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1、MARKETRESEARCHREPORTMARKETRESEARCHREPORTBIOPESTICIDES:THEGLOBALBIOPESTICIDES:THEGLOBALMARKETMARKETCHM029CCHM029CPeggyLehrProjectAnalystBCCResearchBCCResearch35WalnutStreet35WalnutStreetWellesley,MA02481Wellesley,MA02481Phone:866-285-7215(sales)Phone:866-285-7215(sales)WebAddress:WebAddress:E-mail:E-
2、mail:ISBN:1-59623-570-5CHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketABOUTBCCABOUTBCCBCCResearchisaleadinginformationresourceproducinghigh-qualitymarketresearchreports,newsletters,andconferences.BCCsinformationproductsexploremajormarket,economic,scientific,andtechnologicaldevelopmentsforbusinessleadersinin
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9、BCCInc.assumesnoresponsibilityforanylossesordamagesthatmightresultbecauseofrelianceonthismaterial. Copyright2009byBCCResearchWellesley,MA02481.ReproductionofanymaterialinthisreportisstrictlyforbiddenwithoutexpresspermissionofthePublisher.ToreceiveacompletecatalogofBCCstudies,pleasevisitourW.FEBRUARY
10、2010FEBRUARY2010Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA, Web: iiCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSCHAPTERONE:INTRODUCTION.1REASONSFORDOINGTHESTUDY.1STUDYGOALSANDOBJECTIVES.2SCOPEOFREPORT.2METHODOLOGIESANDINFORMATIONSOURCES.2ANALYSTCREDENTIALS.3RELATEDBCCREPORTS.3BCCO
11、NLINESERVICES.3DISCLAIMER.3CHAPTERTWO:SUMMARY.4SUMMARY.4SUMMARYTABLEPROJECTEDGLOBALPESTICIDEMARKETBYSEGMENT,THROUGH2014($BILLIONS).5SUMMARYFIGUREPROJECTEDGLOBALPESTICIDEMARKETBYSEGMENT,2008-2014($BILLIONS).5CHAPTERTHREE:OVERVIEW.6WHATAREBIOPESTICIDES?.6IPM.6ROLEOFBIOPESTICIDESINIPM.7PROMOTINGIPM.7IM
12、PLEMENTINGIPM.8ADVANTAGESOFBIOPESTICIDES.9TABLE1BIOLOGICALPESTICIDESVERSUSCHEMICALPESTICIDESADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGES.10CLASSIFICATIONOFBIOPESTICIDES.10TABLE2SELECTEDBIOPESTICIDES/BIOCONTROLAGENTSINCOMMERCIALUSE,2009.11MICROBIALBIOPESTICIDES.11Bt.11ApplicationMethods.12Bs.12ApplicationMethods.12P.F
13、luorescence.12ApplicationMethods.13HeliothisNPV.13ApplicationMethods.13Trichoderma(TrichodermaViride/Harzianum).13ApplicationMethods.14BeauveriaBassiana.14Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: iiiCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSApplicationMethods.14T.Pa
14、rasitoid.15ApplicationMethods.15H.Bacteriophora.15ApplicationMethods.15BIOPESTICIDEDEVELOPMENT.16TABLE3TIMELINEOFIMPORTANTEVENTSINBIOPESTICIDEDEVELOPMENT.16TABLE3(CONTINUED).17TABLE3(CONTINUED).18TABLE3(CONTINUED).19ENDUSERS.19THEIDEALPESTICIDE.19IMPACTONCOSTOFPRODUCTION.20CHAPTERFOUR:ORGANICFARMING
15、ANDTHEMARKETFORPRODUCTS.21GLOBALORGANICFARMINGAREAS.21TABLE4ORGANICFARMINGAREABYMAJORCOUNTRIES,2005*(HA).22TABLE5AREASUNDERORGANICCULTIVATIONINPERCENTOFTOTALAGRICULTURALAREAANDNUMBEROFORGANICFARMSFORSELECTEDREGIONS,2005*.23THEMARKETFORORGANICALLYCULTIVATEDFOODS.23FIGURE1REGIONALMARKETSFORORGANICPROD
16、UCTS,2009(%).24MARKETPROJECTIONSFORORGANICALLYFARMEDPRODUCTS.25TABLE6PROJECTEDWORLDWIDESALESOFORGANICPRODUCTS,THROUGH2014($BILLIONS).25MAJORMARKETSFORORGANICALLYGROWNFOOD.25UnitedStates.25EuropeanUnion.26Asia.26Oceania.27CHAPTERFIVE:SYNTHETICPESTICIDES.28HISTORICALPERSPECTIVEONSYNTHETICPESTICIDES.28
17、COSTOFPROTECTINGCROPS.29TABLE7U.S.SYNTHETICCROPPROTECTIONCOSTS($/ACRE).29SYNTHETICPESTICIDEDEMAND.29Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: ivCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLE8GLOBALMARKETFORSYNTHETICPESTICIDESUSE,THROUGH2014($BILLIONS).30TABLE9GLOBAL
18、SYNTHETICPESTICIDESMARKETBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($BILLIONS).31FIGURE2SHAREOFGLOBALSYNTHETICPESTICIDEMARKETBYTYPE,2009(%).31FIGURE2(CONTINUED).32REASONSFORDECLININGUSEOFSYNTHETICINSECTICIDES.32REASONSFORINCREASINGUSEOFSYNTHETICHERBICIDES.32TABLE10SALESOFSYNTHETICPESTICIDESBYLEADINGMANUFACTURERS,THROUGH200
19、9($MILLIONS).33FIGURE3MARKETSHAREOFLEADINGMANUFACTURESOFSYNTHETICPESTICIDES,2008(%).34FUTUREOFSYNTHETICPESTICIDES.35QUALITYANDSAFETYCONSIDERATIONS.35PHASEOUTOFHIGHLYTOXICPESTICIDES.35TABLE11SELECTEDSYNTHETICPESTICIDESTOBEPHASEDOUTINTHEEUBY2015.36REGULATIONS.37EMERGINGDEVELOPMENTS.37CHAPTERSIX:GMCROP
20、S.38WHATAREGMCROPSANDWHYDOTHEYMATTER?.38ROUNDUPREADYSEEDS.38PEST-RESISTANTCROPSWITHTHEBTGENE.39ADVANTAGESOFGMCROPS.39DISADVANTAGES/CONTROVERSIESOFGMCROPS.39SAFETYISSUES.40ACCESSANDINTELLECTUALPROPERTY.40ETHICS.40ECOLOGICALANDHEALTHISSUES.41GeneTransfer.41Superweeds.41PracticalEffectsofBtToxininPlant
21、s.41GeneticandPhenotypicVariability.41ExpressionofGeneticMaterialfromPathogens.42COSTOFSEEDS.42REGULATIONSOFGMCROPS.42UNITEDSTATES.42Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: vCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSApprovedProducts.42Authority.43RegulatoryActions.
22、43EUROPE.43ApprovedProducts.43Authority.44RegulatoryActions.44JAPAN.44ApprovedProducts.44Authority.44RegulatoryActions.44CHINA.45RegulatoryActions.45ApprovedProduct.45Authority.45INDIA.46ApprovedProducts.46Authority.46GMCROPMARKET.46TABLE12GLOBALGMCROPMARKET,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).46FIGURE4GLOBALGMC
23、ROPMARKET,20082014($MILLIONS).47GMCROPTRAITS.47TABLE13MARKETSHAREOFGENETICALLYMODIFIEDCROPSBYTHEIRTRAITS,2008.47IMPORTANTGMCROPS.48STATUSOFMAJORGMCROPS.48TABLE14MAJORGMCROPCULTIVATION,2008(MILLIONHA).48FIGURE5PATTERNSOFMAJORGMCROPS,2008(%).49STATUSOFGMCROPSINSELECTEDCOUNTRIES.49U.S.49ARGENTINA.50EUR
24、OPE.50ASIA.50JAPAN.50INDIA.50FOCUSOFGMCROPAREA.51TABLE15GLOBALGMCROPPRODUCTIONAREASFORSELECTEDCOUNTRIES,2008(MILLIONHA).51EMERGINGTRENDSINGMCROPS.51VIRALRESISTANTGMCROPS.51Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: viCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSTRAITSTAC
25、KINGINMODIFIEDSEEDS.52GMCROPSANDBIOPESTICIDES.52CHAPTERSEVEN:TECHNOLOGYOVERVIEW.53CLASSIFICATIONOFBIOPESTICIDES.53BACTERIALPESTICIDES.53MeasuringBtPotency.54FUNGALINSECTICIDES.54TABLE16COMMERCIALLYIMPORTANTFUNGALINSECTPATHOGENS.54BeauveriaBassiana.54TrichodermaSpp.55EntomophthoraSpp.55VIRALPESTICIDE
26、S.55NPVs.55TABLE17SELECTEDCOMMERCIALIZEDNPVS.56H.Armigera.57GV.57TABLE18SELECTEDCOMMERCIALIZEDGVS.57PREDATORS.57GreenLacewings(Chrysopidae).58LadyBeetles(Coccinellidae).58MinutePirateBugs(Anthocoridae).58SyrphidFlies(Syrphidae).59OTHERBIOPESTICIDES.59Protozoa.59Microsporidia Spp. . 59Entomopathogeni
27、c Nematodes. 60Parasitoids . 60EggParasitoids.61Trichogramma(TrichogrammaSpp.).61Larval/PupalParasitoids.61TABLE19SELECTEDLISTINGOFIMPORTANTPARASITOIDS.61TABLE19(CONTINUED).62PRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGY.62TECHNICALTERMSANDEXPLANATION.62MYCOPESTICIDEDEVELOPMENT.62ParametersofMassProduction.63Isolate Selecti
28、on . 63Aeration . 63Moisture . 63Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: viiCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSIncubationTemperature.64LightRequirements.64MASSPRODUCTIONOFMICROBIALPESTICIDES.64Storage.64Transportation.64FIGURE6GENERALPRODUCTIONPROCEDURE.65Sa
29、fetyandHazards.65MICROBIALPESTICIDEDEVELOPMENT.66RAWMATERIAL.67COMMERCIALPRODUCTION.67STEPSINVOLVEDINCOMMERCIALPRODUCTION.67ORGANISMSTORAGE.68FERMENTATION.68TABLE20COMPARISONOFSOLID-STATEANDSUBMERGEDFERMENTATION.69TypesofFermenters.69TheStirred-tankFermenter.69TheTowerFermenter.70TheLoopFermenter.70
30、PRODUCTIONPROCESS:BT.70StorageofStrain.70CultivationMedia.70SourceofCarbon.70SourcesofNitrogen.71RevitalizingtheCultureFromLyophilizedState.71Inoculant.71SeedFermenter.71MainFermenter.71HarvestingofActiveBiomass.72FormulationsofBt.72PRODUCTIONPROCESS:B.BASSIANAANDM.ANISOPLIAE.73PreparingSeedInoculan
31、ts.73CultivationProcess.73FormulationofB.Bassiana.73PRODUCTIONPROCESS:VIRALINSECTPATHOGENS(NPV).74MassMultiplicationofNPV.74PRODUCTIONOFENTOMOPATHOGENICNEMATODES.75Productionof(Continued).76Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: viiiCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABL
32、EOFCONTENTSCHAPTEREIGHT:GLOBALBIOPESTICIDESMARKET.77BIOPESTICIDEMANUFACTURERS.77AGRAQUEST.78CERTIS.78KOPPERT.78MARRONEBIOINNOVATIONS.78VALENTBIOSCIENCE.79FACTORSTHATDETERMINETHEBIOPESTICIDEMARKET.79BIOPESTICIDEDOSAGES.79TABLE21RECOMMENDEDDOSAGESOFBIOPESTICIDESFORVARIOUSCROPS.79TABLE21(CONTINUED).80O
33、RGANICCULTIVATIONAREA.80TABLE22GLOBALORGANICCULTIVATIONAREASBYCROPTYPE,2008(HA).81FIGURE7SHAREOFGLOBALORGANICCROPCULTIVATION,2008(%).81TABLE23GLOBALORGANICCULTIVATIONAREASBYREGION,2004AND2008(MILLIONHA).82FIGURE8REGIONALSHAREOFGLOBALORGANICCULTIVATIONAREA,2008(%).FIGURE8(CONTINUED). GLOBALMARKETSIZE
34、.83TABLE24GLOBALMARKETFORBIOPESTICIDES,THROUGH2014($BILLIONS).84PRODUCTSANDFORMULATIONS.84TABLE25GLOBALMARKETSFORMICROBIALBIOPESTICIDESBYFORMULATION,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).84TABLE26GLOBALMARKETFORPREDATORSUSEDASBIOPESTICIDES,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).85DEMANDBYTYPEOFCROP.85TABLE27GLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPEST
35、ICIDESBYTYPESOFCROPS,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).85FIGURE9SHARESOFGLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYCROPTYPE,2009(%).86ORCHARDANDVEGETABLECROPPROJECTIONS.86TABLE28GLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORORCHARDS,COMMERCIAL,ANDCASHCROPS,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).87Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: ixC
