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1、Definition 下定义下定义2021/3/111DefinitionPurpose TypesOrganizationDevelopment (writing strategy)2021/3/112What is definition?Definitionmeansestablishinglimitsormarkingboundariesofasubject.Definitionisamethodofmakingexplicitthemeaningofaword,phrase,orterm.Itgivesclearanddistinctfactsaboutsomething.Adefin
2、itionistheenclosingofawildernessofideaswithinawallofwords.AdefinitionistheefforttodistinguishanentityfromallotherthingsforthepurposeofbeingabletorecognizeitorinsomewaytounderstanditDefinitionisawritingtechniquewhichexplainsacomplextermorthewriterspersonalunderstandingofaword.2021/3/113Purpose Toavoi
3、dconfusionormisunderstandingofsomesymbolsorideas.Toexplainorcharacterizecertainconcepts,subjects,ideas,ortheoriestothereader2021/3/114Classification -1 1.Simpledefinition2.ExtendeddefinitionClassification -21.Formal(standard)definition2.Informal(personal)definition3.ExtendeddefinitionClassification
4、-31.Logicaldefinition:2.Descriptive(extended)definition2021/3/115Inthesimplestsense,todefineawordistoshowwhatclassorgroupthewordbelongstoandthenpointoutthebasicfeatureswhichdistinguishitfromothermembersofthesamegroup.Thetermtobedefined=Theclassthetermbelongsto+Thecharacteristicsoftheterm 被定义词被定义词=种种
5、 +属差属差eg.To define:SISU,classroom,water,brunch,happiness,love,beauty.Simple definition:formal, personal, logical2021/3/116Happiness1.Happinessisastateofwell-beingandcontentment,apleasurableorsatisfyingexperience-Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary2.Happinessiswhenwhatyouthink,whatyousay,andwhatyoudoa
6、reinharmony.-Mahatma Gandhi3.Happinessisthatstateofconsciousnesswhichproceedsfromtheachievementofonesvalues.- Ayn Rand4.Happinessissomethingthatyouareanditcomesfromthewayyouthink.- Wayne Dyer 5.Happinessisessentiallyastateofgoingsomewhere,wholeheartedly,one-directionally,withoutregretorreservation.W
7、illiam H. Sheldon6.Happinessisthemeaningandthepurposeoflife,thewholeaimandendofhumanexistence.-Aristotle7.Happinessisthespiritualexperienceoflivingeveryminutewithlove,graceandgratitude.-Denis Waitley2021/3/117Rules observed when giving a definitionTo avoid circular definition“Economics”isthestudyoft
8、heeconomy.“Economics”isascienceoftheproductionanddistributionofgoods.To avoid too broad definitionAn“automobile”isameansoftransportation.An“automobile”isacarusedasameansoftransportation.To avoid too narrow definitionApoemistwoormorerhymedlineswrittentoexpressanidea,mood,oremotion.Apoemisapieceofwrit
9、inginverseformexpressingdeepfeelingornoblethoughtinbeautifullanguage.2021/3/118Extended definitionsimple definition + supporting details1.additionalinformation2.physicalfeatures3.functions4.symptoms5.detailsandexamples6.originseg. 2021/3/119A “liberated woman”issimplya woman whocontrolsherownliferat
10、herthanallowingittobecontrolledbyotherpeople,traditions,orexpectations.A“liberatedwoman”can be found pursuinganylineofwork,includinghousework,ornoworkatall.Shemay or may not bemarried;shemay or may not havebornechildren.Shemay belong toanyrace;shemay have attainedanyage.Shemay bepoororwealthy,educat
11、edorilliterate.Sheneed haveonlyonetraitincommonwithher“liberatedsisters”:shemakes her own choices,whethertheybethecolorsonherwallsortheadvanceddegreessheseeks.Sheacts of her ownvolition,responsibletoherself,andnotoutoffearofwhathermother,lover,orneighbormightsay.2021/3/1110A pencil is an implement f
12、or writing, drawing, or marking.Usualpencilshave four parts:awoodedcase,asolidrodofgraphiteorothermarkingmaterial,asmalleraser,andapieceofmetalfixingtheerasertothewood.Thewoodencasesofmostpencilsareeitherroundorhexagonal(六边形的)withroundededges.Insidethewoodencase,thereisasolidrodofmarkingmaterialwhic
