曲) consists of sanqu (散曲) and zaju (杂剧). Along with shi and ci, the former comprises Chinese poetry. The latter is a form of Chinese opera.•Qu became popular during the late Southern Song Dynasty, and reached its highest popularity in Yuan Dynasty, therefore it is often called yuanqu (元曲). Both sanqu and ci are lyrics written to fit a particular melody, but sanqu differs from ci in that it is more colloquial, and is allowed to contain chenzi (衬字 "filler words" which are additional words to make a more complete meaning). Sanqu can be further divided into xiaoling (小令) and santao (散套), with the latter comprising of more than one melody.2021/6/352 马致远【天净沙】马致远【天净沙】 秋思秋思 •枯藤老树昏鸦，•小桥流水人家。
•古道西风瘦马，•夕阳西下，•断肠人在天涯 •Sear bine coil the tree while crow sing in the eventide, •Tiver flow throw the bridge while nearby a house stand, •The thin horse walk in the old road while the wind blow from the west , •Sunset in the far west, •There was still heartbroken people tramping far away from home. 2021/6/353 关汉卿：关汉卿：[南吕南吕 . 一枝花一枝花 ] 杭州景杭州景 •[ 一枝花 ] 普天下锦绣乡，寰海内风流地，大元朝新附国，亡宋家旧华夷水秀山奇，一到处堪游戏这答儿忒富贵，满城中绣幕风帘，一哄地人烟凑集•[ 梁州第七 ] 百十里街衢整齐，万余家楼阁差参，并无半答儿闲田地松轩竹径，菊圃花蹊，茶园稻陌，花坞梅溪一陀儿一句诗，行一步扇面屏帏西盐场便似一带琼瑶，吴山色千叠翡翠兀良望钱塘江万倾玻璃。
更有清溪绿水，画船儿来往闲游戏浙江亭紧相对，相对着险岭高峰长怪石，堪羡堪题•[ 尾 ] 家家掩映渠流水，楼阁峥嵘出翠微，遥望西湖暮山势看了这壁，觑了那壁，纵有丹青下不得笔 2021/6/354 Classical Prose Movement•The Classical Prose Movement (古文运动：guwen yundong) of the late Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty in China advocated clarity and precision rather than the florid piantiwen (骈体文) or parallel prose style that had been popular since the Han dynasty. Parallel prose had a rigid structure and came to be criticized for being overly ornate at the expense of content. 2021/6/355 Classical Prose Movement•The aim of the guwen stylists was to follow the spirit of pre-Han prose rather than to imitate it directly. They used elements of colloquial language to make their writings more direct.•The first great promoters of the movement were Han Yu（韩愈） and Liu Zongyuan（柳宗元） who were not only great writers but also great theorists, providing the foundation of the movement. Both were enthusiastic to promote the movement and were keen to teach young people so the movement could develop. 2021/6/356 部分资料从网络收集整理而来，供大家参考，感谢您的关注！ 。