36、HM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSFIGURE10SHARESOFGLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORORCHARDS,COMMERCIAL,ANDCASHCROPS,2009(%).87FIGURE10(CONTINUED).88GRAZING/DRYLAND.88TABLE29GLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORGRAZING/DRYLAND,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).88FIGURE11GLO
37、BALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORGRAZING/DRYLAND,20082014($MILLIONS).89FIELDCROPPROJECTIONS.89TABLE30GLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORFIELDCROPS,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).90FIGURE12SHARESOFGLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORFIELDCROPS,2009(%).90MARKETFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE.91TABLE31GLOBALMARKETF
38、ORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).91FIGURE13SHAREOFGLOBALMARKETFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,2009(%).91FIGURE13(CONTINUED).92TYPESOFBIOPESTICIDESANDTHEGLOBALMARKET.92BACTERIALBIOPESTICIDES.92TABLE32GLOBALMARKETSFORBACTERIALBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).92TABLE33COMMERCIALBACTERIALBI
39、OPESTICIDES.93TABLE33(CONTINUED).94FUNGALBIOPESTICIDES.94TABLE34GLOBALMARKETFORFUNGALBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).95TABLE35SELECTEDCOMMERCIALFUNGALBIOPESTICIDES.95TABLE35(CONTINUED).96VIRALBIOPESTICIDES.96TABLE36GLOBALMARKETFORVIRALBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).96TABLE37SE
40、LECTEDCOMMERCIALVIRALBIOPESTICIDES.97PREDATORBIOPESTICIDES.97TABLE38GLOBALMARKETFORPREDATORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).97OTHERPREDATORBIOPESTICIDES.98TABLE39GLOBALMARKETFOROTHERPREDATORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).98Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xCHM029
41、CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLE40SELECTEDCOMMERCIALNEMATODESASBIOPESTICIDES.99BIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEANDTYPEOFCROP.99TABLE41PROJECTIONSFORGLOBALMARKETFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEANDBYTYPEOFCROP,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).99TABLE41(CONTINUED).100MARKETFORBIOPESTICIDESBYREGION.1
42、00TABLE42GLOBALMARKETFORBIOPESTICIDESBYREGION,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).100FIGURE14REGIONALSHAREOFGLOBALMARKETFORBIOPESTICIDES,2009(%).101AMERICAS.102AUSTRALIA.102EUROPE.102ASIA.102Asia(Continued).103CHAPTERNINE:REGULATIONS.104IMPORTANTBIOPESTICIDESCONTROLANDPROMOTIONALORGANIZATIONS.104WHO.104U.S.EPA.1
43、05EPASGRANTFORBIOPESTICIDESDEMONSTRATIONPROJECTSANDTHEIR-4.105TABLE43EPASSAFETYSIGNALWORDSFORPESTICIDES.105TABLE44ACTIVEINGREDIENTSEXEMPTEDUNDER25(B)OFTHEFEDERALINSECTICIDE,FUNGICIDEANDRODENTICIDEACT.106UNITEDSTATESFOODANDDRUGSACT(USFDA).107USDA.107EUROPEANUNION(EU).107AUSTRALIANPESTICIDESANDVETERIN
44、ARYMEDICINESAUTHORITY(APVMA).108CENTRALINSECTICIDEBOARDANDMINISTRYOFAGRICULTURE,INDIA.108PESTICIDEORDINANCE,CHINA.109REGULATIONSANDCERTIFICATIONSTHATAFFECTORGANICFARMING.109USDAORGANICSTANDARDS(NOPREGULATION).109USDASeal.110Conversion.110Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xiCHM029CBiope
45、sticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSEUREGULATION.110JAS.110EN45011/ISO/IECGUIDE65.111CHAPTERTEN:PATENTS.112TABLE45U.S.PATENTSACQUIREDBYMAJORPLAYERSINTHEBIOPESTICIDEMARKET*.112BIOPESTICIDEPATENTS.113BACTERIALPESTCIDES.113BTCryET29CompositionsToxictoColeopteranInsectsandCtenocepha
46、lidesSpp.113Abstract.113RecombinantOrganismsProducingInsectToxinsandMethodsforConstructingSame.114Abstract.114DNAEncodingInsecticidalCry9FaBacillusThuringiensisProteinsandRecombinantHostsExpressingSame.114Abstract.114BacillusThuringiensisStrainsandTheirInsecticidalProteins.115Abstract.115Plantstrans
47、formedwithPolynucleotidesEncodingBroad-SpectrumDelta-Endotoxins.115Abstract.115NucleicAcidsEncodingaNovelCry2AeBacillusThuringiensisInsecticidalProtein.116Abstract.116InsecticidalProteinsDerivedfromBacillusThuringiensis.116Abstract.116NucleicAcidMoleculesEncodingNovelBacillusThuringiensisCry2AeInsec
48、ticidalProteins,PlantCells,PlantorSeedsComprisingtheNucleicAcidMoleculesandMethodsofUsingSame.116Abstract.116InsectInhibitoryBacillusThuringiensisProteins,Fusions,andMethodsofUse.117Abstract.117DNAEncodingInsecticidalCry1BfBacillusThuringiensisProteinsandRecombinantHostsExpressingSame.117Abstract.11
49、7Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xiiCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSTransgenicPlantsExpressingInsecticidalProteinsandMethodsofProducingtheSame.118Abstract.118NucleicAcidsEncodingColeopteran-ToxicPolypeptidesandInsect-ResistantTransgenicPlantsCompr
50、isingThem.118Abstract.118PolynucleotideCompositionsEncodingBroadSpectrumDelta-Endotoxins.118Abstract.119PEPTIDES.119PlantPeptidewithAntimicrobialActivity.119Abstract.119PolynucleotideEncodingColeopteran-ToxicPolypeptide.119Abstract.119VIRAL.120SolenopsisInvictaViruses.120Abstract.120BIOPESTICIDECOMP
51、OUNDS.120SynergisticFermentedPlantGrowthPromoting,Bio-ControlComposition.120Abstract.120BiopesticideCompositions.121Abstract.121MintPlantMenthaSpicataL.Var.ViridisChristenedas“Ganga”.121Abstract.121FUNGALPESTICIDES.121ControlofWeedwithFungalPathogen.121Abstract.122MycoattractantsandMycopesticides.12
52、2Abstract.122BIOPESTICIDEPATENTAPPLICATIONS.122PropionicAcidasaHerbicide.122Abstract.123NaturalHerbicideContainingLemongrassEssentialOil.123Abstract.123HinokitiolasaPlantPesticide.123Abstract.123PesticidalFormulationContainingOxymatrineorMatrine.124Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xii
53、iCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSAbstract.124ExtractsDerivedfromChenopodiumPlantsandUses.124Abstract.124FormicAcidasHerbicide.125Abstract.125CHAPTERELEVEN:EMERGINGTRENDS.126DEMANDDRIVERS.126FACTORSFAVORINGBIOPESTICIDES.127ResidueIssue.127PestResistanceIssue.127Or
54、ganicAgriculture.127IPMConcept.127Regulations.128TechnologicalImprovement.128CropLossPrevention.128CostAdvantageforRegistrationandDevelopment.129NewerCropsforBiopesticides.129TurfandGolfGrass.129FieldCrops.129Forests/Trees.129OtherFactors.130FACTORSTHATARENEGATIVELYINFLUENCINGTHEGROWTHOFBIOPESTICIDE
55、S.130AFragmentedIndustry.130PerceivedHighProductionCostsandDifficultiesinFormulationandRegistration.130LackofCommercialAwarenessonthePartofManufacturers.131PRICINGTRENDS.131HERBICIDES.131INSECTICIDES.132FUNGICIDES.132PREDATORS.132CHAPTERTWELVE:COMPANYDIRECTORY.133AGBIOCHEM,INC.133PRODUCTS.133Galltro
56、l.133Gallex.133TargetPestandModeofAction.134Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xivCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSAGBIOTECHAUSTRALIAPTY,LTD.134PRODUCTS.134AGRAQUEST,INC.135PRODUCTS.135Serenade.135Rhapsody.136Sonata.136BalladPlus.137Baritone.137Requie
57、m.137AJAYBIO-TECH,LTD.(INDIA).137PRODUCTS.138Agroneem.138Biofit.138HeliokillandSpondopterin.138AMITBIOTECH.138ARBICOORGANICS.139BIOLOGICCO.139BIOWORKS,INC.140PRODUCTS.140BotaniGard.140RootShield.140MilStop.140Cease.141SuffOil-X.141BONIDEPRODUCTS.141CERTISUSA.141PRODUCTS.142AgreeWG.142CrymaxWDG.142De
58、liverandJavelinWG.143CYD-X.143Gemstar.143Spod-X-LC.143DOWAGROSCIENCES.144EMERALDBIOAGRICULTURECORP.144GROWTHPRODUCTS,LTD.144PRODUCTS.145Nitro-30SRN.145EssentialPlus.145TKOPhosphite.145Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xvCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTE
59、NTSCompanionBiologicalFungicide.145HERCONENVIRONMENTAL.145PRODUCTS.146INDOREBIOTECH.146KOPPERTBIOLOGICALSYSTEMS.146PRODUCTS.147Predators.147FungalProducts.147Enzicur.147Trianum-GandTrianum-P.147MARRONEBIOINNOVATIONS.147PRODUCTS.148RegaliaSC.148GreenMatch.148Zequanox.149MYCOGENSEEDS.149NATURALINDUSTR
60、IES,INC.149PRODUCTS.149ActinovateAGandActinovateSP.149Actino-Iron.150Stasis.150DeThatch-9.150RINCON-VITOVAINSECTARIES.150RUSSELLIPM.151SOILTECHNOLOGIESCORP.151PRODUCTS.151Armorex.151Fungastop.151Insectastop.152Permatrol.152Phydura.152T.STANES&CO.152PRODUCTS.153Nimbecidine.153Bio-Power.153Bio-Catch.1
61、53Bio-Magic.153Priority.153Bio-Nematon.154TROYBIOSCIENCES,INC.154PRODUCTS.154Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xviCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketTABLEOFCONTENTSTABLEOFCONTENTSNaturalisL.154StirrupM.154Konsume.154VALENTBIOSCIENCESCORP.155PRODUCTS.155DiPel.155XenTari.156Biobit.15
62、6Novodor.156VectoBac.156VectoLex.156Teknar.157Foray.157DiTera.157VERDERAOY.157PRODUCTS.158Mycostop.158Greenstim.158WESTBRIDGEAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS.158APPENDIXTECHNICALTERMSANDDEFINITIONS.159TECHNICALTERMSANDDEFINITIONS.159TECHNICALTERMSANDDEFINITIONS(CONTINUED).160Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, M
63、A USA, Web: xviiCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketLISTOFTABLESLISTOFTABLESSUMMARYTABLEPROJECTEDGLOBALPESTICIDEMARKETBYSEGMENT,THROUGH2014($BILLIONS).5TABLE1BIOLOGICALPESTICIDESVERSUSCHEMICALPESTICIDESADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGES.10TABLE2SELECTEDBIOPESTICIDES/BIOCONTROLAGENTSINCOMMERCIALUSE,2009.1
64、1TABLE3TIMELINEOFIMPORTANTEVENTSINBIOPESTICIDEDEVELOPMENT.16TABLE4ORGANICFARMINGAREABYMAJORCOUNTRIES,2005*(HA).22TABLE5AREASUNDERORGANICCULTIVATIONINPERCENTOFTOTALAGRICULTURALAREAANDNUMBEROFORGANICFARMSFORSELECTEDREGIONS,2005*.23TABLE6PROJECTEDWORLDWIDESALESOFORGANICPRODUCTS,THROUGH2014($BILLIONS).2