13、hgivesthepencilitsspecialwritingcharacteristics.Attheendofthewoodenpart,thereissmallcolorederaserforerasingunwantedwritings.Theeraserisfixedtothemainpartbyacoloredpieceofmetal.Althoughthelength,weightandcolordifferfromonepenciltoanother,theusuallength and weightare25cmand50g.The shapeofthepencilallo
14、wsittofiteasilyinthehandwhenitiscorrectlyheldbetweenthethumbandfingers,andtofitinthepocketwhenitiscarried.2021/3/1111A Hacker originally refers to a person whochopsorcutsroughlyandirregularlywithahatchet斧头.Butwiththewide-spreadapplicationofcomputerstovariousaspectsofourlifeandwork,ithasassumedanewme
15、aning.A Hacker now is a computer user whoisabletouseorchangetheinformationinotherpeoplescomputersystemswithouttheirknowledgeorpermission.ManyHackersareverytalentedpeoplewhohaveacquiredcomputerknowledgeallbythemselves.2021/3/1112Organization of a composition of definitionOpening: introduction+thesiss
16、tatement=topic+opinion thetermtobedefinedyourdefinitionoftheterm/HowyouwilldefinethetermIntroductionA. Hook1.Youmaywanttoincludethetraditionaldefinitionatthebeginningofyouressaytoprovideabasisforyourpersonaldefinition.2.Youmaywanttoopenwithacontradictoryimagetowhatwouldbeyourimagetoillustratethatdef
17、inition. B. ThesisStatehowyoudefinetheterm.Ifyoucanwritethedefinitionusingspecificpoints,youwillfindthedefinitioneasiertofollowwhenwritingthepaper.2021/3/1113The idea of HopeSomesaysthat“whatoxygenistothelungs,suchishopetothemeaningoflife”.Sokeephope.Butwhatishope?Dictionarytellsusthathopeis“anexpec
18、tationwhichhaslittleornochanceoffulfillment”(p.1267,shorterOxfordEnglishDictionary).Thisdefinitionalmostmeansthathopeisthemooninwaterorflowersinmirrorwhichwouldnotbelikelytobecomereality.Yet,itcanalsomeansomethingelse.for me, hope isHowdoesthewriterhooktheaudience?2021/3/1114Thesis statement: defini
19、tion/how-toRestrict the meaning of your definition at the very beginningAsawordoraconceptmighthaveavarietyofmeanings,youshouldlimitthemeaningaccordingtothespecificpurposeofyouressayinthebeginningpart.Afrequentlyusedwayistostipulatethemeaningbyyourselftofitinwiththepurposeofwholeessay.1.Happinessisth
20、atstateofconsciousnesswhichproceedsfromtheachievementofonesvalues.- Ayn Rand2.Happinessissomethingthatyouareanditcomesfromthewayyouthink.- Wayne Dyer 3.Happinessisessentiallyastateofgoingsomewhere,wholeheartedly,one-directionally,withoutregretorreservation.William H. Sheldon4.Happinessisthemeaningan
21、dthepurposeoflife,thewholeaimandendofhumanexistence.-Aristotle5.Happinessisthespiritualexperienceoflivingeveryminutewithlove,graceandgratitude.-Denis Waitley2021/3/1115The developmental paragraphsAsthedefinitionessayisacombinationofalmostalltypesofexpositorywriting,youcanchooseanytypeofthefollowingp
22、atternsoracombinationofthemtodevelopthebodyofyouressay.2021/3/1116Theorigin of the word (love)isprobablythemostlogicalplacetostart.AswithmanywordsintheEnglishlanguage,loveisaderivative oftheLatinwordcausemajoraproblemuswhichmeansYouremiserablewhenyougotitandmiserablewhenyoudont.Thewordwas created to
23、 explainthebiologicalphenomenonthatexistedwhencertainindividualscameintocontactwitheachotherandeitherremainedtogetherorwentabouttheirlivesseparately.Regardlessoftheoutcome,therelationshipwasusuallycharacteristicofthroatlumps,knottedstomachs,weakknees,temporarylossoflanguage,sweatypalms,dizziness,sne
24、ezing,andoccasionalnausea.Belligerentinsanityalsoresulted.Historyclearlyillustratesthis.Canweeverforgetthefacethatlaunchedathousandships?FederallyexpressingVanGoghsear?TheconstructionofLeTourEiffel?Allofthesewereresultsofloveandlovelost.Define a term by citing its origin and development (the terms d
