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1、形容词形容词一一. .定义定义: :用来修饰用来修饰名词或代词名词或代词, , 表示人表示人或事物的性质或事物的性质, ,特征或特征或状态状态. .一般分为下面一般分为下面两两类类: :外观外观:long, strong, big, round, fat, beautiful, old等等性质性质: :good, clean, new, fresh, soft, excellent等等颜色颜色: :red, black, green, blue, white等等性格性格: :kind, cruel, honest, foolish, lazy, rude等等状况状况: :careful, bl
2、ind, deaf, cheap, hungry等等评论评论: :great, true, necessary, difficult ,wrong等等性性质质形形容容词词关关系系形形容容词词.地域地域:Chinese, American, Asian, Pacific等等.质料质料:wooden, golden, plastic, metallic(金属的金属的, , 含金属的含金属的) )等等.科技科技:electric, chemical, atomic, medical等等.意识意识:communist, social, political, religious等等.行业行业:indus
3、trial, agricultural, economic, military等等二二. 形容词的构成形容词的构成:1).由后缀构成的形容词由后缀构成的形容词.后缀后缀例词例词-ernnorthern, southern, western, eastern, modern-ishfoolish, feverish兴奋的兴奋的 ,British, Swedish, Irish-iousserious, curious, obvious, anxious, religious-ablecomfortable, reasonable, valuable,-anAmerican, Australian
4、, Russian, Italian-antpleasant, constant, important, distant-aryrevolutionary, necessary, ordinary-fulcareful, beautiful, wonderful, useful, harmful-lesscareless, wireless, useless, harmless, airless. fearless-lyfriendly, lonely, likely, lovely, orderly, daily, lively, deadly-somehandsome, troubleso
5、me, tiresome, quarrelsome-ousfamous, dangerous, nervous, continuous-yhealthy, noisy, rainy, dirty, funny, sunny, hungry2).2).复合形容词的构成复合形容词的构成: :构成方法构成方法形容词形容词+名词名词-ed 例词例词kind-hearted; middle-aged; short-sighted; cold-blooded.形容词形容词+形容形容词词red-hot 炽热的炽热的; dark-blue形容词形容词+现在现在分词分词ordinary-looking; swe
6、et-smelling形容词形容词+过去过去分词分词ready-made现成的现成的;clean-washed副词副词+分词分词hard-working; bravely-fighting; well-known; 名词名词+形容形容词词world-famous; snow-white; life-long名词名词+现在现在分词分词peace-loving; man-eating 名词名词+过去过去分词分词man-made; snow-covered数词数词+名词名词-edthree-legged; four-storeyed数词数词+名词名词+形容词形容词five-year-old; 500
7、-metre-long数词数词+名词名词词干词干ten-year; two -man 三三. . 形容词形容词在句子中的作用在句子中的作用形容词在句子中可形容词在句子中可定语、表语、同位语、宾语补足定语、表语、同位语、宾语补足语、状语语、状语等。等。E. g.1). She is a brave girl and she can do anything. 2). Mount Tai, the famous in our country, has been visited by millions of travellers every year. 3). Who let the door ope
8、n? 4). I went to bed hungry. 5). You should keep the classroom clean.定语定语同位语同位语宾补宾补状语状语宾补宾补四四. .形容词的位置形容词的位置. .1).1).形容词用作定语形容词用作定语通常放在被修饰的名词通常放在被修饰的名词之前之前; ; 但修饰由不定代词但修饰由不定代词one, no, any, some, every构成的复合代词构成的复合代词: :如如anything, something时时, , 要放其之后要放其之后. .2).2).在些形容词在些形容词只能作表语只能作表语, ,我们也把这些形我们也把这些形
9、容词称之为容词称之为 “表语形容词表语形容词”. . well, ill, able, unable, worth, sorry, sure, glad, fond, afraid, alone, asleep, awake, alive, alike, ashamed 等等. . 3). 有些形容词只能作定语有些形容词只能作定语wooden, woolen, medical, real, elder, little , daily, weakly, former, latter, very, only, exact等等4). 多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序如果两个以