65、5TABLE7U.S.SYNTHETICCROPPROTECTIONCOSTS($/ACRE).29TABLE8GLOBALMARKETFORSYNTHETICPESTICIDESUSE($BILLIONS).30TABLE9GLOBALSYNTHETICPESTICIDESMARKETBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($BILLIONS).31TABLE10SALESOFSYNTHETICPESTICIDESBYLEADINGMANUFACTURERS,THROUGH2009($MILLIONS).33TABLE11SELECTEDSYNTHETICPESTICIDESTOBEPHASE
66、DOUTINTHEEUBY2015.36TABLE12GLOBALGMCROPMARKET,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).46TABLE13MARKETSHAREOFGENETICALLYMODIFIEDCROPSBYTHEIRTRAITS,2008.47TABLE14MAJORGMCROPCULTIVATION,2008(MILLIONHA).48TABLE15GLOBALGMCROPPRODUCTIONAREASFORSELECTEDCOUNTRIES,2008(MILLIONHA).51TABLE16COMMERCIALLYIMPORTANTFUNGALINSECTPAT
67、HOGENS.54TABLE17SELECTEDCOMMERCIALIZEDNPVS.56TABLE18SELECTEDCOMMERCIALIZEDGVS.57TABLE19SELECTEDLISTINGOFIMPORTANTPARASITOIDS.61TABLE20COMPARISONOFSOLID-STATEANDSUBMERGEDFERMENTATION.69TABLE21RECOMMENDEDDOSAGESOFBIOPESTICIDESFORVARIOUSCROPS.79Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xviiiCHM02
68、9CBiopesticides: The Global MarketLISTOFTABLESLISTOFTABLESTABLE22GLOBALORGANICCULTIVATIONAREASBYCROPTYPE,2008(HA).81TABLE23GLOBALORGANICCULTIVATIONAREASBYREGION,2004AND2008(MILLIONHA).82TABLE24GLOBALMARKETFORBIOPESTICIDES,THROUGH2014($BILLIONS).84TABLE25GLOBALMARKETSFORMICROBIALBIOPESTICIDESBYFORMUL
69、ATION,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).84TABLE26GLOBALMARKETFORPREDATORSUSEDASBIOPESTICIDES,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).85TABLE27GLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPESOFCROPS,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).85TABLE28GLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORORCHARDS,COMMERCIAL,ANDCASHCROPS,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).87TABLE29GLOBALDEM
70、ANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORGRAZING/DRYLAND,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).88TABLE30GLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORFIELDCROPS,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).90TABLE31GLOBALMARKETFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).91TABLE32GLOBALMARKETSFORBACTERIALBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).92TABLE33
71、COMMERCIALBACTERIALBIOPESTICIDES.93TABLE34GLOBALMARKETFORFUNGALBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).95TABLE35SELECTEDCOMMERCIALFUNGALBIOPESTICIDES.95TABLE36GLOBALMARKETFORVIRALBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).96TABLE37SELECTEDCOMMERCIALVIRALBIOPESTICIDES.97TABLE38GLOBALMARKETFORPREDA
72、TORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).97TABLE39GLOBALMARKETFOROTHERPREDATORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).98TABLE40SELECTEDCOMMERCIALNEMATODESASBIOPESTICIDES.99TABLE41PROJECTIONSFORGLOBALMARKETFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEANDBYTYPEOFCROP,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).99TABLE42GLOBALMARKETFORBI
73、OPESTICIDESBYREGION,THROUGH2014($MILLIONS).100TABLE43EPASSAFETYSIGNALWORDSFORPESTICIDES.105Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xixCHM029CBiopesticides: The Global MarketLISTOFTABLESLISTOFTABLESTABLE44ACTIVEINGREDIENTSEXEMPTEDUNDER25(B)OFTHEFEDERALINSECTICIDE,FUNGICIDEANDRODENTICIDEACT.10
74、6TABLE45U.S.PATENTSACQUIREDBYMAJORPLAYERSINTHEBIOPESTICIDEMARKET*.112Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xxCHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketLISTOFFIGURESLISTOFFIGURESSUMMARYFIGUREPROJECTEDGLOBALPESTICIDEMARKETBYSEGMENT,2008-2014($BILLIONS).5FIGURE1REGIONALMARKETSFORORGANICPRODUCTS
75、,2009(%).24FIGURE2SHAREOFGLOBALSYNTHETICPESTICIDEMARKETBYTYPE,2009(%).31FIGURE3MARKETSHAREOFLEADINGMANUFACTURESOFSYNTHETICPESTICIDES,2008(%).34FIGURE4GLOBALGMCROPMARKET,20082014($MILLIONS).47FIGURE5PATTERNSOFMAJORGMCROPS,2008(%).49FIGURE6GENERALPRODUCTIONPROCEDURE.65FIGURE7SHAREOFGLOBALORGANICCROPCU
76、LTIVATION,2008(%).81FIGURE8REGIONALSHAREOFGLOBALORGANICCULTIVATIONAREA,2008(%).FIGURE9SHARESOFGLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYCROPTYPE,2009(%).86FIGURE10SHARESOFGLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORORCHARDS,COMMERCIAL,ANDCASHCROPS,2009(%).87FIGURE11GLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORGRAZING/DRYLAND,
77、20082014($MILLIONS).89FIGURE12SHARESOFGLOBALDEMANDFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPEFORFIELDCROPS,2009(%).90FIGURE13SHAREOFGLOBALMARKETFORBIOPESTICIDESBYTYPE,2009(%).91FIGURE14REGIONALSHAREOFGLOBALMARKETFORBIOPESTICIDES,2009(%).101Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xxxx1CHM029C Biopesticides: The G
78、lobal MarketCHAPTERONE:CHAPTERONE:INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONREASONSFORDOINGTHESTUDYREASONSFORDOINGTHESTUDYWiththeincreasedenvironmentalawarenessandthepollutionpotentialandhealthhazardsfrommanyconventionalpesticides,thedemandfornature-basedbiopesticideshasbeenrisingsteadilyinallpartsoftheworld.Thebiope
79、sticidesofferseveraladvantages:Biopesticidesaresaferthanconventionalpesticides,whichareoftenhazardouschemicals.Biopesticidesoffermuchmoretargetedactivitytothedesiredpests,whereasconventionalpesticidesoftenaffectabroadspectrumofpestsaswellasbirdsandmammalianspecies.Biopesticidesoftenareeffectiveinver
80、ysmallquantities,therebyofferinglowerexposure.Theydecomposequickly,leavingvirtuallynoharmfulresidueandallowingfieldre-entryalmostimmediatelyafterapplication.BiopesticidescanbeusedinrotationwithconventionalpesticideswhenusedinIntegratedPestManagement(IPM)programs.Suchprogramscanofferhighcropyieldswhi
81、ledramaticallyreducingtheuseofconventionalpesticides.Thepopularityofbiopesticideshasincreasedsubstantiallyinrecentyears,asextensiveandsystematicresearchhasenhancedtheireffectiveness.Anumberofresearchcentersaroundtheworldareundertakingresearchaimedatimprovingtechniquesfortheaugmentationandapplication
82、ofbiopesticides,withtheobjectiveofimprovingthecommercialfeasibilityofproducingandusingbiopesticides.Underthesecircumstances,thereisneedforcurrentandcomprehensivereportsonbiopesticidescoveringaspectsoftechnology,demandtrends,projectopportunities,andinvestmentlevels.Thisstudyexaminestheworldwidecommer
83、cialapplicationsofbiopesticidesandtheirmarketsandgrowthopportunities.Thisstudyalsolooksintotheextentofmarketpenetrationofanumberofbiopesticidesthathavebeenrecentlyintroduced.Thisstudygivesaclear,quantitativepictureofthesupplyanddemandscenarioandhighlightsthetechnologicalandinvestmentopportunitiesint
84、hefield.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xxxxxxx2CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketSTUDYGOALSANDOBJECTIVESSTUDYGOALSANDOBJECTIVESThisreportprovidesthereaderwithadetailedanalysisoftheglobalbiopesticidesindustry.Italsodiscussestechnologicaldevelopments,futuretrends,andemergingoppo
85、rtunities.Thisinformationwillbeusefulforthoseinvolvedinstrategicplanning,marketing,sales,andtechnologicaldevelopment.Themajorobjectivesofthisstudyareasfollows:ToassessthetechnologydevelopmentsToidentifythedrivingfactorsfordemandTomakeavailablethemostcurrentandreliableinformationonthemarketsizeToesti
86、matetheglobalsupplyanddemandscenariobrokendownbyapplicationsandregionsToestimatethegrowthrateindemandToestimatetheprojectedglobalsupplyanddemandscenariooverthenext5yearsandanalyzingitviaapplicationsectorsaswellasproducttypesToidentifythefactorsinfluencingthisindustryandmakeappropriaterecommendations
87、.SCOPEOFREPORTSCOPEOFREPORTThistechnicalmarketreportorganizesinformationfromdiversesourcesintoacohesiveunitthatincludesoverview,industrystructure,technology,andemergingtechnology/patentssections.Informationonthesyntheticpesticidemarket,theadventofgeneticallymodified(GM)seeds,andthebiopesticidemarket
88、isexplored.METHODOLOGIESANDINFORMATIONSOURCESMETHODOLOGIESANDINFORMATIONSOURCESThedataforthisreportwasgatheredfromprimaryandsecondarysources.Sourcesincludeinformationobtainedfromindustryanalysts;manufacturers;tradejournals;industryassociations;theU.S.PatentandTrademarkOffice;companyreportsandpressre
89、leases;productliterature;andgovernmentdocuments.Wherepreciseinformationwasnotavailable,aprojectionwasmadeusingreasonableassumptionsandestimatesbasedonhistoricaldata.Allmarketdataisbasedonmanufacturerssales.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xxxxxxx3CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global Mark
90、etANALYSTCREDENTIALSANALYSTCREDENTIALSPeggyS.LehristheBCCResearchanalystofthisreport.Ms.LehrholdsaBSinJournalismfromtheUniversityofColorado,Boulder,andaMSinCommunicationfromtheUniversityofDenver.Ms.Lehrhasworkedwithinthepublishingindustryforbothfor-profitandnot-for-profitorganizations.Recentreportsf
91、orBCCincludeTrendsinPediatricCare,TrendsinEldercare,TheGlobalCatheterMarket,andSterilizationTechnologies,theU.S.Market.RELATEDBCCREPORTSRELATEDBCCREPORTSFOD011EFoodSafetyTesting:TheU.S.MarketBCCONLINESERVICESBCCONLINESERVICESBCCoffersanonlineinformationretrievalservice.BCCshomepage,,enablesreadersto
92、:ExamineBCCscompletecatalogofMarketResearchReportsandplacedirectordersSubscribetoanyofBCCsmanyindustrynewslettersReadannouncementsofrecentlypublishedreportsandnewlylaunchednewslettersRegisterforBCCswell-knownconferencesRequestadditionalinformationonanyBCCproductTakeadvantageofspecialoffersDISCLAIMER
93、DISCLAIMERTheinformationdevelopedinthisreportisintendedtobeasreliableaspossibleatthetimeofpublicationandofaprofessionalnature.Thisinformationdoesnotconstitutemanagerial,legal,oraccountingadvice;norshoulditserveasacorporatepolicyguide,laboratorymanual,oranendorsementofanyproduct,asmuchoftheinformatio
