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1、GilbertHighet Diogenes and AlexanderBackgroundAlexanderDiogenesDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4Diogenes (412 324 BC): Greek cynic philosopherlived in a tubnicknamed “the dog”emphasized self-sufficiency and need for natural, uninhibited behavior, regardless of social conventions. born in Sinope captured
2、by pirates and sold as a slave to a Corinthian, who appointed him tutor to his two sons. BackgroundThe first philosopher to outline these themes was Antisthenes (安提西尼), a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BC. He was followed by Diogenes of Sinope.Diogenes took Cynicism to its logical extreme
3、s and was followed by Crates of Thebes (克拉特斯).It disappeared in the late 5th centuryalthough some have claimed that early Christianity adopted many of its ascetic and rhetorical ideas.苦行僧和夸张的想法BackgroundBackground AlexanderMacedonian King: son of Philip IIThe Thinker: student of AristotleThe Conquer
4、or: Greece, Asia, EgyptBackgroundAlexander the Greats Empire AlexanderSocrates (?470 399BC): A Greek philosopher His ideas are known from Platos writings. He is known for encouraging people to think carefully about ideas before accepted them and for developing a method of examining ides according to
5、 system of questions and answers in order to find out truth. This is known as the Socratic method or dialectics. 辩证法BackgroundPlato (429 347 BC): Athenian philosopher, a disciple of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle. He founded the Academy in Athens, one of the worlds first centers for advanced
6、scientific study. His philosophical writings are presented in the form of dialogues, with Socrates as the principle speaker. Platos political theories appear in the Republic,理想国 in which he explored the nature and structure of a just society. BackgroundAristotle (385 323 BC): Greek philosopher and s
7、cientist. He is a student of Plato and a tutor of Alexander the Great. He is one of the most influential thinkers in the history of Western thought. His surviving works covers a vast range of subjects, including logic, language, ethics, politics and natural science, ect.Socrates Plato Aristotle Alex
8、ander the GreatBackgroundHercules:海格力斯大力神 Greek and Roman MythologyThe son of Zeus and Alcmence, a hero of superman strength and courage performed twelve immense tasks imposed on hime. g. Augean stable（奥吉亚斯牛舍）: The expression “to clean the Augean Stables” is used in literature to describe a very dif
9、ficult unpleasant job.BackgroundAchilles: 阿基里斯：出生后被其母倒提着在冥河水中浸过，除未浸到水的脚踵外，浑身刀枪不入Achilles heel: a weakness or vulnerable point. 唯一致命的弱点BackgroundThe Trojan War: A war was fought between the Greeks and Trojans.Cause：the Trojan Prince Paris had carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, a Greek king. The war
10、 was won by a trick 。Greek soldiers hid inside a wooden model of a horse.The Trojans took it into Troy.Homer describes the Trojan War in his book the Iliad.BackgroundWarming upQuestions/Activities1.What does the author tell us about Diogenes? Who was he? What was his philosophy? What did he think wa
11、s the problem with people? How did he intend to help them? What were the key values he promoted? How, in his opinion, could we find true happiness?2.What does the author tell us about Alexander? What did this king have in common with Diogenes, the beggar? Why was Alexander considered a man of destin
12、y?3.How would you contrast the two characters? What did Diogenes really mean when he said that Alexander was blocking the sunlight?DetailedAnalysisStructure Text AnalysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4Text AnalysisStructure1Paras.1-10Diogenes(life,philosophy,mission,waysofteaching)2Par
13、as.11-13Alexander(aphilosopherkingwithaninquiring,noblemind)3Paras.14-17theirdramaticencounter1. done his business like a dog.he had emptied his bowels or passed water like a dog at the roadside.do ones business: euphemismold people: senior citizens;Text AnalysisDetailed Analysis 2. Sometimes they t
14、hrew bits of food, and got scant thanks; sometimes a mischievous pebble, and got a shower of stones and abuse. (para. 1)Paraphrase:Sometimes people would throw bits of food to him, but he hardly thanked them at all. Sometimes they would throw a pebble at him for fun, but get a shower of stones and a
15、 stream of abuse in return. a mischievous pebble: transferred epithet 英语移就格Text AnalysisDetailed Analysis 2. Sometimes they threw bits of food, and got scant thanks; sometimes a mischievous pebble, and got a shower of stones and abuse. (para. 1)Paraphrase:Sometimes people would throw bits of food to
