专英与结构课程汇报报告Falling-water House2021/9/181 <流水别墅>设计师：弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特（FrankLloydWright）设计时间：1934-1935建造时间：1936-1937 3XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXReading direction1Introduction2Concept3Space4Structure5Material 介绍篇介绍篇The first part2021/9/184 5XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX1.1 Introduction弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特（FrankLloydWright）美国的一位最重要的建筑师，在世界上享有盛誉他设计的许多建筑受到普通的赞扬，是现代建筑中有价值的瑰宝。
赖特的建筑作品充满着天然气息和艺术魅力，其秘诀就在于他对材料的独特见解泛神论的自然观决定了他对材料天然特性的尊重，他不但注意观察自然界浩瀚生物世界的各种奇异生态，而且对材料的内在性能，包括形态，文理，色泽，力学和化学性能等等仔细研究，“每一种材料有自己的语言，每一种材料有自己的事，对于创造性的艺术家来说，每一种材料有它自己的息，有它自己的歌”有机建筑”是现代建筑运动中的一个派别，赖特就是这个流派的代表人物这个流派认为每一种生物所具有的特殊外貌，是它能够生存于世的内在因素决定的同样地每个建筑的形式、它的构成，以及与之有关的各种问题的解决，都要依据各自的内在因素来思考，力求合情合理赖特主张设计每一个建筑，都应该根据各自特有的客观条件，形成一个理念，把这个理念由内到外，贯穿于建筑的每一个局部，使每一个局部都互相关联，成为整体不可分割的组成部分建筑之所以为建筑，其实质在于它的内部空间着眼于内部空间效果来进行设计，“有生于无”，屋顶、墙和门窗等实体都处于从属的地位，应服从所设想的空间效果这就打破了过去着眼于屋顶、墙和门窗等实体进行设计的观念，为建筑学开辟了新的境界 6XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX1.2 IntroductionThe building, constructed in three levels, is built on a rock on a natural waterfall. Its composition is horizontal, although somewhat complex. The vertical axis is defined by the chimney that stands out above the deck. The building grows from within outwards and is spreading according to the needs of its residents. Therefore, it can be amended, as in the organic architecture building is conceived as a living thing and that can change. 建筑分为三层，建于一处天然瀑布的基岩之上它是水平组成的，尽管有些地方显得复杂，但大体的纵轴是由竖立在岩床上的壁炉烟囱所决定的。
出于户主的需要，建筑空间向外延展，因此，这栋建筑就如同一座有机的建筑，正如同所设想的一样，是活的，能有所变化的 7XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX1.3 IntroductionEach floor is marked by wide overhangs that are projected asymmetrically in several directions. In fact terraces are bounded by smooth slabs of concrete. To adopt this solution, Wright was inspired by Japanese architecture. The exterior of the house has an intimate relationship with nature that surrounds it. The architect tried to use natural materials-wood, brick, rock, which achieved a greater integration between the building and the forest that surrounds it.每一层平面都显示为挑出的结构，其投影能呈不对称地分布在各个方位。
事实上梯田形状的立面是由光滑的混凝土板所搭建的；为了采用这种设计，赖特受到了日本{传统}建筑的启发--建筑外部与周围环境有着很紧密的联系；所以建筑师尽量使用自然的材料-木材，砖材，石材，从而实现了建筑与环境的整合 8XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX1.4 IntroductionWhat really worries the architect is the habitability of the interior. The interior space should be comprehensive and free, and therefore tries to avoid at all possible limits. The large living area has a wall of glass that lets you enjoy the view of the waterfall, in addition to receiving its relaxing rumor. 真正困扰着建筑师的是建筑的室内的可居住性--室内空间应该是综合性的与无拘束的，于是为了避免所有不利的因素，这间大型的起居室装有一面玻璃幕墙，可供你观赏瀑布的景致，让你获得闲情逸致 9XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX1.5 IntroductionThe use of large windows eliminated the separation between the rooms and outside. They have, among other functions, to reflect natural light and project it in an indirect way into the interior. The upper terrace provides a more intimate to the house. With this work Wright gets the maximum freedom of expression while maintaining harmony with the environment. With the integration of water, trees, rocks, sky and nature throughout the shelter closes a certain romantic view of the house, but opens a new dimension to the space-time refuge of men.大型窗户的运用消除了室内与室外的间隔，它们的功能是直接或间接地接收自然的光线以照亮室内。