94、nisspeculativeinnature.Theauthorassumesnoresponsibilityforanylossordamagethatmightresultfromrelianceonthereportedinformationoritsuse.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 4CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketCHAPTERTWO:CHAPTERTWO:SUMMARYSUMMARYSUMMARYSUMMARYTheworldisgrapplingwithanexp
95、andingpopulationanditsneeds,coupledwithlimitedagriculturallandtofeedmorethanestimated6.8billionpeople.Improvementsintechnology,agriculturaltechniques,andpestmanagementhaveallowedfarmerstoexpandcropproductiononthelimitedarablelandavailable.Thetotalarableandpermanentcroplandfortheworldisestimatedatmor
96、ethan1.5billionhectares(ha),withthelargestarableholdingsintheU.S.with179millionha.Asmuchas50%ofthistotal,however,isusedforanimalgrazingratherthantheproductionofcash,field,orspecialtycrops.Toensureproductivecrops,mostfarmershaveturnedtotheuseofsyntheticpesticidestocontrolcrop-destroyingpests.Duringth
97、epast20years,however,moreandmorefarmersarerecognizingtheneedforotheravenuesforpestcontrolthatarenotasdamagingtotheenvironmentandtheland.Thesefarmersareturningtobiopesticidestopreventpestdamageinamoreecologicallyfriendlymannerthatincludesmoretargetedapplications,lowerresidues,andfewerapplications.Man
98、y,particularlygrowersofcorn,cotton,andsoybeans,areusingGMseedswithpestdeterrentsgeneticallyincorporatedintotheseed.Theglobalpesticidemarketwasvaluedin2008atapproximately$40billion.Ofthattotal,nearly30%iscomprisedofherbicidestocontrolweedpopulations.Thissegmentofthemarketisprojectedtoexpandthrough201
99、4forbothsyntheticpesticidesandbiopesticides.Duringthesametimeperiod,syntheticinsecticideuseisprojectedtocontinuetodecline,particularlywiththeincreaseduseofGMseeds.Biopesticidesrepresentastronggrowthareaintheglobalpesticidemarket.Eventhoughin2008biopesticidesrepresentedanestimated3%ofthetotalmarket,t
100、heycontinuetoproducedouble-digitgrowth.Moreresearchanddevelopmentinbiopesticides,increasesintheuseofGMseed,applicationofIPMconcepts,andmarketdemandfororganicallygrowncropsareawillbethekeyfactorsinthedevelopmentoftheuseofbiopesticides.Theprojectedmarketpercentageshouldreachnearly6%by2014.Thefollowing
101、tableincludesherbicides,pesticides,andfungicidesaswellasplant-incorporatedprotectants(PIPs)inthetotalsforsyntheticpesticides.Biopesticidesincludeherbicides,pesticides,andfungicides.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: $Billions5CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketSUMMARYTABLESUMMARYTA
102、BLEPROJECTEDGLOBALPESTICIDEMARKETBYSEGMENT,PROJECTEDGLOBALPESTICIDEMARKETBYSEGMENT,THROUGH2014THROUGH2014($BILLIONS)($BILLIONS)CAGR%CAGR%TypeTypeSyntheticpesticidesBiopesticidesTotal2008200838.81.240.02009200941.21.642.82014201447.83.351.120092014200920143.015.63.6CAGR=compoundannualgrowthrateSource
103、:BCCResearchSUMMARYFIGURESUMMARYFIGUREPROJECTEDGLOBALPESTICIDEMARKETBYSEGMENT,PROJECTEDGLOBALPESTICIDEMARKETBYSEGMENT,2008-20142008-2014($BILLIONS)($BILLIONS)5045403530252015105020082009Syntheticpesticides2014BiopesticidesSource:BCCResearchCopyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xxxx6CHM029C
104、 Biopesticides: The Global MarketCHAPTERTHREE:CHAPTERTHREE:OVERVIEWOVERVIEWWHATAREBIOPESTICIDES?WHATAREBIOPESTICIDES?TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)definesabiopesticideasapesticidederivedfromnaturalmaterialssuchasanimals,plants,bacteria,andcertainminerals.Microorganismssuchasabacterium,virus,f
105、ungus,ormicroscopicnematodewormscanbeusedinagriculturalpracticestocontroloreliminatepeststhatcaninflictdamagetoaplant.Agentsusedasbiopesticidesincludeparasites,predators,fungi,bacteria,andviruses.Eachagenthasaspecificmodeofoperationusedtocontrolpests.Theyareincreasinglyarebeingrecommendedandusedasco
106、mponentsofIPMprogramsintheproductionofhigh-valuespecialtycropssuchasfruit,nut,vegetable,vine,ornamental,andturfcrops.IPMIPMGrowingpublicconcernoverthepotentialhealthhazardsofsyntheticpesticidescombinedwithsteepincreasesincostofcultivationhasledtoexplorationofeco-friendlypestmanagementtacticssuchasIP
107、M.ThegoalofIPMistosuppresspestspeciesbycombiningcultural,biological,andchemicalmeasuresofpestcontrolharmoniouslywiththeleastpossibleemphasisontheuseofsyntheticinsecticides.Inpractice,growersfollowafour-partprocessoutlinedbytheEPAfortheuseofIPMtechniques.First,growersattempttopreventpestproblemsbyusi
108、ngtechniquessuchascroprotationplanting,plantingpest-freerootstock,andselectingpest-resistantvarietiesofcrops.Second,growerssetanactionthresholdorapointatwhichpestpopulationsreachsuchproportionsthatactionmustbetaken.Third,growersidentifytheorganismsthatneedtobecontrolled.Finally,growerschoosetheappro
109、priatemethodofcontrol.Thismayincludepredators,biopesticides,syntheticpesticides,oracombinationofthesetechniques,appropriatelytimedformaximumefficacy.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xxxx7CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketTheuseofIPMtechniquesprogressesonacontinuumwitheachstepcar
110、efullyintegratedtoprovidemaximumefficiencywithminimumenvironmentaldamage.ROLEOFBIOPESTICIDESINIPMAllbiopesticidesareespeciallycompatiblewithIPMstrategiesincropmanagement.Nosinglesolutionisavailableforallpeststhatmaydamageacrop,butwhenusedasacomponentofIPM,biopesticidescangreatlydecreasetheuseofconve
111、ntionalpesticides,whileensuringhighcropyields.IPMisabroadecologicalpestcontrolapproachaimingatthebestmixofallknownpestcontrolmeasurestokeepthepestpopulationbelowtheeconomicthresholdlevel(ETL)ortheirabilitytofinanciallydevastateacrop.Itisapeople-orientedapproachtofarmingratherthanamechanicalapproacht
112、ofarming.IPMisanimportanttooltoboosttheeconomyofthefarmingcommunityandforthesustainableagriculturesystemofcropprotection.ThegoalofIPMistoreapmaximumproductivitywiththeleastpossibleadverseimpactonthetotalenvironment.IPMstartsfromfieldselectionuntiltheharvestofacrop.ThemajorcomponentsofIPMincludethefo
113、llowing:CroprotationCulturalpracticesMechanicalmeasuresBiologicalandchemicalmethodsofinsectpests,diseases,weeds,androdentmanagementPROMOTINGIPMSeveralstepsneedtobeaddressedtopromoteIPMasaviableagriculturalsystem.Thosestepsincludethefollowing:1)PopularizingtheIPMapproachamongfarmingcommunitymembers.2
114、)Organizingregularpestsurveillanceandmonitoringprogramstoassessthepest/diseasesituationandstudytheagro-ecosystemtoadvisetimelyIPMcontrolmeasures.3)Rearingbiologicalcontrolagentsfortheirfielduseandconservingnaturallyoccurringbiologicalcontrolagentsforcontrolofcroppests.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesl
115、ey, MA USA, Web: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx8CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global Market4)Promotingtheuseofbiopesticidesasanalternativetochemicalpesticides.5)TeachingIPMtechniquestoextensionworkersandfarmers.6)Preservingeco-systemsandtheenvironment.7)Releasinglaboratory-reared,bio-controlagentsinthefieldforthecon
116、trolofpests.8)Issuinginsect-pestanddiseasesituationbulletinsforthebenefitoffarmersandotherinterestedparties.IMPLEMENTINGIPMTheactionplantoimplementIPMincludesthethreefollowingstepsperformedatdifferentstagesofplanting.1.BenchmarkSurveyProvideassessmentofknowledge,attitude,andpracticeoffarmers.Identif
117、ymajorpestproblemsresponsibleforlowyields.2.Pre-sowingProvidedeepsummerplowing.Collectanddestroycropresiduesandweeds.Initiateseedtreatments.Plantpestanddiseaseresistant/tolerantvarieties.Implementatimelyandsynchronoussowingoperation.Provideoptimumplantspacing.3.Post-sowingImplementabalanceduseoffert
118、ilizers.Deviseproperwatermanagementtechniques.Performtimelyweedcontrol.Uselightandpheromonetrapsformonitoringofpests.Performregularmonitoringofpestsandtheirnaturalenemies.Conservecropdefenders(parasites,predators,andpathogens).Augmentcropdefendersbyreleaseofeggpupal,larvalparasites,andpredators.Useb
119、iopesticidesagainstcroppests.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xxx9CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketCollectegg-massesandlarvaefordestruction.Observepestsanddefendersratio(2:1)beforetakingcontrolaction.Asalastresort,providejudiciousapplicationofpesticidesbasedonETL.ADVANTAGESOFBI
120、OPESTICIDESADVANTAGESOFBIOPESTICIDESThemainadvantageofbiopesticidesistheirreducedenvironmentaldamageandreducedriskstohumanhealth.Additionally,theycanofferamoretargetedactionagainstspecificpests,therebyreducingriskstootherspeciessuchasbirdsandmammals.Biopesticidesoftenareeffectiveinverysmallquantitie
121、sanddecomposequickly,therebyofferinglowerexposuretonon-targetedspecies.Theyaresometimesusedincombinationorrotationwithsyntheticcontrolstominimizepestresistancetosyntheticpesticides.Thepopularityofbiopesticideshasincreasedsubstantiallyinrecentyears,asextensiveandsystematicresearchhasenhancedtheireffe
122、ctiveness.Also,thetechniquesforthemassproduction,storage,transport,andapplicationofbiopesticideshaveimprovedinrecentyears.Segmentsofthesyntheticpesticidesmarket,particularlyinsecticides,havebeguntodeclineinrecentyears,dueprimarilytothedevelopmentofGMcrops,increasingpestresistancetoherbicidaluse,andt
123、hecontinueddevelopmentofbiopesticides.Whilethesyntheticpesticidemarketisremainingsomewhatstatic,particularlyindevelopedcountries,newtargetmarketsindevelopingcountrieshavehelpedslowthedecline.Additionally,manyofthesamecorporationsthatmanufacturepesticidesalsodevelopGMseeds.Theseseedsincorporatesomebi
