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1、CET 4 WritingCET 4 Writing四级写作的评分原则、标准应试技巧考前备战四级写作的评分原则 四级写作与六级写作的评分原则是一样的，具体如下： （1）大学英语考试的目的是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评分应以此要求为准则。 （2）大学英语考试作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores)，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 （3）从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思
2、想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 （4）避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。 考生应从四项评分原则中得到如下启示： （1）不能仅仅满足于不犯或少犯语法错误，而要着眼于通过写作来有效表达自己的思想，从整体上把握文章的篇章结构、遣词造句与表达意图，这样才能给阅卷人一个好的总体印象。 （2）对文章内容与语言都要重视。如果内容充实而表达不清，或语言华丽而无实际内容，都会影响得分。四级写作的评分标准满分为15分。共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。
3、具体评分标准：2分 - 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错 误，且多数为严重错误。5分 - 基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重 错误。8分 - 基本切题，表达思想比较清楚，文字尚连贯；但语言错误 较多，其中有少量的严重错误。11分 - 切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分 - 切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无 语言错误。零分 - 白卷；或作文与题目毫不相关；或只有几个孤立的词而无 法表达思想。 注意：字数不足应酌情扣分： 累计字数在8189之间，扣1分； 累计字数在7180之间，扣2分； 累计字数在6170之间，扣3分； 累计字
4、数在5160之间，扣4分； 累计字数在50以下，最多给5分。应试技巧第一步：认真审题，充分运用第一步：认真审题，充分运用关键词构思法关键词构思法 第二步：写作高分须遵循的第二步：写作高分须遵循的5C法则法则第三步：进行词汇拼写和语法第三步：进行词汇拼写和语法检查检查，并注意改，并注意改正方式正方式第一步：认真审题，充分运用关键词构思法第一步：认真审题，充分运用关键词构思法 充分利用提前发卷时间来做作文部分的审题和构思工作 注意审题一定要仔细，按要求写作，不得擅自改动题目，给定的提纲不得有遗漏，否则会按比例扣分。尤其注意，不要因为事先自己背过或练过哪篇相似的文章而死搬硬套。否则后果很严重。 考生
5、只要花三五分钟做一下构思即可，即想象一下每段大致写什么，可以记几个关键词提示自己，在接下来的二十分钟里面按照这几个关键词提示的内容扩展就行。一般来说，四级作文要求不少于120词，最好能写到150到180词；六级作文要求不少于150词，最好写到180到200词。就句子数目来说，如果分三段，每段也就三到五句话，平均四句一段。那么整篇文章大约10个关键词就可以做好构思。 以2009年6月六级写作真题为例。 Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On the Import
6、ance of a Name. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below。1. 有人说名字(或名称)很重要2. 也有人觉得名字(或名称)无关紧要3. 我认为构思第一段时，想到可以来一句铺垫的话，如“名字重不重要是个有争议的话题”，可以写下controversial或topic，作为关键词；下一句是“有人说名字(或名称)很重要”，可以先写下important。再往后想两条理由或例证即可。理由如“好名字容易被记住，因而可以给人来更多机会”(关键词remember或opportunity)，和“按照传统
7、理论起的名字可能会对人起到暗中庇护的作用”(关键词tradition或shelter)；例证如“有人认为毛泽东伟大是因为名字就大气，Bill Gates有钱是因为他的名字可以表示钞票，姓表示很多大门，很多大门都来钱，所以有钱”。第二、三段情同此理。其实第一段想好了，后两段也就容易了。比如第二段可以将第一段的理由或例证反过来用，第三段可以总结或折中一下。字数还是比较容易写够的。On the Importance of a NameThere is no denying the fact that it is a controversial topic whether names are impo
8、rtant or not. Some hold the positive view. They claim that a good name, or a name that can be easily remembered, can bring one a lot more opportunities than others. Some Chinese may also believe that a name designed according to the traditional theory of five elements can bring good luck. Others, ho
