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1、专题十主十主谓一致与倒装句一致与倒装句主谓一致主谓一致谓谓语语动动词词要要与与主主语语的的人人称称和和数数相相一一致致。通通常常所所说说一一个个句句子子主主谓谓语语一一致致,主主要要指指三三个个基基本本原原则则:语语法法形形式式上上一一致致、意义上一致及就近原则。意义上一致及就近原则。一、主谓一致的基本原则一、主谓一致的基本原则1语法形式上的一致语法形式上的一致主主语为单数数形形式式,谓语动词用用单数数形形式式;主主语为复复数数形式,形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。也用复数形式。The number of errors in your paper was surprising.你你论文中的文中的错
2、误数量之多令人吃惊。数量之多令人吃惊。Jane and Mary look a bit like.简和和玛丽看起来有点相像。看起来有点相像。2意义上一致意义上一致(1)主主语形形式式虽为单数数,但但意意义为复复数数,谓语动词用用复复数。数。The crowd were running for their lives.人人们为生活而奔波。生活而奔波。形形单意意复复的的单词有有:people, police, cattle, militia(国国民民自自卫队)等。等。(2)主主语形形式式为复复数数,而而意意义上上却却是是单数数,谓语动词用用单数。数。The news was very exciti
3、ng.消息令人振消息令人振奋。形形复复意意单的的单词有有:news, works(工工厂厂)和和一一些些以以ics结尾的学科名称如尾的学科名称如physics, politics, economics等。等。3就近原则就近原则就就近近原原则指指谓语动词的的单、复复数数形形式式取取决决于于最最靠靠近近它它的主的主语。Among the boys, one or two are able to jump 1.6 meters.在在这些男孩中,有一两个人能跳些男孩中,有一两个人能跳过1.6米。米。Either you or Jane is to be sent to New Zealand.要么你,
4、要么要么你,要么简将被派往新西将被派往新西兰。二、主谓一致的各种情形二、主谓一致的各种情形(一一)并列结构作主语并列结构作主语1由由and连接的主语连接的主语(1)当当两两个个名名词或或代代词由由and连接接作作主主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。一般用复数。Leech and Bella were here a moment ago.里奇和里奇和贝拉拉刚才才还在在这儿。儿。My brother and I have both seen the film.我兄弟和我都看我兄弟和我都看过这部部电影。影。Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of Chin
5、a.水稻和小麦在中国水稻和小麦在中国这个地区均可种植。个地区均可种植。(2)当当and不不表表示示并并列列意意义,而而连接接两两个个在在意意义上上表表示示同同一一人人、物物或或概概念念或或由由两两个个部部件件配配成成的的物物品品时,谓语动词用用单数。数。The singer and composer is coming to our school.那位歌唱家兼作曲家将来我那位歌唱家兼作曲家将来我们学校。学校。Bread and butter is often served for breakfast in our restaurant.我我们饭店早点店早点经常供常供应奶油面包。奶油面包。Por
6、k and Chinese cabbage is one of my favourite dishes.猪肉炒大白菜是我最猪肉炒大白菜是我最爱吃的菜之一。吃的菜之一。(3)两两个个并并列列名名词由由each, every, many a, no, more than one等等词或短或短语修修饰时,谓语一般用一般用单数。数。Each doctor and each nurse was sent for.所有的医生和所有的医生和护士都被士都被请来了。来了。Many a boy and (many a) girl has made the same mistake.许多男孩和女孩都犯了同多男孩和女
7、孩都犯了同样的的错误。No teacher and no student agrees to have classes on Sunday.教教师和同学都不同意星期天上和同学都不同意星期天上课。2not.but, not only.but also, either.or, neither. nor, or以以上上并并列列连词连接接主主语时,谓语动词的的人人称称和和数数应该和接近它的主和接近它的主语一致。一致。Neither Mary nor her parents were invited to the party.玛丽和她的父母都没有被邀和她的父母都没有被邀请参加晚会。参加晚会。Not on