124、opesticideelementssuchasBacillusthuringiensis(Bt).Moreresearchanddevelopmentinbiopesticides,increasesintheuseofGMseeds,applicationofIPMconcepts,andmarketdemandfororganicallygrowncropswillbethekeyfactorsinthedevelopmentoftheuseofbiopesticides.Thefollowingtablesummarizestheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof
125、biopesticidesversuschemicalpesticides.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xxxxxxxxx10CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketTABLE1TABLE1BIOLOGICALPESTICIDESVERSUSCHEMICALPESTICIDESBIOLOGICALPESTICIDESVERSUSCHEMICALPESTICIDESADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESCategoryCat
126、egoryToxicityInterruptionofnaturalbalance,ecologicaldisruptionPermanencyofcontrolandeconomicsPestresistancedevelopmentTimeforeffectivenessRangeofactionBiologicalControlBiologicalControlNoneNoneNearlypermanentandeconomicalRareLongerthanchemicalcontrolSpecificornarrowChemicalControlChemicalControlCons
127、iderableCommonTemporarywithrepeatedapplicationsnecessaryCommonSpeedyresultsBroadSource:BCCResearch,adaptedfromU.S.EPAinformationCLASSIFICATIONOFBIOPESTICIDESCLASSIFICATIONOFBIOPESTICIDESTherearecurrentlymorethan245registeredbiopesticideactiveingredientsusedinhundredsofproducts.Biopesticidescanbeclas
128、sifiedintofollowingcategoriesandsub-categories.MICROBIALPESTICIDES:Bacterialpesticides(e.g.,Bt)Fungalpesticides(e.g.,Beauveriaspp.)Viralpesticides(e.g.,nuclearpolyhedrosisvirusesorNPV)ProtozoaPIPs(GENETICALLYMODIFIEDORGANISMORGMOS)Btinsect-resistantcropsTomatodiseaseresistantcropsOTHERSPredators(e.g
129、.,greenlacewings,ladybeetles,minutepiratebugs,syrphidflies)Entomopathogenicnematodes(e.g.,HeterorhabditisSteinernemacarpocapse,Steinernemafeltiae)Parasitoids(e.g.,Trichogramma).Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: bacteriophora,11CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketThefollowingtablepr
130、ovidesaselectedlistingofimportantbiopesticidescurrentlyused.TABLE2TABLE2SELECTEDBIOPESTICIDES/BIOCONTROLAGENTSSELECTEDBIOPESTICIDES/BIOCONTROLAGENTSINCOMMERCIALUSE,2009INCOMMERCIALUSE,2009NamesNamesBtBacillussubtilis(Bs)PseudomonasfluorescenceHeliothisNPVTrichodermaspp.BeauveriabassianaTrichogrammap
131、arasitoidPaecilomycesfumosoroseusApopkastrain97NosemalocustaePseudomonassyringaestrainESC10P.syringae,strainESC-11ConiothyriumminitansstrainCON/M/91-08PutrescentwholeeggsolidsBtCryIIIApotatoPVSTBT02BtCryIAcottonPVCHBK04Potatoleafrollvirus(PLRV)replicaseproteinSource:BCCResearch;EPAMICROBIALBIOPESTIC
132、IDESBtBtisprimarilyapathogenoflepidopterouspests,whicharesomeofthemostdamagingofallpests.TheseincludeAmericanbollwormincottonandstemborersinrice.Wheningestedbypestlarvae,Btreleasestoxinsthatdamagethemid-gutofthepest,eventuallykillingit.Btisthemostcommonlyusedbiopesticideandcanbefoundinhundredsofform
133、ulations.Btisprimarilyusedforfieldcropstocontrolmostoftheeconomicallyimportantinsectpests,includingHeliothissp.(e.g.,cornear-worm,OldWorldbollworm,tobaccobudworm,Americanbollworm)forcorn,citrusfruits,andtobaccocrops;Eariassp.(e.g.,greenpeamoth)forcottoncrops;Spodopterasp.(e.g.,armyworms)forornamenta
134、lplants,vegetables,cotton,rice,peanuts,corn,peas,andgrapecrops;andPlutellasp.(e.g.,diamondbackmoth)forcabbageandothercruciferouscrops.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 12CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketApplicationMethodsSeveralstrainsofBtarecommerciallyavailableforuseasaninsect
135、icidalwettablepowder.TheinsectcontrolgeneofBthasbeenintroducedinseveralcropplantsreportedtohavebecomeresistanttolepidopteronpests(e.g.,butterflies,skippers,andmoths)andcoleopteranpests(e.g.,beetles,weevils,andfireflies).Inseveralcountries,includingIndia,fieldtrialswithcottoncropshavebeenencouraging.
136、BiotechnologyhasmadeitpossibletouseBtproteinsmoreeffectivelytocontrolinsectsthatareharmfultocrops.ThegenecodingforBtisactuallyintroducedintotheplant,enablingittoproducetheproteincontinuouslyandtherebyprotectitselfagainstattacksfrominsectpests.ThisprocessisclassifiedasPIP.BsBsisanantagonisticbacteria
137、lproduct.Itcontrolsmanyplantpathogensandmanybacterialandfungalpathogensthatcausefoliardisease.Bsislargelyusedincotton,vegetables,groundnut,andsoybeancrops.ThebacteriumcolonizesinthedevelopingrootsystemoftheplantandcompeteswithandsuppressesplantdiseasefungalorganismssuchasRhizoctonia,Fusarium,andAspe
138、rgillus.ApplicationMethodsBsisusedinthesoilandasafoliarapplication.Itcontrolsmanysoil-borneplantpathogensandbacterialandfungalpathogenscausingfoliardisease.P.FluorescenceP.fluorescenceisasoilbacteriumthatcandominateandcontrolthegrowthofplantpathogens.P.fluorescencecaneffectivelycontrolmanykindsoffun
139、gus,virus,andbacterialdiseases.ItencouragesplantgrowthbypromotingsubstancessuchasIndole-3-aceticacid(IAA)andantibiotics.Itcontrolsleafdiseasesinallcrops,especiallypaddyriceandpeppers.Itpromotesplantgrowthbysecretingauxins,gibberellins,andcytokinins.P.fluorescenceisusedtocontrolplantpathogenswithcrop
140、ssuchascereals,peas,andbeans;oilseeds(e.g.,groundnut,sunflower,mustard,castor,soybeans)andvegetables(e.g.,bhindiokra,radish,cauliflower,cabbage,beetroot,gourds).Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 13CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketApplicationMethodsP.fluorescenceisusedinthesoilan
141、dasafoliarapplication.Seedmaybetreatedwiththebacteriabeforeplanting.HeliothisNPVHeliothisNPVandNPVs,belongtothegroupbaculoviruses.Theyinfectanumberofimportantplantpests,especiallymothsandbutterflies.NPVcontrolsbollwormcomplexbelongingtoHeliothisarmigera.Itisaspecific-activityviralbiopesticideusedint
142、hecultivationofcotton,chickpea,maize,groundnut,tomato,sorghum,sunflower,andvegetables.NPVshaveanumberofimportantadvantages.Themostimportantistheirspecificityintargetingpests,makingthemharmlesstootherorganisms.TheycanbeusedalongwithotherbiopesticidesorchemicalpesticidesandcanbeeffectivelyusedinIPMpro
143、gramstocomplementtheireffect.ApplicationMethodsHeliothisNPVisappliedviasprayingandmustbeingestedbypeststobeeffective.Trichoderma(TrichodermaViride/Harzianum)Trichodermaisafungalantagonistthatsecretesenzymeslikecellulaseandchitinase,whichreactwithfungalcellwallscausingthemtodissolve.Afterdissolvingth
144、ecellwallofthepathogen,theTrichodermaconsumestheprotoplasmofthecellofthepathogenasasourceoffoodandthenmultipliesitsspores.Trichodermaisabletocontrolmanycropdiseases,includingRootrot,Macrophominaphaseolina,Fusariumwilt,andseedlingdiseases.Trichodermaisappliedtovegetablesandfieldcrops,includingpea,chi
145、ckpea,groundnut,blackgram,soybean,cotton,citrus,sunflower,tea,coffee,guava,banana,potato,tomato,ginger,turmeric,cardamom,blackpepper,brinjal(eggplant),tobacco,sugarcane,sesamum(sesame)greengram(mungbean),cowpea,andsorghum.Trichodermaalsoeffectivelycontrolsredrotinsugarcane.Copyright BCC Research, We
146、llesley, MA USA, Web: 14CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketApplicationMethodsTrichodermaispreparedinliquidformandthenusedasacoatingforseeds.Theseedsarethenplantedwithin24hoursofapplication.BeauveriaBassianaB.bassianaisanaturallyoccurringfungusfoundinsoils,andithasbeeninvestigatedforcontrolofsoi
147、l-borneinsects.Manysoilinsects,however,mayhaveanaturaltolerancetothispathogen,eventhoughthistoleranceisnotexhibitedinmanyfoliarpests.Therefore,commercialdevelopmentofthisfungusforbiologicalcontrolhasprimarilybeentargetedagainstfoliar-feedingpests.B.bassianacausesadiseaseknownasthewhitemuscadinedisea
148、seininsects.Whensporesofthisfunguscomeincontactwiththeskinofsusceptibleinsects,theygerminateandgrowdirectlythroughtheskintotheinnerbodyoftheirhost.Thefungusproliferatesthroughouttheinsectsbody,producingtoxinsanddrainingnutrientsoftheinsect,eventuallykillingit.Unlikebacterialandviralpathogensofinsect
149、s,B.bassianaandotherfungalpathogensinfecttheinsectwithcontactanddonotneedtobeconsumedbytheirhosttocauseinfection.Oncethefungushaskilleditshost,itgrowsbackoutthroughthesofterportionsoftheskin,coveringtheinsectwithalayerofwhitemold.Thisdownymoldproducesmillionsofnewinfectivesporesthatarereleasedtothee
150、nvironment.B.bassianaeffectivelycontrolswhitefly,aphids,thrips,psyllids,weevils,andmealybugs.Itisappliedinorchardcropssuchasfruitsandberries,invegetablecropsandherbsandspices,andwithornamentals,turfs,andforests.ApplicationMethodsThestartandfrequencyofapplicationvarieswiththepestbeingtreatedandtheirs
151、usceptiblelifestages.Applicationtimesareassessedbyinsectmonitoringprograms.Forexample,withlettuceandpotatoesgrowersinitiatetreatmentswhenthresholdsof5aphidsperplantareexceeded.Aftermixingwithwater,B.bassianaproductsshouldbesprayedassoonaspossible,asfungalsporesdieandloseviabilityovernight.Thefoliage
152、shouldbesprayeduntiltheplantsarethoroughlywet.Sprayingthematerialtotheundersidesoftheleaveswillresultinprolongedactivity,assporesareinactivatedbysunlight.Eveningapplicationsmaybedesirable.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 15CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketThefrequencyofapplicat
153、ionsalsodependsonthepestandthecrop.Forexample,whengreenhousepestproblemsarise,applicationsevery5to7daysarerecommended.TherateatwhichB.bassianasporeskilltheirhostisdependentontemperature.Ataconstant72F,aphidsarekilledin3to5days.T.ParasitoidTrichogrammaspp.areminutewaspsthatareexclusivelyeggparasites.