16、 him, but he hardly thanked them at all. Sometimes they would throw a pebble at him for fun, but get a shower of stones and a stream of abuse in return. a mischievous pebble: transferred epithet 英语移就格Text AnalysisDetailed Analysis 3. He thought everybody lived far too elaborately, expensively, anxio
17、usly. (2)Paraphrase: He thought that our life is too complicated, too costly, and gives us too much pressure.4. He was the founder of the creed called Cynicism (doggishness).Cynicism originally meant doggishness because Diogenes philosophy made it a virtue to live like a dog. Text AnalysisDetailed A
18、nalysis Background Cynicism in modern sense: the belief of a cynic, who maintains that people are all motivated by selfishness, that no one will help others for good and sincere reasons 愤世嫉俗, 悲观冷漠, 看破红尘DiogenesDiogenes: the beggar (paras. 1-4)Text AnalysisCharacter Analysiscask, a storage jar made o
19、f earthenwarea house (big, with many rooms) nonebeds, chairs, etc. (elaborate)blanket (half-naked)clothes (expensive)bits of food begged from others, drinking from his hollowed handselaborate nonehorses, servants, bank accounts (anxious)a life by choice, out of principle natural, healthy, independen
20、t a life as slaves of their possessions artificial, anxious, loss of virtueDiogenes: the philosopher (para. 4) Three key principles:living in accord with naturetotal disregard of conventionindependence (freedom) being the only true, lasting goodText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes: the missionary
21、 (para. 5) What was his mission?Text AnalysisCharacter Analysis His lifes aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”: to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (para. 5) His purpose in life was clear to hi
22、m: it was “to reprint the coins.” Human life can be taken as the clean coins which are imprinted with false markings. He was to remove the false markings and print the true values on it.“to restamp the currency”: to change human valuescall people back to the natural way of lifetrue life把人生中洁净的金属提炼出来
23、，抹去陈旧的虚伪习俗的印记，在上面重印其真正的价值。 Paraphrase Text AnalysisDetailed Analysis Alexander: citizen of the world (paras. 11-13)1. King: different from other Macedonians drinking?women?fighting?2. Thinker: Aristotles pupil, he learned culturephilosophyprinciples of scientific research3. Conquerortook command of
24、the League of Greek Statescommander-in-chief of a new expedition against old, rich, corrupt AsiaText AnalysisCharacter Analysis“Stand to one side. Youre blocking the sunlight.” The Dramatic Encounter (paras. 14-17) The differences and similarities between the two historical characters. 1.Differences
25、2.Similarities Text AnalysisCharacter Analysis相貌英俊，目光炯炯，体格魁梧，身披紫色斗篷，带着主宰命运的气势，穿过夹道欢迎的人群。“Yes”, said the dog. “Stand to one side. Youre blocking the sunlight.” （16）Do you think the use of “blocking the sunlight” here has any symbolic meaning?Why do you think Alexander say so?What did ordinary people
26、think of him? Why could Alexander understand him?Text AnalysisCharacter Analysisparadox: a statement that seems impossible because it contains two ideas that are both true. 似非而是的隽语似非而是的论点;反论;自相矛盾More haste, less speed.People often say that many hands make light work. But the paradox is, in some case
27、s, too many hands spoil the broth.Why were only Alexander the conqueror and Diogenes the beggar were free?Text AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDifferencesText AnalysisCharacter Analysishigh, treated with respect, greeted with a bow and acclamationlying on the bare earth, shoeless, bearded, half-naked, lik
28、e a beggar, a doghandsome face, fiery glance, strong body, purple and gold cloak, air of destiny philosopher, missionary great monarch, conquerorlow, treated with contempt and disapproval none, rejecting possession or powerland and absolute power“restamp the currency”: to call people back to the sim
29、ple and natural lifetrue valuebring people of the whole world to the light of civilization1.Both were great thinkers.2.Both had a sense of mission.3.Both were “citizens of the world,” admiring the heroic figure of Hercules, who labored for mankind.4.Both were free. SimilaritiesText AnalysisCharacter
30、 Analysis1.Having no work to go to and no family to provide _, he was free. (para. 1) provide for: give sb the things that they need to live, such as food, clothingTranslation他要供养他年迈的父母以及两个正在上学的妹妹。 He has to provide for his aged parents and two sister who are still at school.forWords & ExpressionsTe
31、xt AnalysisDetailed Analysis2. As the market place _ up with shoppers and merchants and slaves and foreigners, he had _ through it for an hour or two. (para. 1) Translation漫步海边，感觉太好了。 Its wonderful to take a stroll along the seaside. strolledfilledWords & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis3.