8、ly his family but also he likes Bonds movies.他和他的家人都喜他和他的家人都喜欢邦德的邦德的电影。影。Either your students or Mr. Wallace knows this.你的学生或你的学生或华莱士先生知道莱士先生知道这事。事。(二二)集合名词作主语集合名词作主语1谓语动词只能用复数的情况谓语动词只能用复数的情况有有些些集集体体名名词如如people, cattle, police等等形形式式上上是是单数数,但意但意义上是复数,上是复数,谓语动词需用复数。需用复数。Traffic police are always very
9、busy, especially at busy streets.交通警察交通警察总是十分忙碌,特是十分忙碌,特别是在繁忙的街道。是在繁忙的街道。2谓语动词的单复数视主语含义而定的情况谓语动词的单复数视主语含义而定的情况集集合合名名词group, class, family, army, enemy等等作作主主语时,若若强强调整整体体,谓语动词用用单数数形形式式;若若强强调个个体体,谓语动词则用复数形式。用复数形式。My family is a large one.我的家是一个大家庭。我的家是一个大家庭。The family are sitting at the breakfast table
10、.(指家庭成指家庭成员)全家人都坐在早餐桌旁。全家人都坐在早餐桌旁。Our group are reading the newspapers.(指指组内成内成员)我我们组的人都在看的人都在看报纸。This group is having a meeting.这个个组正在开会。正在开会。The army is going to remain in this town.军队将将继续驻扎在扎在这个个镇里。里。The army have rescued the travelers.(指部指部队中的官兵中的官兵)官兵官兵们救出了那些游客。救出了那些游客。(三三)不定代词作主语不定代词作主语1谓语动词只用
11、单数的情况谓语动词只用单数的情况不不 定定 代代 词 anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, no one, nobody, nothing, each, the other等等作作主主语时,谓语动词用用单数。数。Is anybody going to tell him the news?会有人去告会有人去告诉他他这个消息个消息吗?There is nobody in the house.这间屋子里没有人。屋子里没有人。Everything is read
12、y.万事俱万事俱备。/一切准一切准备妥当。妥当。Someone wants to see you.有人要有人要见你。你。2谓语动词单、复数均可的情况谓语动词单、复数均可的情况neither of, either of后后接接复复数数名名词时谓语动词用用单复复数数均均可可,用用复复数数较正正式式,若若替替代代不不可可数数名名词时,只只看看作作单数数。neither作作形形容容词时与与单数数名名词连用用,谓语动词用用单数数。none作作主主语时,如如果果指指人人或或可可数数的的物物,谓语动词单复复数数均均可,若指不可数名可,若指不可数名词,谓语用用单数。数。None of them has/hav
13、e arrived yet.他他们一个人也没到。一个人也没到。Neither of them knows/know the answer.他他们俩都不知道答案。都不知道答案。None of this money is mine.这钱不是我的。不是我的。Neither statement was true.两个两个陈述都不真述都不真实。(四四)主语后接说明的修饰语主语后接说明的修饰语主主语后后接接说明明主主语的的修修饰语,如如用用with, along with, together with, as well as, like, rather than, but, except, besides
14、, including, in addition to与与修修饰语连接接,谓语动词不受修不受修饰成分的影响,仍保持同主成分的影响,仍保持同主语一致的关系。一致的关系。The old man, along with his grandson, has to speed up his steps.和和孙子一道走的那位老人不得不加快脚步。子一道走的那位老人不得不加快脚步。Anna, together with his parents, is going to New York.安娜将随她的父母去安娜将随她的父母去纽约。French, as well as English, is taught in
15、our school.我我们学校开英学校开英语课也开法也开法语课。 (五五)表表“时时间间”、“金金钱钱”、“距距离离”、“重重量量”的的复复数数名名词词作主语作主语表表“时间”、“金金钱”、“距距离离”、“重重量量”的的复复数数名名词用用作作主主语时,表示,表示单位数量通常看作整体,位数量通常看作整体,谓语动词用用单数。数。Twenty dollars isnt enough to buy the book.买这本本书20美元不美元不够。Ten miles isnt long.十英里并不十英里并不长。Five times five is twentyfive.5乘以乘以5得得25。One a