154、Theylayeggsintheeggsofvariouslepidopteronpests.Afterhatching,theTrichogrammalarvaefeedonanddestroythehostegg,therebycheckingthegrowthofpestpopulation.Theybelongtoalargegroupofminuteparasiticwaspsthatattackeggsofmorethan200insectspecies.Trichogrammaspp.ismostsuitableforcontrolofsugarcaneinternodebore
155、r,pinkandsootedbollworms,andsorghumstemborer.Theyarealsousedtocurbvegetableandfruitpests.Trichogrammaspp.islargelyusedinsugarcaneandcottonfieldsandricepaddies.ApplicationMethodsTrichogrammacanbereleasedintotheair,enablingthemtolandonlepidopteranpestsandlaytheireggs.H.BacteriophoraH.bacteriophoraisan
156、entomopathogenicnematodeappliedinthecontrolofdifferentbeetlelarvaeinthesoil(e.g.,Otiorhynchussp.andothers).Itismainlyusedtocontrolrootweevilsandcanbebroadlyappliedinhorticultureandornamentalcrops.ApplicationMethodsFieldapplicationismadeusingconventionalsprayingequipment.Generally,apackcontains50mill
157、ionofinfectiveH.bacteriophoralarvamixedwithinertmaterialsuchasclay.H.bacteriophoraisabletomoveinthesoilsearchingforhosts.Afterpenetrationintothelarvalbodythroughtheskin,pathogenicbacteria(Photorhabdus)isresponsiblefortherapidhostkillingwithin24to72hours.Recommendedapplicationratesarereleaseof50milli
158、onlarvaper2,000m2(approximately50millionlarvaevery11/4miles).ThebestapplicationiswhenCopyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xxxxxxxxxxxxx16CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global Marketyoungpestlarvaispresent.Optimumsoiltemperatureforfullefficacyisapproximately18Cto22C(62Fto72F).BIOPESTICIDEDEVEL
159、OPMENTBIOPESTICIDEDEVELOPMENTBiopesticideshavebeenusedforcenturiesbyallculturestoimproveharvestsandeliminatepests.Thefollowingtableshowsatimelineofsomeoftheimportanteventsinthedevelopmentofbiopesticides.TABLE3TABLE3TIMELINEOFIMPORTANTEVENTSINBIOPESTICIDEDEVELOPMENTTIMELINEOFIMPORTANTEVENTSINBIOPESTI
160、CIDEDEVELOPMENTYearYear183518781879189519011911191519161920s192619301932DevelopmentsDevelopmentsTheItalianscientistAgostinoBassideLodishowedthattheproblemaffectingthesilkwormswasactuallycausedbyafungusthatmultipliedinandonthebodyoftheinsect.Thiswasthefirstmicroorganismtoberecognizedasacontagiousagen
161、tofanimaldisease.ThefunguswaslaternamedB.bassianainhonorofitsdiscoverer.ResearchonthegreenmuscadinefungusMetarhiziumanisopliae(Metsch.)SorokinstartedinRussiatocontrolbeetlelarvaeinsugarbeets(GreatheadandPrior,1990).M.anisopliae,formerlyknownasEntomophthoraanisopliae,isawidelydistributedsoil-inhabiti
162、ngfungus.ThefirstuseofM.anisopliaeasamicrobialagentagainstinsectswasin1879,whenElieMetchnikoffuseditinexperimentalteststocontrolthewheatgrainbeetle,Anisopliaaustriaca.Theideaof“farming”TrichogrammaforcontrolofcaterpillarpestswasdiscussedinameetingoftheLondonEntomologicalandNaturalHistorySociety.Btwa
163、sdiscoveredbyDr.Ishiwatari,aJapanesebacteriologist,insilkwormfarmsasthecausalagentofthesottobacillusdisease.Btwasfirstidentifiedin1911whenitwasdiscoveredthatitkilledthelarvaeofflourmoths.InsecticidalactivityofBtwasdiscoveredbyBerliner(Germany)ExistenceofparasporalinclusionsinBtwasnotedbyBerliner.Rus
164、sianentomologistswererearingandreleasingsmallnumbersofTrichogrammaforcodlingmothcontrol.Btwasusedasaninsecticideforthefirsttime.ApparentlyunawareoftheworkinEurope,StanleyFlanders,anentomologistemployedbytheSaticoyWalnutGrowersAssociationinCalifornia,andHarrySmith,anentomologistattheUniversityofCalif
165、ornia,decidedtoinvestigatethepossibilityofmassrearingandreleasingofTrichogrammaforcontrolofcodlingmoth,whichwasapestofwalnuts.Trichoderma,asaneffectivebiocontrolagentofplantdiseases,wasusedworldwide.Theanti-fungalactivityofTrichodermawasfirstdemonstratedbyWeindling.(continued)Copyright BCC Research,
166、 Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx17CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketTABLE3TABLE3(CONTINUED)(CONTINUED)YearYear1950s1960s196119681970s19711974-7519751976Until19771977and1983Early1980s198319841986DevelopmentsDevelopmentsSpore-basedformulationsofBtwerecommerciallyavailable.Experiments
167、withspore-basedformulationsofBtwerereportedtohaveproducedinconsistentresults.BtwasregisteredasabiopesticideintheU.S.TrichodermaevanesceswasintroducedfromEuropeintoSouthernCaliforniaandMissouriforcontrolofimportedcabbagewormandcabbagelooperoncabbage.ResearchersinCalifornialaunchedamajorefforttostudyb
168、acteriaasbiologicalcontrolagentsandcombinedecologicalstudiesofappliedbacteriawithquantitativeestimatesofdiseasetoindicatetherelationshipofsuccessfulcolonizationofroots(typicallywithPseudomonassp.)tothesuppressionofpathogensanddeleteriousrhizobacteria(Kloepperetal.,1980;SuslowandSchroth,1982;Weller,1
169、988)ItwasdemonstratedthattheprimaryinsecticidalactivityofBtagainstlepidopteraninsectswasduetodeltaendotoxins.Anumberofbiopesticideproductsweredeveloped,buttheycouldnotgeneratemuchdemandinthemarketplace,possiblybecausetheconceptofIPMwasnotfullyutilized.Broadbentetalidentifiedbacteria(particularlyBsst
170、rainA-13)thatwerequiteeffectiveinsuppressingseedandseedlingdiseaseundercontrolledconditions.AdditionalresearchundertakenbyMerrimanetalinAustraliapointedtotheabilityofBacillusSpptosuppressthediseasewhileimprovingvigorandyield.AspeciesfromRussia,Telenomuseuproctidis,wasimportedandreleasedincottoninGeo
171、rgiaH.zeaNPVwasfirstregisteredbyEPAforuseoncottonandtobacco,tocontrolthecottonbollwormandthetobaccobudworm.KommedahlandMewfoundthatBsappliedtocornseedcouldincreaseyields8.9%whilereducingincidenceofstalkrotcausedbyFusariumroseum.TullochfoundthatthegenusMetarhiziumincludesspecies:M.anisopliae(Metsch.)
172、Sorokin,M.flavoviride(GamsandRoszypal)andM.album(Petch)(Deuteromycotina:Hyphomycetes)Only13Btsubspecieshadbeendescribed;allweretoxictolepidopteranlarvaeonly.ItwasdiscoveredthatsubspeciesofBtaretoxictodipteranandcoleopteraninsects.CommercializationofBacillusinChinaandRussiabegan.TheWHOusedBtinWestAfr
173、icatocontroldisease-carryingblackflies.IntheU.S.,variousstrainsofBtwereusedtocontrolsprucebudwormsandgypsymothsinforests,cabbagewormsinbroccoliandcauliflower,loopersorbudwormsincottonandtobacco,andleafrollersinfruits.EPAissuedaRegistrationStandardforH.zeaNPV.FieldtrialsoftransgenicBtcropstookplace.(
174、continued)Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: x1987xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx18CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketTABLE3TABLE3(CONTINUED)(CONTINUED)YearYear1986-19881990s1991199219931993-1996199619971998DevelopmentsDevelopmentsRombachetal.foundthatM.anisopliaeaffectsalargenumberofinsectgroup
175、s,theothertwoM.flavoviride(GamsandRoszypal)andM.album(Petch)haveamorerestrictedhostrangeIna1988studyofTrichodermaapplicationsbytheDepartmentofPathologyandWeedScience,ColoradoStateUniversity,scientistsobservedradishgrowthincreasesof150%to250%.Similarly,inbothsteamedandrawsoilinfestedwiththefungus,per
176、iwinklefloweringwashastenedandthenumberofbloomsonchrysanthemumsandpetuniasmultiplied.Dryweightsoftomato,pepperandcucumberplantsincreasedandtreatedpepperseedsgerminatedtwodaysfasterthanthecontrolplantings.ResearchgroupintheUSDAfoundthatPseudomonascouldbeisolatedthatwereextremelyeffectiverhizosphereco
177、lonizersandthatcouldsuppressimportantdiseasesofcerealssuchasGaeumannomycestriticiandRhizoctoniasolani(Cook,1994;Weller,1988)WellerfoundthatPseudomonaswerebetterrootcolonizersthanmostBacillusspp.andalsoithastheabilitytogrowatlowsoiltemperatures.AnewsurgeofinterestinbiopesticidesasIPMconceptbecamemore
178、popular.Large-scaletrialsofBthavebeenundertakenbyOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)countriessincetheearly1990s.Maclntoshetal.foundthatthebacteriumBtnormallyproducesanumberoftoxinsthatuponingestionbyasusceptibleinsectresultedinarapidcleavageoftheprotoxintoyieldactivetoxin.Areview
179、onhistoryofBtresearchanddevelopmentwasdocumentedbyBeegleandYamamotoTrichogrammatoideabactraewasintroducedfromAustraliaintoCaliforniaandArizonaforcontrolofthepinkbollwormincotton.BeckerandSchwinnfoundthattheenvironmentalsensitivityofPseudomonasspp.doesnotformendosporeslikeBacillusspp.Thisproblemlarge
180、lypreventedcommercializationofsuperiorcolonizingbiocontrolPseudomonas,becausecommercialformulationscouldnotguaranteedeliveryofaviableproducttothefieldorprovideareasonableshelflife.Trichogramma.ostriniaewasimportedfromChinaandreleasedintheU.S.forcontrolofEuropeancornborerinsweetcornSeveralmillionacre
181、sofBtcrops(cotton,corn/maize,potatoes)wereplantedintheU.S.BiosysintroducesGemStarLC,aliquidconcentratedformulationofHZNPVforcontrolofHelicoverpazeaandHeliothisvirescensinU.S.cottoncrops.Btcropshaveincreasedsubstantiallyinseveralregions,includingEuropeancountries,Argentina,SouthAfrica,andAustralia.It
182、wasrealizedthatoveraperiodoftime,theefficiencyofBtcottonwoulddecline,leadingtosilencedgenes,down-regulatedgenesandpost-transcriptionchangesinmRNAduringmid-seasonofcottongrowth.Therefore,itbecamenecessarytohavearationaletoexposetheinsecttotwoormoreactiveagentswithdistinctmodesofaction.Theseproblemswe
183、reovercomebyintroducingthetwogeneBtcotton,pyramidingBtgenewithotherinsecticidalprinciples,orcombiningthehostplantresistanttraits.Starlink,“twogeneBtcotton,”wasreleasedandfieldtestedinAustralia.(continued)Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: xxxxxx19CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global Market
184、TABLE3TABLE3(CONTINUED)(CONTINUED)YearYear2000200420082009DevelopmentsDevelopmentsUSDAcreatedtheregionalIPMcenters,thencalledRegionalPestManagementCenters,asameansofstrengtheningitsconnectionswithagriculturalproduction,researchandextensionprogramsandagriculturalstakeholdersthroughouttheUnitedStates.