而房屋的梯田型阳台则提供更多的亲切感，正如赖特所做那样，它获得了与环境的最大的协调，随着水流，植物，岩石，天空和整个自然，这座建筑显示出了最为浪漫的景致，正如人类建筑所能达到的最高维度 概念篇概念篇The second part2021/9/1810 11XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX2.1ConceptThe land on which the house is located has plenty of rocks at ground level, which served as the foundation of the building. The area has a slightly bumpy relief, a forest of deciduous trees that remains virtually untouched since only a footpath leading to the house, and Bear Creek, which is the cascade of the house. Terrain of the site were removed rocks that make up the bottom of masonry facades of the building, placed there to create a natural progression from rock to the concrete floor of the parties to highlands. The rest of the facades is cream colored, contrasting with the color green or brown (depending on the season). Another contrasting element of the house are orthogonal forms that have overhangs and walls, imposing well as the house "architecture".（这座建筑所在的地块上存在着许多的岩石， 它们成为了这座建筑的基础，建筑所在区域地形略为崎岖，一座原始落叶林还仍未被开发，直到建设了一条通往别墅的步行小径。
而流经别墅的熊溪，岸边的岩层被移除，做成了房屋立面底部的砌体，同时岩石与混凝土共同建造的高地形成了一个自然的风格，剩余的立面则做成了奶油的颜色，对比着绿色与棕色（随季节而定）其余的对比要素是悬垂正交的墙面，使得这栋建筑让人印象深刻） 12XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX2.1Concept The building bears a relationship with the environment that becomes of respect or adaptation to the environment. Thus, the foundation of the house are the rocks of the place, and some of them forged over the width of the first floor looming next to the fireplace. Much of the house is in overhang at the top of the creek. The engineers at Wright did not trust that this structure would stand and advised Wright to rectify（这栋建筑维持着适应环境的关系，正因如此，这栋建筑的地基是原处的岩石，同时这些岩石还伪装成建筑第一层的四边，在壁炉边若隐若现。
房屋的大部分都悬在溪流的上空，赖特的工程师不相信建筑结构是坚固的，建议他修改方案）. 13XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX2.2ConceptThe pride of this architect allowed him to give up being only a few metal pieces that hold the cantilever, which is still standing after suffering the effects of a tornado.（建筑师的骄傲使得他仅使用一些金属支架支撑来悬臂，即便如此，这些支架在经历龙卷风后仍然坚挺） 14XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX2.3ConceptThe house has two floors, extending horizontally with prominent overhangs and terraces, however there is a core that grows vertically, which is the chimney. Has some windows that extend vertically and passing from one plant to another, thus demonstrating the forging. This vertical focus is the "heart" of the House of Cascade.（建筑拥有如同梯田般水平挑出悬空的两层，其中的核心便是向上笔直延伸的烟囱，其上有着一扇接着一扇的玻璃窗，这些垂直的亮点便是喀斯喀特式建筑的核心） 15XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX2.4Concept On the north side of the house, the opposite of that "flies" over the stream, there are a number of pergolas as an awning that elapse from the outer wall of stone up a slope that rises on the road to entry. This site is known as the "Forest of the house." Two pergolas describes an arc dodging the trunk of two trees. This resource Wright used it to make it clear respect for nature with which the house is designed. The shadows that change the pergolas resemble those of the logs, an effect that causes the shadow of the house is blurring in the trees. On the floor of the terrace of the office of Mr Kaufmann was left two holes to be passed by two trees. They died during the construction of housing and were not carried out such openings.（在建筑的北面，在那些“飞出”空间的背面，有着数个带凉棚的藤架，这些藤架延伸至通向入口的抬起的石砌道路旁的边坡，这里就是著名的“屋畔森林”，两个藤架排成弧形，避开两棵树的枝干。
赖特这样布置的原因是出于对原设计房屋所在自然环境的尊敬的原因；光影的效果使得藤架看起来像是原木一样，同样的效果使得房屋在树丛环境中变得难以区分在梯田的第一层，考夫曼本想留下了两个天窗，以容纳在此的两棵树，但是它们在建筑施工阶段死亡，所以这一设计没有实现） 空间篇空间篇The third part2021/9/1816 17XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX3.1SpaceInside the House of the Cascade we find rooms for their unique distribution, location and finishes.（在建筑中，我们找到了一些特殊分布的空间）Upon entering the house through the main entrance, located on the north face, we access to a small room with function hall located under the stairs leading to the second floor. After that room is entered in the living room, the largest carrier of the house from which you can enjoy a splendid view of the forest surrounding the house. Upon entering, compared to face is what is called the "Music Corner", whose etymology is unknown, to the right is the area with sofas and behind the "Music Corner" is the "stairway of water", so named because low to a small platform that stands beside the stream. To lower it is necessary to open a sliding glass screens. The steps of the “stairway of water "are hanging around in traction wires attached to the first forged.