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1、Hunan University of Arts and ScienceHUMAN ANATOMY1Uniaxial jointsBiaxial jointsPolyaxial jointsEllipsoid joints (椭圆关节椭圆关节) Saddle joints (鞍状关节鞍状关节)Ball and socket joints(球球-窝关节窝关节)Socket joint (杵臼关节杵臼关节)Plane joints (平面关节平面关节)Hinge joint (屈戊关节屈戊关节) Pivot joint (车轴关节车轴关节 )滑膜关滑膜关节分类节分类Question TimeQue
2、stion: 人体有多少种滑膜关节人体有多少种滑膜关节?Answer: 2ContentThe General Description.The Main Body MuscleshomeworkExerciseChapter 3 Myology 肌学肌学3一些常用一些常用于于肌肉名肌肉名称称的字的字My(o) : 來自希來自希腊腊字字mys (肌肉肌肉) Myology: 肌肌学学Myocardium: 心肌心肌 Myositis: 肌炎肌炎Myocarditis: 心肌炎心肌炎4骨骼肌的特征骨骼肌的特征骨骼肌的功能骨骼肌的功能骨骼肌的形态和分类骨骼肌的形态和分类 骨骼骨的结构骨骼骨的结构骨骼
3、肌的起止骨骼肌的起止 骨骼肌的工作类型骨骼肌的工作类型骨骼肌的命名法骨骼肌的命名法骨骼肌的附属结构骨骼肌的附属结构ContentSection 1 The General Description5The skeletal muscle is a voluntary muscle.Each skeletal muscle is supplied by the abundant blood vessels, lymphatics(淋巴管淋巴管) and nerves. 骨骼肌的特征骨骼肌的特征Contraction to produce motive force and body heat.Abo
4、ut 40% of the body weight is shared by the skeletal muscle.6Muscle contraction to support the body for the maintainance of posture, joint stability.肌肉收縮的能量是來自細胞的三磷酸腺肌肉收縮的能量是來自細胞的三磷酸腺苷苷 (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 骨骼肌的主要功能骨骼肌的主要功能Muscle contraction as the motive force for movement.Muscle contractio
5、n to produce the body heat for maintaining body temperature.7According to their shape, the skeletal muscles are divided into the four kinds:Long muscles 长肌长肌Short muscles 短肌短肌Broad muscles 扁扁(阔阔)肌肌Orbicular muscles 轮匝肌轮匝肌The muscular shape 骨骼肌的形态和分类骨骼肌的形态和分类 8长肌肌腹梭形,两端较细小,多分布四肢。长肌肌腹梭形,两端较细小,多分布四肢。短肌
6、短小,多分布在躯干的深层。短肌短小,多分布在躯干的深层。躯干躯干深层深层扁肌呈板状,多分布于胸、腹壁。扁肌呈板状,多分布于胸、腹壁。轮匝肌呈环形,分布于眼和口周围。轮匝肌呈环形,分布于眼和口周围。The muscular shapes9According to their location, the skeletal muscles are also divided into the four kinds:The muscular type Head muscles 头肌头肌Neck muscles 颈肌颈肌Trunk muscles 躯干肌躯干肌Limb muscles 四肢肌四肢肌The
7、muscular classification10According to the muscular action, the skeletal muscles are also divided into the four kinds:The muscular type The muscular classificationAgonists 原动肌原动肌Antagonist 拮抗肌拮抗肌Synergist 增效肌或中和肌增效肌或中和肌Fixtor 固定肌固定肌任何一个简单的运动必须有主动肌、对抗肌、任何一个简单的运动必须有主动肌、对抗肌、增效肌增效肌或中和或中和肌和固定肌四组肌肉的参与才能完成,
8、并有赖肌和固定肌四组肌肉的参与才能完成,并有赖于神经系统的协调和平衡。于神经系统的协调和平衡。 11The Agonists 原动肌原动肌原动肌原动肌指指直接完成动直接完成动作的肌群。作的肌群。12The Antagonist 拮抗肌拮抗肌拮抗肌拮抗肌与原动肌作用相与原动肌作用相反的肌群。反的肌群。13原动肌原动肌和和拮抗肌拮抗肌的互换的互换原动肌和对抗肌并不是固定不变的,而是随着动作原动肌和对抗肌并不是固定不变的,而是随着动作的改变而变化的。的改变而变化的。 原动肌原动肌拮抗肌拮抗肌拮抗肌拮抗肌原动肌原动肌14The Fixtor 固定肌固定肌固定肌固定肌指固定原动肌定指固定原动肌定点所附着