185、USDAsCooperativeState,Research,EducationandExtensionServiceprovidedgrantsofapproximately$1.1millionperyearfortheoperationofeachcenter.Starlinkcorniswithdrawnfromthemarketasconsumerfoodproductduetoallergicreactions.HeliothisNPVproductswereyettobefullyregisteredinsoybeans(andothersummerpulses)andwereo
186、nlyavailableunderanAustralianPesticidesandVeterinaryMedicinesAuthority(APVMA)permitContinuedcommercializationofbiopesticideproductsincludesproductsbasedongenomemapping.Newproductsinvolvegeneticadjustmentsthatallowplantstoincreaseownnaturaldefensestoinhibitdiseasedevelopment.Morethan245activeingredie
187、ntswerelistedasbiopesticidesSource:BCCResearchENDUSERSENDUSERSBiopesticidesareusedintwoagriculturalscenarios.Whiletheyareprimarilythoughtofaspestcontrolmethodsfororganicfarming,useofbiopesticidesinIPMprogramsandwithconventionalfarmingpracticesarebecomingmoreprevalent.Organicfarmingmethodsarebeingapp
188、liedtothreemainareas:orchards,fieldcrops,andgrazinglandsforanimals.Orchardsincludefloriculture,vegetables,andfruits.Fieldcropsincludesoybean,corn,wheat,canola,pulses,cotton,rice,tea,coffee,sugarcane,andspices.IPMprogramsincorporatetheapplicationofbothbiopesticidesandconventionalchemicalpesticides.On
189、eofthegoalsofIPMistominimizetheuseofchemicalpesticidesandreduceenvironmentaldamage,whileinhibitingpestresistancetochemicalformulations.THEIDEALPESTICIDEIndustryexpertsestimatethatinsectseatnearlyone-thirdofallfoodproducedbeforeitevenreachesthetable.Thisscenariomakespestcontrolavitalpieceoftheglobals
190、earchforenoughfoodforanexplodingpopulation.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 20CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketItisthoughtthattheidealpesticideshouldeliminateonlythetargetedpestandshouldnothaveadverseeffectsonthenon-targetorganismssuchaspollinators,parasitoids,predators,andanim
191、als.Itshouldalsobebiodegradable,apartfromhavinglowtoxicityforhumansandothermammals.Thispesticideshouldalsoactquicklyandthoroughlyineliminatingpests.This“perfect”pesticidedoesnotexistatthistimeasmostbiopesticides,whiledisplayingselectivityandlowtoxicity,workslowerthansyntheticchemicals.IMPACTONCOSTOF
192、PRODUCTIONResearchersintheUnitedStateshavefoundthatbyfollowingorganicfarmingmethods,productioncostscanbereducedbymorethan25%.Thisisaccomplishedbyeliminatingtheuseofsyntheticfertilizersandpesticides,minimizingsoilerosionbyupto50%,andincreasingcropyieldsuptofive-foldwithin5years.However,thisdependscon
193、siderablyontheefficiencyleveloftheorganicfarmingtechnologyadoptedindifferentregions.Thesefindings,however,aredrivingareduceduseofsyntheticpesticidesandcontributingtothegrowingdemandforbiopesticides.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 21CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketCHAPTERFOUR:
194、CHAPTERFOUR:ORGANICFARMINGANDTHEMARKETFORPRODUCTSORGANICFARMINGANDTHEMARKETFORPRODUCTSOrganicfarmingcanbedefinedasaproductionsystemthatexcludestheuseofsyntheticallycompoundedfertilizers,pesticides,growthregulators,andadditives.Theobjectiveistoproduceaproductofacceptablemarketabilitywhileminimizingde
195、leterioussideeffectsontheenvironment,theproduct,andtheconsumer.Organicfarmingreliesonsuchfactorsascroprotation;incorporationofcropresiduesintothesoil;useofanimalmanures,legumes,andgreenmanurecovercrops;useofoff-farmorganicwastes;mechanicalcultivation;andtheincorporationofgroundmineral-bearingrocksan
196、dotherbeneficialsubstances(e.g.,rockphosphate,gypsum,dolomite,rockpotash,bonemeal,fishmeal).Italsousesbiologicalcontrolstomaintainsoilproductivity,tosupplysoilandplantnutrients,andtocontrolinsects,weeds,andotherpests.Organicmatterinthesoilsupplementsthenutrientrequirementsofthecropsandconvertsthenon
197、-availablenutrientsintoanavailableform.Topromotetheadoptionoftheorganicfarmingtechnology,anumberofprogramshavebeenimplementedbybothgovernmentsandenvironmentaliststhroughouttheworld.GLOBALORGANICFARMINGAREASGLOBALORGANICFARMINGAREASAccordingtotheResearchInstituteofOrganicAgriculture(FiBL)ofFrick,Swit
198、zerland,outofthetotalestimatedhectaresofagriculturalland,theorganicallycultivatedareacomprisesapproximately30.4millionha,upfrom24millionhain2005.Thisrepresentsapproximately11%ofthetotalagriculturalarea.Countriesengagedinorganicfarming,ascompiledbytheInternationalFederationofOrganicAgricultureMovemen
199、ts(IFOAM),areindicatedinthetablebelow.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 22CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketTABLE4TABLE4ORGANICFARMINGAREABYMAJORCOUNTRIES,2005*ORGANICFARMINGAREABYMAJORCOUNTRIES,2005*(HA)(HA)OrganicOrganicCountryCountryAustraliaArgentinaChinaUSAItalyBrazilGermany
200、UruguayUnitedKingdomSpainCanadaFranceMexicoCzechRepublicUkrainePortugalSwedenPolandIndiaFinlandDenmarkPeruHungarySwitzerlandTurkeyParaguaySouthAfricaNewZealandEcuadorUgandaSlovakiaChileOthersTotalAreaArea11,715,7442,339,8702,300,0001,620,3511,067,102842,000807,406759,000724,523665,055578,874560,8383
201、07,692254,982241,980212,728187,000159,709150,790147,587147,482130,246128,574107,00093,13359,50050,00045,00044,66023,67223,49922,9253,899,33930,418,261*Statisticswereobtainedending12/31/2005andreportedinthe2009report.Source:TheWorldofOrganicAgricultureStatisticsandEmergingTrends2009,sponsoredbyBioFac
202、hMorethan50%oftheaboveareaincludesgrazinglandunderdrylandconditionsanduncultivatedwoodlandsandotherwildareasfromwhichwildplantsareCopyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 23CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global Marketharvested.Around11millionhainAustraliaand3millionhainArgentinafallinthiscategory
203、.Thefollowingtable,basedon2005statistics,showsthepercentageofthetotalagriculturallandusedbyvariouscountriesfororganicfarming.Withtheexceptionofafewcountries,theareaundertheorganicfarmingislessthan5%ofthetotalareainmostofthecountriesandislessthan1%inmanycountries,includingtheU.S.Thissuggeststhatgreat
204、potentialgrowthcanbesoughtfororganicfarmingpracticesandbiopesticideuse.TABLE5TABLE5AREASUNDERORGANICCULTIVATIONINPERCENTOFTOTALAREASUNDERORGANICCULTIVATIONINPERCENTOFTOTALAGRICULTURALAREAANDNUMBEROFORGANICFARMSFORAGRICULTURALAREAANDNUMBEROFORGANICFARMSFORSELECTEDREGIONS,2005*SELECTEDREGIONS,2005*Sha
205、reofTotalShareofTotalOrganicLandAreaAgriculturalAreaOrganicLandAreaAgriculturalAreaNumberofNumberofRegionRegionOceaniaEuropeLatinAmericaAsiaNorthAmericaAfricaTotal(HA)12,380,7957,389,0854,915,6433,090,9242,224755417,05930,418,261(%)(%)2.701.620.680.170.570.050.65*OrganicFarmsOrganicFarms7,594203,523
206、223,27797,02012,064175,266718,744*Statisticswereobtainedending12/31/2005andreportedinthe2009report*Constitutes0.65%oftheagriculturallandofthecountriescoveredintheFiBLSurveySource:TheWorldofOrganicAgricultureStatisticsandEmergingTrends2009,sponsoredbyBioFachTHEMARKETFORORGANICALLYCULTIVATEDFOODSTHEMA
207、RKETFORORGANICALLYCULTIVATEDFOODSUntilthemid-2000s,organicallycultivatedcropswereconsideredanicheplayerwithintheglobalfoodmarket.From2005untilnow,themarkethasexpandedrapidly,andeventhoughitisstillasmallpercentageoftheoverallfoodmarket,ithasmovedintothemainstream.Organicproductshavemovedfromthespecia
208、ltystoretomajorfoodretailersaspremiumbrandsandasspecialtystorebrands.PartofthismovementisdrivenbyanawarenessofpersonalhealthissuesandhealthyfoodsinWesterncountries.Inthesecountries,organicallyproducedfoodisoftenhigherinpricethanconventionallycultivatedfood,butthepriceisoftennotacriterioninorganicpro
209、ductpurchases.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 424CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketTheglobalorganicallycultivatedfoodmarketwasestimatedatapproximately$55billionin2009.Asfarmersrecognizethepremiumthatcanbemadefororganicfoodstuffs,moreandmorearespendingthetimeandmoneytoconvertthe
210、iracreagestoorganicmethods.TheU.S.hasthelargestmarketfororganicallyproducedproductsfollowedbyEuropeanandOceaniccountries.AustraliaandNewZealandhavelargeareasavailableaspastureland.Fromsuchlands,thegrassproducedisnotsold,butitisusedtograzeanimals.Therefore,organicallycultivatedgrasshasenormouscommerc
211、ialvalue.Thefollowingfiguredepictsthemarketfororganicproductsbyglobalregion.EventhoughtheU.S.andEuropearethelargestconsumersoforganicproducts,otherareassuchasOceania,Australia,andSouthAmericaaresomeofthelargestproducersoforganicproducts.ThefigurebelowfortheOceanicregiondoesnotincludetheorganicinputs
212、providedtothepasturelandusedforgrazing.FIGURE1FIGURE1REGIONALMARKETSFORORGANICPRODUCTS,2009REGIONALMARKETSFORORGANICPRODUCTS,2009(%)(%)Restoftheworld4%U.S.44%RegionRegionEuropeU.S.LEGENDLEGENDPercentPercent5244Europe52%RestoftheworldTotal100Source:BCCResearch;IFOAMCopyright BCC Research, Wellesley,
213、MA USA, Web: means.25CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketMARKETPROJECTIONSFORORGANICALLYFARMEDPRODUCTSMARKETPROJECTIONSFORORGANICALLYFARMEDPRODUCTSThecurrentgrowthratefororganicallyfarmedproductsaverages14.5%inU.S.,European,andOceaniccountries.Itisexpectedthatorganicfoodsalesgrowthwillbesustaine
