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1、公共项目评价Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.项目评价的基本方法净现值法（NPV, Net Present Value）投资项目获得的现金流量净值。内部收益率法（IRR, Int
2、ernal Rate of Return）净现值为0时的收益率。投资回收期收回投资的时间。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.现金流量0123n-1nt流入 inflow流出 ou
3、tflow时，项目可行。时，项目不可行。当i=？时，NPV=0？Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.购买出租车的决策小王想购买一辆出租车进行经营，预计相关的费用和收益如下，预计该车
4、一共可运行10年。请问，他购买这辆出租车可行吗？回报率是多少？多长时间能回收投资？（假设当前的市场利率为5%）购车款8万经营拍照30万每年的预期毛收入12万每年的预期费用6万如果不考虑资金的时间价值，那么利润为22万，6年4个月收回投资。NPV=8.33万，8年收回投资。IRR=9%这是一项有利可图的投资。经营拍照的价格会上升。或者，降低出租车的资费。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluatio
5、n only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.私人项目和公共项目的成本收益分析私人项目净现值=私人收益-私人成本公共项目净现值=直接收益+间接收益-（直接成本+间接成本）Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Cre
6、ated with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.公共项目评价的困难存在外部性正的外部性外在收益负的外部性外在成本难以准确衡量公共项目的成本和收益缺乏收费的技术手段Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspos
7、e.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.外部性那条梁滩河、生产所造成的环境污染大型公共工程：三峡、三门峡社区养狗小区安装太阳能热水器交通拥挤煤炭的价格GDP增长中的外部性外部性是一种未计入的成本，原因在于计量的成本很高、权利界定的不清楚等。因此，通常我们所说的经济增长和环境保护之间存在矛盾的说法是错误的，外部性内部化恰恰不是阻碍了经济增长，而是更加准确的衡量经济增长，帮助市场更好的发挥作用。社会效益与经济效益的矛盾，原因在于正外部性，无法向获得社会效益的人收费。Evaluat
8、ion only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.边际个人成本MPC中已经包含了个人受到的外部性的影响。这一外部性还会对他人产生负面影响。该经济将会在MPC=MPB的地方进行生产，导致相对于最优水平而言过多的
9、产品。消费者获得的剩余：FCG厂商获得的剩余：GCHE，厂商和消费者获得的总福利：FACHEGF受到外部性影响的人得到的福利：-DABCHE，这部分福利，被消费者占取了一部分，被厂商占取了一部分，无谓地损失了一部分。因此，社会的总福利为；FAD-ABCABCMPCMPBMSCDEFGHEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides
10、for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.三门峡、张光斗和黄万里Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspos
11、e Pty Ltd.大型水利工程的成本收益效益成本有形直接水力发电建筑、设备及维修费、移民间接航行、灌溉、防洪、娱乐（游泳）水库淹没土地、消失物种、破坏生态平衡无形直接政治意义、当地居民的和外界接触机会增加文物古迹的破坏间接当地居民后代的受益对生态、地质的间接影响Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.
12、5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.机会成本任何资源都是稀缺的，并且都是有多种用途的。当某种资源用于此一用途，而丧失了在其他用途上所能获得的最大收益，即为该资源用于此一用途的机会成本。任何一个公共项目的成本，不仅仅是其投入的总成本，还要加上这笔投入用在其他项目上所获得的收益。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evalua
13、tion only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.会计成本和经济成本会计成本生产中的实际耗费，帐面成本，没有考虑机会成本，没有考虑平均利润，没有考虑努力水平。虚假的成本。经济成本资源的真正价值。只有市场中充分的竞争才能发现经济成本。真正的成本。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2
14、011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.影子价格在评价投资项目时，对没有价格或价格明显不当的商品和服务规定的一个替代性价格。劳动的价格、生命的价格Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.
15、Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.生命的重量山西煤老板真相Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Clie
16、nt Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.伦敦市拥塞收费Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.开始于2003年2月1
17、7日；市中心，21平方公里，5星期一到星期五，7am6:30pm免缴和折扣自动免费：摩托车、机动脚踏两用车和自行车；有伦敦执照的出租车和（经公共客车部门批准的）迷你出租车；紧急服务车辆；NHS车辆；残疾人士使用的车辆；达载残疾人的车辆（入电话叫车服务）；经许可的9座或9座以上的公共汽车。经注册后免费电力驱动的车辆；符合严格排放标准的特定代用燃料车辆；抢修救援车辆居住在收费区内的居民可以得到90%的折扣付款方式自助服务（35%）、电话（20%）、互联网（25%）、手机短信（19%）、邮寄（1%）监督：自动号码牌照识别技术（automatic number plate recognition te
18、chnology, ANPR）惩罚行驶当日晚10点到午夜12点之间缴费：5+5行驶当日午夜12点之前没有缴费：80，14日内交付罚款，4028日内没有交付罚款：120未交付的罚款单累计三张及以上：车辆被禁止行驶，直至缴清所有款项。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile
19、5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.拥塞收费区Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.进出收费区的标志Evaluation only.