9、的骨的点所附着的骨的肌肉。肌肉。15The Synergist 增效肌或中和肌增效肌或中和肌中和肌中和肌限制或抵消原动肌发限制或抵消原动肌发挥其它功能的肌肉。挥其它功能的肌肉。当原动肌有多种功能当原动肌有多种功能时,另一些肌肉参加时,另一些肌肉参加工作来抵消原动肌的工作来抵消原动肌的一些功能,使动作更一些功能,使动作更加准确。加准确。16Each muscle consists of the skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and blood or vascular ( (血管的血管的) ) tissue.S
10、triated muscle fibersMuscle membraneMuscle bellyTendon 肌腱肌腱Collagen(胶原胶原) fiberThe structure肌腹主要由横纹肌细胞束构成,色肌腹主要由横纹肌细胞束构成,色红,柔软,有收缩能力。红,柔软,有收缩能力。 骨骼骨的结构骨骼骨的结构17Muscle bellyThe muscular structureTendon18 The structure of the muscle belly (肌腹肌腹)One muscle +Epimysium肌外膜肌外膜A whole muscleA Bundle of muscl
11、e cells+Perimysium肌束膜肌束膜A muscle fiber 肌纤维肌纤维+Endomysium 肌内膜肌内膜19肌外膜与肌内膜、肌束膜的结缔组织彼肌外膜与肌内膜、肌束膜的结缔组织彼此连续,血管和神经沿此进入肌内。此连续,血管和神经沿此进入肌内。The muscle belly view(肌腹肌腹)Epimysium(肌外膜肌外膜)Perimysium(肌束膜肌束膜)Endomysium(肌内膜肌内膜)20 The structure of the tendon (肌腱肌腱)肌腱由肌腱由平行致密的肌平行致密的肌原纤维构成,肌腱两原纤维构成,肌腱两端附着于骨,较坚韧端附着于骨,较
12、坚韧且无收缩功能;长肌且无收缩功能;长肌为腱为腱, 阔肌为腱膜阔肌为腱膜。Patellar tendon 前膑肌腱前膑肌腱21 The structure of the muscle fibers (肌纤维肌纤维)Myofibril (肌原纤维肌原纤维) +核核+横小管横小管+肌质网肌质网+膜膜Myofilaments (肌丝肌丝)A muscle fiber 肌纤维肌纤维Myosin(肌球蛋白肌球蛋白) Actin (肌动蛋白肌动蛋白)Troponin (肌钙蛋白肌钙蛋白)Tropomyosin (原肌球蛋白原肌球蛋白)Thin filaments(细肌丝细肌丝) Thick filamen
13、ts (粗肌丝粗肌丝)22The structure of the muscle fibers (肌纤维肌纤维)23The structure of the muscle fibers (肌纤维肌纤维)24The thick filament (粗肌丝粗肌丝)粗肌丝由粗肌丝由肌球蛋白组成;肌球蛋白组成;肌球蛋白分子呈肌球蛋白分子呈豆芽状,相互集合成束。豆芽状,相互集合成束。25The thin filament (细肌丝细肌丝)球形肌动蛋白球形肌动蛋白Actin :扭成双螺旋形扭成双螺旋形原肌球蛋白原肌球蛋白Tropomyosin :两个多肽链缠绕组成两个多肽链缠绕组成肌钙蛋白肌钙蛋白Trop
14、onin :三个球形的亚单位组成三个球形的亚单位组成细肌丝细肌丝26起点起点又称为动点,为肌在固定骨上的附着点,又称为动点,为肌在固定骨上的附着点,常把接近身体正中线,四肢靠近近端的称附着常把接近身体正中线,四肢靠近近端的称附着点。点。The skeletal muscles are attached to the bones, the fixed attachment is called the origin, the movable one the insertion. The muscular origin and insertion止点止点(动点)(动点) 为肌在移动骨上的附着点。为肌
15、在移动骨上的附着点。起点与止点由于运动多样化,二者在一定条件起点与止点由于运动多样化,二者在一定条件下可置换。下可置换。27The origin and insertion.The originThe insertion28Principal action 主导作用主导作用Antagonistic action 拮抗作用拮抗作用Cooperative action 协同作用协同作用Including the fixation 包括固定作用包括固定作用Musclar actionsGenerally there are three kinds of the skeletal muscle act
16、ions. The muscular action types29The principal action is a muscular movement produced by the agonists原动肌原动肌(Prime mover).The principle and antagonistic actionsThe antagonistic action is a muscular movement produced by the antagonist 拮抗肌拮抗肌opposing the movement of a prime mover.The principal action 主
17、导作用主导作用The antagonistic action 拮抗作用拮抗作用30The cooperative action is a muscular movement produced by the agonists 原动肌原动肌 (Prime mover) and synergist 增效肌增效肌. The cooperative actions 协同作用协同作用The cooperative action for the synergist 增效肌增效肌The cooperative action for the fixtor 固定肌固定肌The cooperative action