214、dforsometimebecauseofdemandfromdevelopedcountriesandexpandingmarketsindevelopingcountries.Thefollowingtableandfiguredepictthesubstantialgrowthofsalesoforganicproductsworldwide.TABLE6TABLE6PROJECTEDWORLDWIDESALESOFORGANICPRODUCTS,PROJECTEDWORLDWIDESALESOFORGANICPRODUCTS,THROUGH2014THROUGH2014($BILLIO
215、NS)($BILLIONS)CAGR%CAGR%2008200855.02009200964.22010201075.02014201494.420092014200920148.0Source:BCCResearch,industrysourcesMAJORMARKETSFORORGANICALLYGROWNFOODTherearefourmajormarketsfororganicallygrownfood,includingtheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnion,Asia,andOceania.UnitedStatesProductionandsalesofor
216、ganicproductsintheUnitedStatescontinuetogrowatahealthy16%CAGRandhavegrowntoanestimated$19billionin2009.TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)implementedtheNationalOrganicProgram(NOP)inOctober2002,whichallowsonlyorganicproductsthatmeetUSDAregulationstobemarketedasorganicproductsintheU.S.Thishas
217、giventheindustryaboostbymakingorganicproductsmorevisibleinthemarketplaceandraisingconsumerawareness.Organicproductsmustmeetnationalstandardstoobtaintheofficialorganiclogo,andthishasstrengthenedconsumerconfidenceinorganicproducts.However,thereareongoingchallengestotheword“organic”andjustwhatthatThech
218、allengesrevolvearoundtheinclusionofsomenon-organicCopyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA US A, Web: 26CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global Marketingredientsandhowtheseshouldbeviewedwithinanorganicproduct.Thedebatewillprobablygetmoreheatedastheorganicmarketbecomesmoreprofitable,andcustomersbegindemanding
219、moreknowledgeaboutwheretheirfoodisgrownandhowitisprocessed.TheNOPhashelpedtocreateamainstreammarketfororganicproducts,andanumberofAmericansupermarketschainsnowofferorganicfoodsandbeverages,eitherthroughestablishedcompaniesorthroughtheirownprivatelabel.Additionally,theOrganicTradeAssociation(OTA)hasl
220、aunchedtheOrganicCenterforEducationandPromotion,anot-for-profitorganizationtopromotetheuseoforganicproductsbycollectinganddisseminatingscientificevidenceaboutorganicagricultureandproductsandconductingeducationalprogramsaboutthebenefitsoftheseproducts.EuropeanUnionEuropeansalesoforganicproductswerene
221、arly$35billionin2009.Themarkethasenjoyedrapidexpansionsincethemid-1990sandisnowreportingslowinggrowthratesascertainsectorsapproachmaturity.Supply-demandimbalanceshavebeenanissueintheEuropeanorganicfoodindustry.Beforetheeconomicturbulenceof2008and2009,anumberofcountriesshowedoversuppliesinsectorslike
222、organicmeatanddairy,whileothersectorslikeorganiccerealsandgrainscontinuedtosufferfromproductshortages.Onereasonforthisimbalanceisthatmanyoftheearlyconvertstoorganicagriculturewasdairyandcattlefarmers,whiletheconversionratebyarablefarmershastypicallybeenlow.Newregulationsbeingimplementedfrom2010throu
223、gh2015regardingtheeliminationofcertainsyntheticpesticidesprovidesanaturalmarketforbiopesticidesasaviablereplacementforsomesyntheticpesticides.Thiscouldexpandtheavailabilityoforganicproductsfortheconsumer;encouragefarmerstoconverttosustainable,organicfarming;and,ofcourse,increasethemarketforbiopestic
224、ides.AsiaTheorganicfoodanddrinkmarketinAsiahasseendouble-digitgrowthofnearly20%perannumduringthepast5years.Industrysourcesexpecthighermarketpenetrationinthenext5years.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 27CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketTheJapanesemarketfororganicfoodanddrinkisth
225、emostimportantintheAsianregion.TheJapaneseAgriculturalStandards(JAS)onlyallowsfoodsthatarecertifiedbyanaccreditedorganizationtobemarketedasorganic.OtherimportantmarketsfororganicproductsareinChina,SouthKorea,Singapore,HongKong,andTaiwan.CountrieslikeMalaysia,Thailand,andIndiaareexpectedtoshowgrowing
226、marketsfororganicproducts,asorganicfarmersstepupproductioninthesecountries.Typically,thesecountrieshavebeenexportersoforganicproducts,buttheyarebeginningtobecomeconsumersoftheseproductstoo.OceaniaOceaniaslargestconsumeroforganicproductsisAustralia.Itisalsoamajorregionalproducerofbeef,dairy,andwoolpr
227、oduction.Nearly50%ofAustraliasarablelandispastureland.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 28CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketCHAPTERFIVE:CHAPTERFIVE:SYNTHETICPESTICIDESSYNTHETICPESTICIDESSyntheticpesticideshavebeenusedforcenturiesbyallculturestocontrolinsects,funguses,andweeds.Man
228、yfarmershavebeendrawntothepromiseofcompleteinsectandweedcontroltoutedbysyntheticpesticides.Intheearlyyearsofuse,thispromisewasmet.Asinsectsandweedsdevelopresistancetothesechemicals,however,newproductsmustbefoundtoprotectcrops.Thatistheopportunityofbiopesticides.HISTORICALPERSPECTIVEONSYNTHETICPESTIC
229、IDESHISTORICALPERSPECTIVEONSYNTHETICPESTICIDESSyntheticpesticideshavebeeninusetheU.S.since1922,whencropdustingoncottonbeganintheMississippiDelta.Usageofinsecticidescanbetracedtoasearlyas1500BC,however,whenEgyptiansproducedinsecticidesagainstlice,fleas,andwasps.In1000BC,theGreekpoetHomerreferredtoape
230、st-avertingsulphur.TheRomanwriterCatoadvisedvineyardfarmerstoburnbitumentoremoveinsectsin200BC.Inthe1600s,antswerecontrolledwithmixturesofhoneyandarsenic.Bythelate19thcentury,U.S.farmerswereusingcopperacetoarsenite(Parisgreen),calciumarsenate,nicotinesulfate,andsulfurtocontrolinsectpestsinfieldcrops
231、.In1939,SwisschemistPaulMullerdiscoveredtheinsecticidalpropertiesofDDT,aninnovationthatlaterearnedhimtheNobelPrize.GermanscientistsexperimentingwithnervegasduringWorldWarIIsynthesizedtheorganophosphorousinsecticideparathion,marketedin1943,andstillwidelyusedtoday.Throughoutthe1950sand1960s,thesetypes
232、ofchemicalsbecamemajorpestcontrolagents.GrowthinpesticideusebeganafterWorldWarIIwiththeintroductionofDDT,BHC,aldrin,dieldrin,andendrin.DDTwasespeciallyfavoredforitsbroad-spectrumactivityagainstagriculturalinsectpestsandmosquitoes,whosepresencecontributedtohumandisease.Withthecontinuedandincreasingus
233、eofsyntheticpesticides,somepestsbecamegeneticallyresistanttopesticides,non-targetplantsandanimalswereharmed,andpesticideresiduesappearedinallareas.Inthe1960s,newconceptstowardpestcontrolemerged.Researchersbegandevelopingadifferentapproachtopestcontrol,popularlyknownasIPM.IPMsaimiskeepingpestsatecono
234、micallyinsignificantlevelsbyusingcropproductionmethodsthatdiscouragepests,encouragingbeneficialpredatorsorparasitesthatattackpests,andcoordinatingtheuseofbiopesticidesoracombinationofbiopesticidesandsyntheticpesticidestocoincidewiththemostsusceptibleperiodofthepestslifecycle.IPMassumesthatcertainlow
235、levelsofpestsaretolerable.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: 6.2529CHM029C Biopesticides: The Global MarketEradicationisnotnecessarilyagoalorevendesirableinsomecases,becausetheeliminationofapestmayalsocausethelossofbeneficialpredatorsorparasitesthatneedthepesttosurvive.Rather,itismoreof
236、tenusedtoimprovetheeffectivenessorreducetheoveralluseofpesticides.IPMrarelyisasubstituteforusingpesticides,particularlyincommercialagricultureprograms.COSTOFPROTECTINGCROPSCOSTOFPROTECTINGCROPSTheaveragecostsofsyntheticpesticidesfordifferentcropsaresummarizedbelow.Thecostmayvaryfrom15%to20%depending
237、uponsoilandclimaticconditions,pestinfestations,irrigationlevels,andothervariables.TABLE7TABLE7U.S.SYNTHETICCROPPROTECTIONCOSTSU.S.SYNTHETICCROPPROTECTIONCOSTS($/ACRE)$/ACRE)CropsCropsVegetablesandfruitsinEuropeandtheU.S.Fieldcrops(soybean,corn,wheat,cottonetc.)Grazing,dryland,etc.(mainlyinAustraliaa
238、ndArgentina)Others(vegetables,fruits,inAsia,LatinAmerica,andOceaniccountries)tea,coffee,sugarcane,etc.CostCost101.2040.1015.45Source:BCCResearch;USDAEconomicResearchService(ERS)Thedataforcropprotectionisimportantasitprovidesabasisforestimatingtherelativeshareofpesticidesandbiopesticidesfortheirend-u
239、seapplications.SYNTHETICPESTICIDEDEMANDSYNTHETICPESTICIDEDEMANDTheriseintheuseofGMseedshasdecreasedthedemandforsyntheticpesticidessomewhat,andithasspurredsomecompaniestodiverttheirenergiestomoreprofitableherbicide-resistantseedsandotherhybridseedtypes.Intheearly2000s,thedemandforsyntheticpesticidesw
240、astrendingdownward,withdecliningusageindevelopednationslargelyduetoenvironmentalconcernsandgrowingpestresistancetocurrentformulations,particularlyglyphosate.Pesticidemanufacturershaverespondedwithaggressiveandexpandedsalestonewmarketareas,particularlyindevelopingareassuchasLatinAmerica,EasternEurope,SouthAmerica,andtheMiddleEast.Thisexpansion,coupledwithincreasingpricestructuresforproducts,willcontributetoanoverall3%CAGRforpesticidesalesthrough2014.Copyright BCC Research, Wellesley, MA USA, Web: Fulltext of this report , contact with: QQ 147800822or Email to : 报告全文、价格请联系QQ：147800822Email：