16、nd a half apples is lying on the plate.盘子里有一个半苹果。子里有一个半苹果。注意注意如果强调数量,谓语动词可用复数。如果强调数量,谓语动词可用复数。One hundred cents make a dollar.100美分就是一美元。美分就是一美元。More than fifty years have passed since they got married.他们夫妻共同走过了他们夫妻共同走过了50多年。多年。(六六)疑问代词作主语疑问代词作主语疑疑问代代词who, what, which作作主主语时,要要根根据据说话人人所所要表达的意思决定要表达的意
17、思决定谓语动词的的单、复数。、复数。Who lives next door? It is Edward John.谁住在隔壁?是住在隔壁?是约翰翰爱德德华德。德。Who live next door? It is Tom and Jack.谁住在隔壁?住在隔壁?汤姆和杰克。姆和杰克。Which is(are) your book(s)?哪本哪本(些些)是你的是你的书?What produce(s) heat?什么什么产生生热量?量?(七七)含有修饰语的名词作主语含有修饰语的名词作主语1谓语动词单复数依所修饰的中心词而定的情况谓语动词单复数依所修饰的中心词而定的情况“分分数数或或百百分分数数名名
18、词”构构成成的的短短语以以及及由由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, some, a heap of, heaps of, half of名名词”构构成成的的短短语作作主主语时,其其谓语动词要要与与短短语中中of后后面面的的名名词的的数数保保持持一一致致,这是是因因为短短语中中后后面面的的名名词是中心是中心词,而短,而短语中前面的量中前面的量词是修是修饰语。Lots of damage was caused by fire.大量的危害是由火引起的。大量的危害是由火引起的。Three fifths of the workers
19、here are women.在在这儿儿3/5的工人是女性。的工人是女性。A large quantity of people are needed here.这儿需要大量的人。儿需要大量的人。典典例例(2011湖湖南南卷卷,26)Onethird of the country _ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _ black people.Ais; are Bis; is Care; are Dare; is 解解析析:A本本题考考查主主谓一一致致。句句意意:这个个国国家家的的森森林林覆覆盖盖面面积占占国国土土面面积的
20、的三三分分之之一一并并且且大大多多数数市市民民都都是是黑黑人人。“分分数数词名名词”作作主主语时,其其谓语动词的的单复复数数取取决决于于名名词的的形形式式;“the majority of复复数数名名词”作作主主语时,其其谓语动词通常用复数形式。通常用复数形式。2谓语动词用复数的情况谓语动词用复数的情况(large) quantities of修修饰可可数数或或不不可可数数名名词,其其短短语作作主主语时,谓语动词一一般般用用复复数数。a number of修修饰复复数数名名词,谓语动词用用复复数数。large amounts of修修饰不不可可数数名名词,其其短短语作主作主语时,谓语动词通常用
21、复数。通常用复数。Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.这座座桥花了很多花了很多钱。Quantities of food(nuts) were on the table.许多食物多食物(坚果果)在桌上。在桌上。注意注意但但 是是 , “the number of 名名 词词 ”的的 中中 心心 词词 却却 是是number。试比较:。试比较:The number of the key is 805.这个钥匙的号码是这个钥匙的号码是805。A number of questions were asked in the computer c
22、ompany yesterday.昨天该计算机公司问了许多问题。昨天该计算机公司问了许多问题。3谓语动词用单数的情况谓语动词用单数的情况a great deal of, a large amount of修修饰不不可可数数名名词,其其短短语作作主主语时,谓语动词通通常常用用单数数。表表示示数数量量的的one and a half后后接接名名词要要用用复复数数形形式式,但但是是其其短短语作作主主语时,谓语动词用用单数形式。数形式。A large amount of/A great deal of damage was done in a very short time.短短时间内已内已产生了大量
23、的危害。生了大量的危害。One and a half bananas is left on the table.在桌子上有一个半香蕉。在桌子上有一个半香蕉。(八八)the形容词形容词(过去分词过去分词)作主语作主语如如果果主主语为“the形形容容词(或或过去去分分词)”结构构,表表示示人人时谓语通通常常用用复复数数:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded,