25、erivation, original meaning, and usages)2021/3/1117Star-crossedlovershavestatedthatloveisnothandnorfootnoranypartbelongingtoaman.Matrimonialceremoniesalsoclaimthatloveisnotjealousorboastful.Letitbestatedherethatlovealsoisnotagourmetdish,adomesticatedanimal,oralatesttrend.Loveisnotastrategicdefenseme
26、chanismnorthebestkeptsecretatthePentagon.Loveisnotanotherseasoningtobottleandstickonthedust-linedshelvesofthespicerack.Loveisnottobeconfusedwithadhesivetape. Define a term by using negation (telling what it is not)2021/3/1118Povertyisgettingupeverymorningfromadirt-andillness-stainedmattressPovertyis
27、beingtired.PovertyisdirtPovertyisstayingupallnightoncoldnightstowatchthefireknowingonesparkonthenewspapercoveringthewallsmeansyoursleepingchilddiesinflames.Povertyisaskingforhelp.Povertyisremembering.Povertyislookingintoablackfuture.Povertyisanacidthatdripsonprideuntilallprideiswornaway. Define a te
28、rm by using enumeration (listing its characteristics)2021/3/1119Amapisaconventionalpictureofanareaofland,sea,orsky.Perhapsthemapsmostwidelyusedaretheroadmapsgivenawaybytheoilcompanies.Theyshowtheculturalfeaturessuchasstates,townsparks,androads,especiallypavedroads.Theyshowalsonaturalfeatures,suchasr
29、iversandlakes,andsometimesmountains.Assimplemaps,mostautomobiledrivershaveonvariousoccasionsusedsketchesdrawnbyservicestationsmen,orbyfriends,toshowthebestautomobileroutefromonetowntoanother.Define a term by classification2021/3/1120 Mapshavebeenusedsincetheearliercivilizations,andexplorersfindthatt
30、heyareusedinrathersimplecivilizationsatthepresenttimebypeoplewhoareaccustomedtotraveling.Forexample,Arcticexploreshaveobtainedconsiderablehelpfrommapsofthecoastlinesshowingsettlements,drawnbyEskimopeople.Occasionallymapsshownotonlytheroads,butpicturesofotherfeatures.Oneoftheearliestsuchmapsdatesfrom
31、about1400BC.Itshowsnotonlyroads,butalsolakeswithfish,andacanalwithcrocodilesandabridgeoverthecanal.Thisissomewhatsimilartothemodernmapsofastatewhichshowforeachlargetownsomefeaturesofinterestorthechiefproductsofthattown.Define a term by illustration (giving examples)2021/3/1121Thedistinctionusuallyma
32、debetween“maps”and“charts”isthatachartisarepresentationofanareaconsistingchieflyofwater,whileamaprepresentsanareathatispredominantlyland.Itiseasytoseehowthisdistinctionisaroseinthedayswhentherewasnonavigationoverland,butatruerdistinctionisthatchartsarespeciallydesignedforuseinnavigation,whetheratsea
33、orintheair.Define a term by using analogies2021/3/1122lWhenyoudefineadevice(multimedia),anevent(national sports meet for college students),oraconcept(market economy),youneedtoexplainwhatthedevicedoes,howtheeventtakesplace,orhowaprocedureiscarriedout.Allthisrequiresusingprocessanalysistobetterclarify
34、theparticularmeaningforthereader.e.g.,Ifyouessayisabout“happiness”,youshouldnotjustdefinewhathappinessis,youshouldalsoexplainhowtobehappy.Define a term by using process analysis2021/3/1123lItisapparentlyverynecessarytodistinguishbetweenparenthoodandparentage. Parenthoodisanart;parentageistheconseque
35、nceofamerebiologicalact.Thebiologicalabilitytoproduce,toconceive,andtogivebirthtoachildhasnothingtodowiththeabilitytocareforthatchildasitrequirestobecaredfor.Itishighlydesirablethatparentageshouldnotbeundertakenuntiltheparenthoodhasbeenlearned.Parentageisoftenirresponsiblewhereasparenthoodisresponsi
36、ble.Parentageatbestisirresponsiblyresponsibleforthebirthofachildwhileparenthoodisresponsibleforthedevelopmentofahumanbeing-notsimplyachild,butahumanbeing.Itcanthusbestatedthatparenthoodisthemostimportantoccupationintheworld.Define a term by using comparison and contrast2021/3/1124Define a term by us