10、上的形容词修饰一个名词时如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 与被修与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词; 如果几如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多个形容词的密切程度差不多, 则音节少的形容词则音节少的形容词在前在前, 音节多的在后音节多的在后.常用顺序为常用顺序为: :限定词限定词- -外观外观- -形状形状- -年龄年龄- -颜色颜色- -国家国家- -材料材料. . The little white wooden house smells as if it hasnt been lived in for years. .县县 （限）定词（限）定词: :（
11、冠词、指示代词、不定代词、（冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词，序数词、基数词）物主代词，序数词、基数词） 官官（观）外观和描绘性（观）外观和描绘性：多为表主观看法的形容词：多为表主观看法的形容词行行（形形）（大小、长短）（大小、长短 、形状、高低、方圆等）、形状、高低、方圆等）令令（龄龄）指年龄、新、旧等）指年龄、新、旧等宴宴（颜颜）指颜色的词）指颜色的词国国（国国）指国籍的词）指国籍的词才才（材材）指材料、种类的词）指材料、种类的词 . .The first beautiful large long new red Chinese concrete bridge .请译：一个漂亮的崭新中国
12、式陶瓷大花瓶。请译：一个漂亮的崭新中国式陶瓷大花瓶。a nice big new Chinese china vase .3). 以以-ly结尾的形容词结尾的形容词lovely; friendly; lively; early; silly; ugly; deadly; daily; motherly; homely(朴实的朴实的,丑的丑的); timely(及时的及时的,适时的适时的)五五. . 形容词的比较级和形容词的比较级和最高级的构成最高级的构成 : : 有规有规则和不规则两种形式则和不规则两种形式. .1.1.规则形容词的比较级和最高级（规则形容词的比较级和最高级（4 4种种）、直接
13、加、直接加-er，-est : young clever brave younger cleverer braver youngest cleverest bravest、辅音字母、辅音字母 + y 结尾的变结尾的变 y 为为 i 再加再加 -er、-est : happy early heavy happier earlier heavier happiest earliest heaviest、以一个辅音字母、以一个辅音字母(w、y、r 除外除外)结尾的重读闭结尾的重读闭音节词，先双写这一辅音字母再加音节词，先双写这一辅音字母再加-er、-est fat thin hot slow fat
14、ter thinner hotter slower fattest thinnest hottest slowest 、多音节词和派生的双音节词前加、多音节词和派生的双音节词前加 more、most beautiful expensive more beautiful more expensivemost beautiful most expensive 反向比较加反向比较加 less、least less expensive 1) good wellbetterbest2) bad illworseworst3) many muchmoremost4) littlelessleast2.2.
15、不规则的形容词、副词的级要特殊记。不规则的形容词、副词的级要特殊记。1）双方比较，）双方比较， 表示一方超过另一方时，表示一方超过另一方时， 用用“比较级比较级than ” 的结构的结构 如如This picture is more beautiful than that one .2）表示一方不及另一方时，）表示一方不及另一方时，用用“ less + 原级原级 than”结构结构 This room is less beautiful than that one. 3)表示一方在程度或数量上超过另一方时，表示一方在程度或数量上超过另一方时，可可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，在比较级前加表示程度
16、的状语， 如如 even , a lot , a bit , a little, still, much , far , yet ,by far等修饰。等修饰。如如 : He works even harder than before.3. 比较级的用法比较级的用法注意：注意： by far 通常用于强调最高级。通常用于强调最高级。 用于比用于比较级一般放在比较级的后面，若放在前面，应在二较级一般放在比较级的后面，若放在前面，应在二者中间加者中间加 the . 如如 ：He is taller by far than his brother . He is by far the taller
17、of the two brothers .4) 表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用用“ the + 比较级（主语谓语）比较级（主语谓语）the +比较级比较级（主语谓语）（主语谓语）” 结构结构 （越（越.越越） The harder he works , the happier he feels .5) 不与其他事物不与其他事物 相比，表示本身程度的改变时相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用用“比较级比较级 and + 比较级比较级”结构。结构。 The girl becomes more and more beautiful . The weather is ge