24、 the unemployed等等,但但也也有有少少数数过去去分分词与与定定冠冠词连用用时,用用以以指指个个体体,这时则用用单数;表示物数;表示物时,谓语用用单数。数。The young are able to create their own future.年年轻人能人能够创造自己的未来。造自己的未来。The new is sure to replace the old.新事物一定会替代旧事物的。新事物一定会替代旧事物的。The wounded are taken good care of in the hospital.伤员在医院里受到精心在医院里受到精心护理。理。The departed
25、 was a wellknown engineer.这名死者是位很知名的工程名死者是位很知名的工程师。(九九)非谓语动词、从句作主语非谓语动词、从句作主语1非谓语动词作主语非谓语动词作主语单独独的的非非谓语动词作作主主语,谓语动词一一般般用用单数数,用用连接接词连接接多多个个非非谓语动词作作主主语表表达达不不同同概概念念时用用复复数数,表达同一概念表达同一概念时用用单数。数。Persuading him to join us seems really hard.劝他加入我他加入我们似乎很似乎很难。To go to bed early and to rise early is a good ha
26、bit.早睡早起是个好早睡早起是个好习惯。To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.工作和生活是两件不同的事,但它工作和生活是两件不同的事,但它们永永远相伴。相伴。2从句作主语从句作主语由由what引引导的的主主语从从句句作作主主语,谓语动词通通常常用用单数数,但但所所指指的的具具体体内内容容是是复复数数意意义时,谓语动词一一般般用用复复数数形形式。式。What we need is more time.我我们需要的是更多的需要的是更多的时间。What we need are doctor
27、s.我我们需要的是医生。需要的是医生。(十十)There/Here be句型的主谓一致句型的主谓一致由由there或或here引引导的的句句子子,主主语不不止止一一个个词时,谓语通常与通常与邻近的名近的名词或代或代词保持一致。保持一致。There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.桌子上有一桌子上有一盏台灯、两支台灯、两支钢笔和三本笔和三本书。Here are some envelopes and paper for you.这些是些是给你的信封和你的信封和纸。There are fifteen kids and an adult
28、playing in the stadium.体育体育馆内有十五个孩子和一个大人在玩。内有十五个孩子和一个大人在玩。(十一十一)定语从句的主谓一致定语从句的主谓一致1关系代词作主语的一般情况关系代词作主语的一般情况关关系系代代词who, that, which等等在在定定语从从句句中中作作主主语时,其其谓语动词的数的数应与句中先行与句中先行词的数一致。的数一致。Those who want to go to Quebec please sign your names here.想去魁北克的人想去魁北克的人请到到这儿来儿来签名。名。Some of the energy that is used
29、by man comes from the sun.人人类使用的一些能源来自太阳。使用的一些能源来自太阳。2句中有句中有one of结构时结构时(1)在在“one of复复数数名名词who/that/which”引引导的的从从句句结构构中中,关关系系代代词who/that/which的的先先行行词是是靠靠近近它它的的复复数数名名词而不是而不是one,因此,从句中的,因此,从句中的动词应该是复数形式。是复数形式。He is one of the boy students who are always ready to help others.他是他是乐于助人的男生之一。于助人的男生之一。(2)但
30、但是是当当one之之前前有有the only等等修修饰语时,关关系系代代词的的先先行行词是是one,而而不不是是靠靠近近它它的的复复数数名名词,因因此此从从句句的的动词应是是单数形式。数形式。He is the only one of the students who comes from the south.他是唯一来自南方的学生。他是唯一来自南方的学生。倒装句倒装句一、部分倒装与全部倒装一、部分倒装与全部倒装要要用用好好倒倒装装句句,必必须须清清楚楚何何时时用用部部分分倒倒装装,何何时时用用全全部倒装。部倒装。1下列情况中用全部倒装:下列情况中用全部倒装:全全部部倒倒装装是是将将句句子子中