37、ing cause and effectAsmightbeexpected,researchershaveofferedmanytheoriesconcerningthecauseofcribdeath.Dr.R.C.Reisinger,anationalcancerInstitutescientist,haslinkedcribdeathtothegrowthofacommonbacterium,E.coli,intheintestinesofnewbornbabies.Theorganismsmultiplyintheintestines,manufacturingatoxinthatis
38、absorbedbytheintestinalwallandpassesintothebloodstream.Breastmilkstopsthegrowthoftheorganism,whereascowsmilkpermitsit.Therefore,Dr.Reisingerbelieves,bottle-fedbabiesrunahigherriskofcribdeaththanotherbabies.2021/3/1125Define a term by using negationlManypeoplethinkthatanurseisasmilingwoman,inawhiteun
39、iformandcap,whosemainjobistotaketemperatureforapatientandchangehisorherbedpaninthehospital.However,thisstereotypeisnotcorrect.Todaysnursesarebothmaleandfemale.Theyaretrainedprofessionalswhooffercomfortandassistancetopeoplewhoareillorwhoareexperiencinggreatphysicalormentalstress.Theyworkinhospitalbed
40、roomsandinoperatingroom.Theyalsohelppeopleinstitutionsandprovideprofessionalhomecare2021/3/11261.Definethetermmaturitybymakingalistofthecharacteristicsofthematurity.2.Definethetermmaturitybynegation.3.Byillustration(eg.ofmature&immaturepeoplesbehavior)4.Definethetermmaturitybyanalogy.5.Ismaturityequ
41、altosophisticationorworldliness?6.Howtojudgewhetherapersonismatureornot?7.Ismaturityjudgedbytheage,socialstatusorthedegreeofsuccessofaperson?8.Howtoachievematurity?Class exercise Discussion: the definition of maturity2021/3/1127Maturityistheabilitytocontrolangerandsettledifferenceswithoutviolenceord
42、estruction.Maturityispatience.Itisthewillingnesstopassupimmediatepleasureinfavorofthelong-termgain.Maturityisperseverance,theabilitytosweatoutaprojectorasituationinspiteofheavyoppositionanddiscouragingset-backs.Maturityisthecapacitytofaceunpleasantnessandfrustration,discomfortanddefeat,withoutcompla
43、intorcollapse.Sample thesis2021/3/1128Maturityishumility.Itisbeingbigenoughtosay,Iwaswrong.And,whenright,thematurepersonneednotexperiencethesatisfactionofsaying,Itoldyouso.Maturityistheabilitytomakeadecisionandstandbyit.Theimmaturespendtheirlivesexploringendlesspossibilities;thentheydonothing.Maturi
44、tymeansdependability,keepingonesword,comingthroughinacrisis.Theimmaturearemastersofthealibi.Theyaretheconfusedandthedisorganized.Theirlivesareamazeofbrokenpromises,formerfriends,unfinishedbusiness,andgoodintentionsthatsomehownevermaterialize.Maturityistheartoflivinginpeacewiththatwhichwecannotchange
45、,thecouragetochangethatwhichshouldbechanged-andthewisdomtoknowthedifference.2021/3/1129A.ReviewyourmainpointsB.Closing1.sometimesareferencebacktotheopeningisagoodwaytounifytheentireessay.2.Youmaywanttoclosewithanexplanationofhowyourdefinitionhasaffectedyou.Conclusion-12021/3/1130Theconcludingpart:lS
46、ummarizingthemainpoints;lRestatingthethesisinanotherway;lAdvisingthereaderormakingsuggestions;lPredictingthefuturelPointingoutdifferentfeatures;lEmphasizingtherelationshipbetweencasesandeffectsConclusion-22021/3/1131lTheconceptexplanationmustbefully focusedTrytomakeclearaboutwhattoinclude,whattoemph
47、asize,whattoleaveoutsinceyoucanneverexplaineverything.lThecentralideaorthethesisshouldbeclearly statedsothatthereadercaneasilyidentifyandgraspthemainpointofthewholeessay.lTheorganizationmustbelogical sothatthereaderwillnotbeconfusedabouttheoverallstructurelThesourcescitedintheessayshouldbeauthoritat
48、ive.Normallyfromestablishedmediumssuchasbooks,dictionaries,magazinesotherthanfromyourpersonalexperiences,observations.Summary2021/3/1132namely,is,mean,signify,referto,constitute,involve,isconsideredtobe,statethatthatis(i.e.)bydefinitioncanbedefinedasWhatismeantisThemeaningofisTheessenceoftheconceptisThemain/basicfeaturesincludedareTypical transitional device2021/3/1133Homework Define: “college student”300 wordsWith analysis2021/3/1134