32、He thought everybody lived far too _, expensively, anxiously. What good is a house? (para. 2) Translation彼得制定了一个非常详尽的计划来筹措资金。 Peter worked out an elaborate scheme for raising the fund.elaborately Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis4. No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture: the
33、 animals _ and sleep on the ground. All we require, since nature did not dress us properly, is one garment to keep us warm, and some shelter from rain and wind. (para. 2) Translation他的一生过得很有意义。 He lived a meaningful life.作为一个探险者，他的一生充满了冒险。 As an explorer, he lived an adventurous life.livehealthylive
34、s Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis5.he spent much of his life inCorinth, mocking and satirizing its people, and occasionally _ one of them. (para. 2) convert: to make sb change from one religion or belief to another Ann has converted to Islam recently. Cf. to make sth change from on
35、e form, system to a different one This is part of the process of converting iron into steel. to change from one object into anotherThe hotel is going to be converted into a hospital.Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisconvertingThe hotel is going to be converted into a hospital.6. He wa
36、s not the first to _ such a thing. But he was the first who ever did so _ choice, _ principle. (para. 3) inhabit Some of the rare species inhabit the area.by choice Ihopeyoutookthetranslationstudyasyourmajor bychoice,andliketolearnEnglish. out of Shewassilentoutofembarrassment.outofcuriosity,outofre
37、spect,outofinterestWords & ExpressionsinhabitbyText AnalysisDetailed Analysisoutof8. Therefore, he chose to live in Athens or Corinth, where travelers from all over the Mediterranean world constantly came and went. And, design, he publicly behaved in such ways as to show people what real life was. (
38、para. 6) Translation世界是有意缔造的呢，还是偶然形成的呢？ Was the world made by design or did it come into existence by chance?Words & ExpressionsbyText AnalysisDetailed Analysisgrin: to make a wide smile露齿而笑, 咧嘴而笑titter: to laugh in a suppressed way 嗤嗤地笑, 窃笑chuckle: to laugh quietly in a low tone 低声笑， 抿嘴轻笑guffaw: to
39、 laugh loudly 高声笑，捧腹大笑giggle: (esp. girls) to laugh quietly in a silly, childish, uncontrolled way咯咯地笑Text AnalysisCharacter Analysisbare, empty, blank, vacantbare:empty,notcoveredbyanything,ornothavinganydecorationsempty:anemptyroom,buildingetc.doesnothaveanypeopleinitblank: showingnoexpression,und
40、erstandingorinterest;withoutanywriting,print,orrecordedsoundvacant:avacantseat,room;avacantjoborpositionLetshangupsomepaintingsonthese_A_walls.A.bareB.emptyC.blankD.vacantText AnalysisCharacter Analysis the modifiers of comparatives: Far,even,many,much,still,alot,a(little)bit,rather,slightlyHecameev
41、enearlierthanIasked.Heisfarmoretruthfulthanmostpeople.YouvebeenworkingmuchharderthanIhave.这种修饰语由表示等量概念的名词词组表示Hisfatherisseveninchestallerthantheinnocentboy.Onthemountainitsthreedegreescolderthaninthevalley.Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisReinforcementWriting Writing TechniquesTechni
42、quesDiscussionDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4TranslationTranslationReinforcement1. Euphemism e.g. done his business old people: senior citizens;2. Transferred Epithet a figure of speech that carries the modifier across and puts it on to another word which is not normally modified by it, so as to stress the emotions or feelings 英语移就格 a mischievous pebble (para. 1) (It is Diogenes, not the pebble, that is mischievous.)amazed silence (para. 17) (It is the crowd, not the silence, that is amazed.)移就然而悲惨的皱纹,却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。（鲁迅全集）广场上又烧起欢乐的篝火。（曲波林海雪原）Writing Techniquesp. 93ReinforcementDiscussion