（当从北面的主入口进入这一建筑时，我们到达了一个位于通向二层的楼梯下的多功能厅，在那之后则进入了起居室-作为建筑内最大的空间，你可以在此观赏环绕建筑的森林的美景，接下来来到眼前的则是“音乐角”，虽然词义不明，正确来说则是一块设有沙发的区域，在“音乐角”之后是“水阶梯”，之所以这样命名则是因为“水阶梯”的踏面又缆绳链接，固定在边缘） 18XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX3.2SpaceThe walls of the room, like the rest of the house, are equal to the outside, with parts of stone masonry of the place. The soil is brown stone and the roof has a design that wraps the lamps included in it, designed expressly for this house. As you enter the dining room on your right is the fireplace, surrounded by natural rocks that crop out of the ground. To his left is the "ball of wine," a red circular container fitted with a hinge that allows placing it on the fire to warm the drink contains. （室内的墙面，正如房屋各处一样，是与屋外的墙面相当的；几处由石质砌体构成；地板是棕色的岩石，屋顶被设计成了包含吊灯在内，这座房屋的设计是相当简洁明确的，当你进入餐厅时，在你的右边是一个壁炉，被自然石块包围着裸露在地面上，在你的左边则是“酒球”-一个红色的循环容器，可以允许你置于火上以加温里面的饮品。
19XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX3.3SpaceOn both sides of the room there is a door that leads to a terrace. The side that is in turn an outside staircase that leads to the terrace from the bedroom of the son of the Kaufmann. To the left of the fireplace is the door that leads into the kitchen, a bedroom smaller than the living room with furniture designed by Wright and exclusive to this house, as happens with the rest of furniture in the house. Among the door of the kitchen and the staircase is the dining table, built to the north wall of the living room.在房间的两边各有一扇门通向露台，这个露台也可以由考夫曼之子的房间到达。
壁炉左边是通往厨房的门，和通往一件比起居室小，但是家具皆由赖特设计的睡房，在这两扇门之间是一张饭桌，被贴墙置于起居室的北面） 20XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX3.4SpaceOn the second floor there are two bedrooms, two bathrooms and the office of Mr. Kaufmann, as well as three terraces and stairs that lead to the lookout on the third floor. As access to this plant comes in a small hallway that distributes the units. Kaufmann's son's bedroom is on the corner of the music "on the first floor, which has a small bathroom. To the east of this bedroom is the terrace of the individual child, in which there is an outside staircase that goes down to the first floor. On the area chairs the living room, the bedroom is of marriage, which has a small bathroom and a large terrace which extends cantilever in a southerly direction. （在第二层之上有两间睡房，两间盥洗室和一间考夫曼先生的办公室。
有阶梯通向第三层，考夫曼之子的睡房则是在一层的“音乐角”，在睡房的东边是通向一层的户外楼梯在起居室边是一间婚房，有着一间小型的睡房和一个朝向南边挑出的阳台) 21XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX3.5SpaceIn the western part of the second floor is the office of Mr Kaufmann. In this room there is a bed and a staircase that leads to the lookout on the second floor. The fireplace comes in the bedroom of marriage as in the office. In this last room is the glass window that extends up to run the kitchen. In the west wall of the study there is a door that leads to the terrace of the same, which originally had two trees facing the forged.考夫曼的办公室在第二层的西边，在这间房间里有一张床和一条通往二层瞭望台的阶梯，婚房和办公室皆配备有壁炉。
在最后一个房间里有延伸至厨房的玻璃窗，在书房的西边墙壁上则有一扇通往相同露台的楼梯而这个露台正对着两棵树 结构篇结构篇The fourth part2021/9/1822 23XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.1StructureThe type of structure of the house is aporticado in particular, because there are columns and beams to form porches, and the plates, the horizontal elements that stretch as terraces on the waterfall, were made with concrete. Some walls and other vertical elements that define the spaces of the house, the Like the floor, were lined with native stone from the site. Also you can see some details of the house in steel and wood.（这栋房屋的结构样式是特殊的，因为是由柱和梁来构成门廊和楼面，向外伸出的水平要素如梯田般通向瀑布，这些都是由混凝土建造而成的，有些墙面和其他的垂直元素规划了房屋的结构，比如楼面是由天然的石材建筑的。