31、中的的谓谓语语动动词词全全部部置置于于主主语语之之前前。常见的结构有:常见的结构有:(1)在在以以副副词词here, there, up, down, out, away, in等等开开头头的句子中。的句子中。Here comes the bus.Out rushed Mr. Smith, with a stick in his hand.(2)当句首状当句首状语为表示地点的介表示地点的介词短短语且主且主语为名名词时。In front of the classroom stands a tall tree.(3)代代词such放在句首,句子的放在句首,句子的谓语动词是是be时。Such wer
32、e the facts.(4)分分词/形形容容词放放在在句句首首,句句子子的的谓语动词是是be,主主语是名是名词时。Seated on the ground are a group of old people.Present at the meeting were some famous professors.2下列情况下用部分倒装:下列情况下用部分倒装:部部分分倒倒装装是是指指将将谓语的的一一部部分分,如如助助动词或或情情态动词置置于于主主语之之前前。如如果果句句中中的的谓语没没有有助助动词或或情情态动词,则需需要要添添加加助助动词do, does或或did,并并将将其其置置于于主主语之之前
33、前。常常见的的结构有:构有:(1)“so形容形容词/副副词”置于句首置于句首时要倒装。要倒装。So moved was he that he couldnt say a word.(2)用用在在以以so, nor, neither开开头的的句句子子,表表示示前前面面所所述述的的情情况况也也适适用用于于另另一一个个人人或或事事物物。so用用于于肯肯定定句句,表表示示“也也一一样”;nor, neither用用于于否否定定句句,表表示示“同同样也也不不”。句句型型是是:So(Nor/Neither)/Neither)be/be/助助动词/情情态动词主主语。He didnt see the film
34、 yesterday. Neither/Nor did I.(3)在在以以never, little, hardly, nowhere, not, seldom等等否否定意定意义的副的副词开开头的句子中,使用部分倒装。的句子中,使用部分倒装。Little does he care about what others think.Never shall I forget it.典典例例 (2011福福建建卷卷,29)Its nice.Never before _ such a special drink!Im glad you like it.AI have had BI hadChave I
35、had Dhad I解解析析:C。本本题考考查倒倒装装与与动词时态。句句意意:太太好好喝喝了了。我我以以前前从从未未喝喝到到这么么特特别的的饮料料!。你你能能喜喜欢我我很很高高兴。否否定定词never置置于于句句首首,句句子子需需用用部部分分倒倒装装,排排除除A,B两两项,又又由由时间状状语before可可知知,句句子子要要用用现在在完成完成时,故,故C项正确。正确。(4)当当only所所修修饰的的副副词、介介词短短语或或状状语从从句句放放在在句句首首时。Only by practicing more will you be able to improve your spoken Englis
36、h.Only then did I realize that I was wrong.(5)not until.位于句首作状位于句首作状语时。Not until I had read your letter did I understand the truth.(6)在在否否定定结构构not only.but also., hardly.when., no sooner.than.中中,把把not only., hardly., no sooner.置置于于句首句首时。Hardly had I got to school when the first bell rang.(7)某某些些含含有有
37、no的的词组,如如in no way, by no means, at no time, on no condition等位于句首等位于句首时。In no way can you leave freely.你决不能随便离开。你决不能随便离开。警示警示若主若主语为人称代人称代词,主,主语和和谓语动词不倒装。不倒装。Here it is.Out he rushed, with a book in his hand.not until.位位于于句句首首作作状状语时,主主句句使使用用部部分分倒倒装装,until部分不倒装。部分不倒装。牢牢记如如果果是是肯肯定定前前面面所所说的的情情况况,前前后后两两句句的的主主语是是同同一一个个人人或或事事物物时,主主谓不不倒倒装装,其其句句型型是是:so主主语be/ /助助动词/ /情情态动词。He is a good teacher.So he is. We all love him.如果如果only后的成分不是状后的成分不是状语,则不倒装。不倒装。Only Lin Tao knows this.Only the teachers are allowed to use the room.链接接in no time(立刻立刻)所在的句子不倒装。所在的句子不倒装。In no time he got home.