18、 is a muscular movement produced by the agonists 原动肌原动肌 (Prime mover) and fixtor 固定肌固定肌. 31Muscle shapeMuscle locationMuscle origin and insertion 肌肉起止肌肉起止Muscle actionMuscle sizeMuscle direction 肌束走行方向肌束走行方向Musclesnamed from The striated muscular nomenclature(命名法命名法) For example:肱二头肌、肱二头肌、 半腱肌、半腱肌、
19、旋前圆肌、旋前圆肌、 胸大肌、腹外斜胸大肌、腹外斜肌、二腹肌、胸锁乳突肌。肌、二腹肌、胸锁乳突肌。32骨骼肌命名的特点骨骼肌命名的特点bi- :二、二、双双 tri-:三、三次、三倍三、三次、三倍quad:四胞胎之一、四四胞胎之一、四人为人为一組、一組、围围成四方形的成四方形的建建筑筑物物quadr(i)-:四、四次、四倍四、四次、四倍 cephal-:头头、颅颅、脑脑biceps = 二二头头肌肌 triceps = 三三头头肌肌 quadriceps = 四四头头肌肌33Fascia 筋膜筋膜Synovial bursa 滑膜囊滑膜囊Synovial sheath of tendon 腱鞘
20、腱鞘Sesamoid bones 籽骨籽骨辅助装置辅助装置肌的辅助装置位于肌的周围肌的辅助装置位于肌的周围, ,有协助肌活动的作用有协助肌活动的作用. . The supplementary structures34The fascia is formed by the loose & dense connective tissue which may be divided into two types:浅筋膜浅筋膜在真皮之下,大多含脂肪组织,具有保护作用和压力缓冲作用。在真皮之下,大多含脂肪组织,具有保护作用和压力缓冲作用。深筋膜深筋膜包裹肌、血管和神经等,包裹肌、血管和神经等,形成肌间隔、
21、形成肌间隔、骨筋膜鞘、骨筋膜鞘、支持带、血管支持带、血管神经鞘等。神经鞘等。对肌腱起支持和约束作用;保护肌免受摩擦,保证各肌或肌对肌腱起支持和约束作用;保护肌免受摩擦,保证各肌或肌群单独活动;改变肌的牵引方向。群单独活动;改变肌的牵引方向。 The fascia (筋膜筋膜)The superficial fascia (浅浅筋膜筋膜)又称皮下筋膜又称皮下筋膜The profund fascia (深深筋膜筋膜)The fascia35The fascia view (筋膜筋膜)The superficial fascia (浅浅筋膜筋膜)The profund fascia (深筋膜深筋膜)
22、臂内侧肌间隔臂内侧肌间隔臂外侧肌间隔臂外侧肌间隔36是套在长肌腱表面的鞘管,存在于活动性较大的部位。是套在长肌腱表面的鞘管,存在于活动性较大的部位。使使腱固定于一定的位置,并减少腱与骨面的摩擦。腱固定于一定的位置,并减少腱与骨面的摩擦。Fibrous layer 纤维层纤维层(Outer layer)Synovial layer滑膜层滑膜层(Inner layer)Parietal layer壁层壁层Visceral layer脏层脏层腱鞘结构腱鞘结构 The Synovial sheath of tendon (腱鞘腱鞘)37The Synovial sheath of tendon vie
23、w (腱鞘腱鞘)腱鞘纤维层腱鞘纤维层腱鞘滑膜层腱鞘滑膜层腱腱骨膜骨膜指骨指骨腱系膜腱系膜38指骨腱鞘示意图指骨腱鞘示意图39手的腱鞘示意图手的腱鞘示意图40The sesamoid bones are developed from some tendons,locating around some joints. The sesamoid bones (籽骨籽骨)The sesamoid boneFunctions:Minimizing the friction.Changing the direction of pulling force.Strengthening the force of
24、 the muscle.41Long muscles 长肌长肌Short muscles 短肌短肌Broad muscles 扁扁(阔阔)肌肌Orbicular muscles 轮匝肌轮匝肌The muscular shape Section 2 复习复习 提问提问 总总结结Question 1: How many muscular shape? 42Myofibril (肌原纤维肌原纤维)+核核+横小管横小管+肌质网肌质网+膜膜Myofilaments (肌丝肌丝)A muscle fiber 肌纤维肌纤维Myosin(肌球蛋白肌球蛋白) Actin (肌动蛋白肌动蛋白)Troponin (
25、肌钙蛋白肌钙蛋白)Tropomyosin (原肌球蛋白原肌球蛋白)Thin filaments(细肌丝细肌丝) Thick filaments (粗肌丝粗肌丝)Question 2: What is the structure of the muscular fibers? 43Requirement: answer every question in English.Exercise Term ExplanationOrigin and insertion (起止起止) ; Synergist and fixator (协同肌与固定肌协同肌与固定肌) ; Tendinous sheath (腱鞘腱鞘); Sesamoid bones (籽骨籽骨) Briefly stating the structure of the skeletal muscle and its shape type. (简述骨骼肌的结构与外形类型简述骨骼肌的结构与外形类型) Briefly stating the body muscles.44谢谢聆听学习愉快45