当然，你也可以看见建筑的一些金属和木材材质的细节） 24XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.2Structure 25XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.3StructureThe wall materials used for the local stone, building the overall structure for bearing wall structure.(墙体所用材料为当地毛石，建筑整体结构为墙承重结构)T字型的窗框也承受了上层阳台的荷载 26XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.4Structure井字楼板结构 Structure4.基本结构(basicstructure)2.底部加混泥土(Mixed soil)1.加石膏板(plasterboard)3.加沥青防水材料(Asphalt waterproof material)沥青青石膏板石膏板混泥土混泥土 27XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.5Structure井字楼板结构位于边上的混泥土栏杆相当于建筑的一根横梁，完善了楼板的结构井字楼板中的梁混泥土栏杆相当于该结构 28XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.6Structure 楼梯的结构关系The Structure relationship of stairs弯曲扁平的钢管Flat steel tube混泥土板 Concrete slab 29XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.7StructureThe structure increases the height of the hall, and makes the modified space more interesting, and saves the material and reduces the load of the building.(室内的结构增加了大厅的高度，同时使得改空间变得更加丰富有趣，并且节约了材料和降低了建筑的自身荷载) 30XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.8Structure楼板的形式主要有两种第一种是普通的楼板，大概厚度为150mm第二种楼板，为梁式板，厚度达600mm There are two main types of floor. The first kind is ordinary floor slab, probably the thickness is 150mm Second kinds of floor slabs, for the beam type plate, the thickness of 600mm普通板梁式板Floor form 31XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.9Structure•梁式板主要可以分为3层。
•1层为梁下板该板与垂直与它的挡板一起浇筑如下图•Liang Shiban can be divided into 3 main•The 1 layer is the beam slab. The plate and the vertical plate with its baffle. The following chartLiang Shiban 一 32XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.10StructureLiang Shiban 二•第二层为梁的骨架层，为了支撑很大的悬挑，板里面的加了类似于井字的梁如下图所视•The second layer is a beam of the frame layer, in order to support a large suspension, the plate inside the addition of similar to the well word beam. As shown in the following figure 33XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.11StructureLiang Shiban 三•第3层为梁上板，主要是石板。
如下图所示• The third layer is the beam board, which is mainly slate. As shown below 34XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX4.12StructureHierarchical axis mapping分层轴测图 材料篇材料篇The fifth part2021/9/1835 36XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX5.1Material The materials used for the construction of this house were: concrete, stone rugosa, native stone, wood and steel.（建筑结构的用料为：混凝土，人造石材，天然石材，木材和金属） The performance of concrete: concrete and workability is its main performance, concrete compressive and tensile, shear, bending and other stress of the ability in the appropriate water cement ratio can also show very good performance, in general, concrete has good durability.混凝土的性能：混凝土的和易性是它的最主要的性能，混凝土抗压抗拉、抗剪、抗弯等应力的能力在合适的水灰比下也能表现出很好的性能，在一般情况下，混凝土具有良好的耐久性。
37XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX5.2MaterialThe Falling-water House’s wall is used by the local Brown rubble stone walls, stone length uneven thickness. A few walls in the architectural image is vertical elements of the few stone itself seemingly messy, but orderly, give a person a kind of rough and delicate impression.（流水别墅的墙体是用当地灰褐色片石砌筑的毛石墙，石片长短厚薄不一几道石墙在整个建筑形象中是为数不多的竖向元素，石墙本身看似凌乱，实则有序,给人一种粗犷又精致的印象） 38XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX5.3MaterialEach villa in some places surrounded by stone walls, in some places is a large glass, some places such as closed cave, some places open bright, this house seems to grow up from the rocks, rooted in this.（别墅各层有的地方围以石墙，有的地方是大玻璃，有的地方封闭如石洞，有的地方开敞轩亮，这房子好像从山石间生长起来、植根于此的） THE END2021/9/1839 。