18、tting colder and colder .6） 某些以某些以ior 结尾的形容词进行比较时，结尾的形容词进行比较时，用用to 代替代替than .这些词有这些词有inferior (劣等劣等的的 ，次的），次的） ，superior上级的，较高的上级的，较高的 , junior(资历较浅的）资历较浅的）, senior 。 如：如： He is superior to Mr Zhang in chemistry.7) 倍数表达法倍数表达法 1.A is + 倍数倍数 +the size ( height / length /width /depth ) of B 2.A is + 倍数
19、倍数 as as B 3.A is + 倍数倍数 比较级比较级 than B注意：注意： times 表三倍以上表三倍以上 , 两倍用两倍用 twice / double1）三者或三者以上相比，）三者或三者以上相比， 表示最高程度时，表示最高程度时，用用“the + 最高级最高级” 的结构表示。的结构表示。 这种句式一这种句式一般般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如如 ：ZhangHua is the tallest of the three . He works (the ) hardest in his class .4 最高级的用法最高级的用法2) 表示表示“最高
20、程度最高程度” 的形容词，如的形容词，如 excellent , extreme, perfect等没有最高级，等没有最高级， 也没有比也没有比较级较级 。3）形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的的词往往省略。如：代词时，被修饰的的词往往省略。如： He is the tallest in his class .六六. .比较级的基本句型比较级的基本句型原级原级as+adj.+asnot so/as+adj. +asI am as tall as you.She is not so/as tall as I.比较比较级级比较级比较级+
21、thanWhich+v.+比较比较级级,A or B?比较级比较级 and 比较比较级级The +比较级比较级, the +比较级比较级Her hair is longer than yoursWhich is better,the red one or the blue one?It gets warmer and warmer.The harder you work, the greater progress youll make最高级最高级The +最高级最高级+ of/ in否定词否定词+比较级比较级He is the tallest of the three.Nobody is ta
22、ller than him.七七. 修饰比较级的修饰语常见的有修饰比较级的修饰语常见的有rather, much, still, even, far, any, a lot, a little, a great deal, by far, a bit, three times等等.E.g.1).The students study even harder than before.2). A car runs a great deal faster than a bike.八八. 修饰最高级的有修饰最高级的有:by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not re
23、ally, not quite和和 序数词序数词. E.g. 1). The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River.2). Id like to buy the second most expensive camera.九九. 几组常用形容词的辩析几组常用形容词的辩析.1). alive, live, living, lively living 与与alive均表示均表示 “活的活的”, 但但alive是表语形容词是表语形容词, 只作表语、后置定语只作表语、后置定语或宾语补足语，用来说明生死之间
24、的界限或宾语补足语，用来说明生死之间的界限; living更强调说明更强调说明 “尚在人间尚在人间; 健在，本健在，本来以为已经死了，事实上还活着来以为已经死了，事实上还活着”. live用作定语用作定语, 放在名词之前放在名词之前,表示表示 “活的活的(动物动物); 有生命的有生命的”, 不修饰人不修饰人. lively表示表示 “生动的生动的; 活泼的活泼的; 充满生气充满生气的的”, 用作定语或表语用作定语或表语, 既可指人也可指物既可指人也可指物.My first teacher is still_.The child was found _by the roadside.Have y
25、ou seen a _whale?.He had a strange way of making his classes _and interesting. I feel everything here is very_.He is regarded as one of the best _writers at present.livingalivelivelively livelyliving2). ill , sick作作 “生病的生病的” 讲时讲时, 二者均可二者均可, 但但ill不不可作定语可作定语; ill作作 “坏名声的坏名声的;糟糕的糟糕的” 讲讲时时, 可作定语可作定语, 如如
26、ill effect(恶果恶果), ill name(坏名声坏名声). Sick 还可表示还可表示 “恶心恶心的的”3). older, elderolder可指人或物可指人或物 “年长的年长的; 较旧的较旧的”, 可以与比较级连用可以与比较级连用; elder只用于家庭成只用于家庭成员之间的长幼关系员之间的长幼关系, 不与比较级连用不与比较级连用.4).farther, further指距离上指距离上 “较远较远”时时, 二者均可二者均可; 指指比喻义上的比喻义上的 “进一步进一步”时时, 只用只用further.5). high, tall tall 指外形高而细长的人指外形高而细长的人,