20、Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.付费处Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyri
21、ght 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.照相机监视Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Sl
22、ides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.狭窄的市中心街道繁忙的地铁Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-201
23、1 Aspose Pty Ltd.一些基本数据收费区的面积为21平方公里，占伦敦总面积的1.3%。174个进出口，车速为12.9千米/小时，同100年前相当。收费区的交通状况的糟糕程度是英国其他城市平均水平的六倍。每日早晨高峰期7am-10am，超过100万人进入市中心，大约85%乘坐公共交通工具。每天，6400辆巴士达载480万乘客通过600多条线路穿越城市。每日7am-6.30pm，大约250,000辆车辆450,000次穿过收费区，早晨高峰期每小时大约有40,000辆车进入收费区。在市中心行驶的司机每行驶一公里要延误2.3分钟，一半的时间花在排队上。203个照相机对进入收费区的车辆进行记
24、录，准确率可达90%。预计收费可减少车流量约10-15%，减少堵塞20-30%，使车流达到学校放暑假的水平。收费区内大约有40,000个家庭拥有车辆，1/3的家庭认为他们从未在收费期开车。收费会导致每日大约20,000人转乘公共交通工具，增加大约2%，相当于每一节地铁车厢增加1人。10年中收费将筹资13亿英镑，它们将用于改善伦敦的公共交通设施。一年后，72%的公司认为收费是成功的，14%的公司认为是失败的。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2
25、011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.收费前后收费区堵塞程度的变化2.3min/km1.7min/kmEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Creat
26、ed with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.车速的变化17km/h13km/hEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0
27、.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.环路的堵塞情况变化1.91.6Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.驶离收费区道路的拥塞状况变化1.5mi
28、n/km1.2min/kmEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.市中心商户对收费的总体感觉Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for
29、 .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.进入收费区的车辆数目变化Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose
30、Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.进入和离开收费区的车辆数变化以上资料来自：Impacts monitoring: Second Annual Report, April 2004, TfLEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 A
31、spose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.受益者和受损者受益者受损者公共汽车乘客中转乘客的士司机和乘客摩托车手市中心的大多数商业人士步行者和自行车整体城市的生产力周边地区的步行者和居民（溢出效应）市中心停车场63.9%36.1%Source: Georgina Santos, 2003, The London Congestion Charging Scheme, presentat
32、ion at DAE, CambridgeTodd Litman, 2004, London Congestion PricingEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.年成本金额（百
33、万英镑）FfL的管理和其他费用5运行费用（如自动车牌识别系统）90增加的公共汽车成本20车主增加的成本（如打电话付费）15总成本130年收益轿车和的士的时间节省（商业用户）75轿车和的士的时间节省（个人用户）40商业车辆的时间节省20公共汽车乘客的时间节省20轿车、的士和商业车辆的可靠性收益10公共汽车乘客的可靠性收益10车辆燃料节省10交通事故节省15由于转乘公共交通工具给乘客造成的损失-20合计180净年收益50Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2
34、004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.反对的声音某些商业活动溢出效应公正经济效率侵犯隐私系统的准确性Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.C
35、reated with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.其他实施拥塞收费的城市新加坡（Singapore）开始于1975，收费随时间、道路、车流量的不同而不同。“谁导致更多的堵塞，谁就支付更多”。特隆赫姆（Trondheim，挪威）开始于1991，筹资修建道路，不仅仅减少堵塞，准备于2005年结束。但公众对其支持提高，反对的人从72%下降到36%。墨尔本（Melbourne）开始于2000，一条22公里长的收费道路，收费减少该路的堵塞，但导致其他道路更加堵塞
36、。杜海姆（Durham）开始于2002，2，10am-4pm，Mon-Sat. 本意试图将车辆从2000辆减少到1000辆，但实际减少到200辆。反映出资金筹集同缓解堵塞的不相容的可能。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004
37、-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.新加坡的电子道路计费系统（Electronic Road Pricing, ERP）Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.历程1975年，m
38、anual road pricing system, called the Area Liscensing System （ALS）1998年9月1日，ERPEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose P
39、ty Ltd.In-vehicle unit and cash cardERP gantry不同类型汽车的IU不同。ERP 的价格使得道路即不会拥挤也不会闲置。干道车速为45-65kph，支道上的车速为20-30kph。每半小时监测一次，如果车速低于这个范围，那么价格就升高，反之亦然。效果：收费期车流下降了15-16%。收费期前7：00am-7：30am车流量上升10.6%，收费期后7：00pm-7：30pm车流量上升4.7%。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyr
40、ight 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.车主的行为车主可以选择：交钱进入更改路线搭乘公共交通工具放弃进入在ALS时期选择进入RZ的车主中， 95%仍然进入，2%放弃。ERP在迫使人们转乘公共交通工具方面效果不明显。ERP的效果在于，它使得那些多次进入RZ的车主们减少进入的次数。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.S
41、lides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.弹性Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose P
42、ty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.ERP的收入相对于手工的ALS收费而言，ERP的收入下降了40%。价格下降ERP星期六不收费。ERP根据交通状况变动，价格很高的时间很短。ERP是一项交通管理措施，而不是筹资的措施。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.