27、树树, 柱子柱子,烟囱等烟囱等. high指外形庞大而高的山指外形庞大而高的山, 建筑物等建筑物等.6).likely, probable, possiblelikely意为意为 “很可能的很可能的”; probable一般指有一般指有 “较大的可能较大的可能”; possible 仅指仅指 “有可能有可能”, 不管可能性大小不管可能性大小. likely之后常跟不定式之后常跟不定式, 也可也可接从句接从句, 而而probable 之后通常接从句之后通常接从句, 不跟不不跟不定式定式.possible作表语时作表语时, 主语用主语用it 或或something, 一般不用人作主语一般不用人作主
28、语.E.g. .His election is possible, but not probable.She is likely to succeed.It is possible that I might be of some use in that part of the work.7).lost, missing, gone lost用于修饰物时意为用于修饰物时意为 “丢失了的丢失了的”, a lost pen, ones lost youth; 用于修饰人时意为用于修饰人时意为 “迷途的迷途的”, a lost child.missing有有 “失踪的失踪的, 行踪不明的行踪不明的”之
29、意之意, 因因此此, “小孩失踪小孩失踪”应用应用missing. 修饰物时修饰物时, 意为意为 “缺少的缺少的, 不在的不在的”, There is a page missing from this book.gone意为意为 “离开的离开的”, 也可作也可作 “丧失的丧失的, 用用光的光的”解解. His hair was nearly all gone All his money is gone.8).calm, quiet , silent, stillcalm 指天气指天气, 海洋等时表示一种无风无浪的海洋等时表示一种无风无浪的 “平静平静”; 指人时指人时, 表示镇静平和的心情表示
30、镇静平和的心情.如如:He remained calm when he saw the man who killed his father. After the storm the sea was calm again.quiet 指没有动静指没有动静, 没有噪音没有噪音, 尤指没有骚动的安宁状态尤指没有骚动的安宁状态.如如.Everything was quiet.silent用于事物时用于事物时, 侧重没有声响侧重没有声响; 用于指人时用于指人时,强调少强调少言寡语言寡语. 如如.Thats a silent film. Why do you keep silent?still 侧重于侧重
31、于 “不动不动, 静止静止”时时, 与与calm, quiet, silent 不能替换不能替换.侧重于侧重于 “无声无声” 时可与时可与quiet 替换替换. After separating from his girlfriend, he stood still ,seeing her go farther and farther.9). Pleased, pleasantpleased指人对外物感到指人对外物感到 “高兴高兴, 满意满意, 喜欢喜欢”be pleased+不定式或从句不定式或从句; be pleased with/ at / aboutpleasant意为意为 “令人愉快
32、的令人愉快的,舒畅的舒畅的, 非常好非常好的的, 讨人喜欢的讨人喜欢的.”E.g. Were pleased about / at your success. They spent a very pleasant afternoon in the hills.1.This kind of car sells _ (good, well).2. He jumps _ (high, highly).3. They thought _ (high, highly) of her.4. We were _ (deep, deeply) moved by his story.5.This soup ta
33、stes _ (good, well).wellhighhighlydeeply6.The story sounds _ (interesting, interestingly).7.She looked _ (angry, angrily).8. She looked _ (angry, angrily) at the robbers.goodinterestingangryangrily10.the coldest 11.less,more 13.good 15.interested 16.exciting,excited17.surprised 18.moving,moved1.the
34、longest 2.the thinnest3.the most beautiful4.the largest 5.the most expensive6.the best 7.the nearest8.the most interesting9.the hottest coldhard/difficultfreebrightdear/expensivethindifferentdirtyfastharmlessdeadgoodsadwellfirstcarelessworseemptylownearlight1.something strange2.shorter and shorter4.a five-meter-deep ditch5.our busiest6.one of the most beautiful parks in Beijing. 7.big fat black dogs8.an interesting old French oil painting9.on the same day as Lileis10.among the three sisters