9、wever, hold the opposite view. They argue that a name is nothing but a code to distinguish one from another. A person “good” name may not be as successful as the name indicates. In the same way, a person who has a common or casually given name can also achieve tremendous success. Personally, I belie
10、ve that both sides have something right, so we should not go to extremes. On the one hand, we have to admit that a well designed name can help a person to some extent. On the other hand, we should not exaggerate the effect of a name on a persons fate. Anyway, a persons success mainly depends on his
11、hard work and desirable personalities. (186 words)第二步：写作高分须遵循的第二步：写作高分须遵循的5C法则法则1、字迹清楚，段落明朗、字迹清楚，段落明朗(clear)：字体不要太大，也不要太小，以行间距的三分之一到二分之一为合适；另外，大小要一致，不要忽大忽小；字母的倾斜方向要一致，不要东倒西歪；要抵着给出的虚线写，不能上窜下跳；总之，要给阅卷人清楚、工整的感觉。段落一般为三段，采用段首缩进式，即每段开头空4至8个字母的格，每段段首缩进的量要一致，要让阅卷人一目了然。2、内容完整，紧扣提纲、内容完整，紧扣提纲(complete)：一般来说，四、
12、六级写作都会给出三点汉语提纲，考生应严格按照三点写成三段。不要有遗漏，也不要随意改变提纲要点的顺序。因为阅卷人要在30秒左右的时间打出分数，所以不希望看到与提纲严重背离的作文。3、首保正确，再求闪光、首保正确，再求闪光(correct)：这一条是最核心的，因为在写作时间和篇幅都比较短的情况下，考生写出的内容几乎是一样的，唯一的判断标准几乎就是语言的质量。要首先保证语法和拼写正确，哪怕用小词、短句也可以。有能力的话再追求闪光的词句。例如，有考生在写2009年6月的作文时，写出了这样的开头句：There is no denying the fact that the vital of name h
13、as been a hotly debated topic in China. 注意：1）vital，是个形容词，而这里应该用名词。作者可能想用一个牛词来替换importance以显示用词多样，结果弄巧成拙。2）name之前应该有冠词a，其实题目中都给了，结果这位同学忽略了，缺乏基本的语法意识。其实作文中常犯的语法错误除了冠词错误，还包括时态错误、名词和动词单复数错误、代词不一致错误、词性错误以及句子主谓不完整错误。4、先总后分，连词用上、先总后分，连词用上(coherent)：这里说的是段落的结构和连贯性的问题。英语文章特别喜欢先总后分或开门见山的格局，另外，段落之间和句子之间的形式连接手段
14、特别明显，即关联词用的很多。在写作的时候，几乎就是把给出的三点提纲作为每段的开头句，然后再加上两三个扩展句即理由或例证句就可以了。当然有时候为了论证自然或扩展字数也可以加上一点铺垫的句子。如2009年6月真题作文开头一句既可以是Some people claim that names are of great importance. 也可以是There is no denying the fact that it is a controversial topic whether names are important or not. 然后再说Some hold the positive vie
15、w。后面再加上两三句论证的话。论证句或扩展句之间最好有连接词，如First, Second, Besides, Also, Similarly, In the same way, However等等。 5、语言简练，论据得当、语言简练，论据得当(concise)：不要啰嗦，不要过于重复和堆砌。有些同学背诵了一些经典的句型，为了凑字就全用上了，给人低层次的感觉。 应尽量平时多练，以期在考场上也能很快想到一些有力的理由和贴切的例证。另外，要敢于表达自己的思想，不要一味地为了保证语言正确而裹步不前，只说一些小学生的话。如有同学写09年真题第一段时写道：Some people think that n
16、ames are important. They say that, if a person has a name, we can remember him. If he does not have a name, we cannot remember him. 这样的作文倒是没有语言错误，但肯定也得不了高分。第三步：进行词汇拼写和语法检查，第三步：进行词汇拼写和语法检查，并注意改正方式并注意改正方式 应该在下笔写作的时候就谨慎，仔细，避免错误，但即便这样，错误也是会有的，包括语法和拼写错误，尤其对于平时缺乏练习的同学来说。那么就需要留几分钟通读一下，检查和改正。注意，要改的是一些语法或拼写错
17、误，而不是作内容上的大的改动，换言之，是改一些词或词组，而不是改整个句子或段落，因为那样会造成卷面混乱，导致低分。要想避免内容上的错误，构思时就要想好，落笔时就要谨慎。还有改正错误要注意方式，尽量不要用涂改液或涂改带，以免有作弊嫌疑，也不要在一个词上涂画太多，影响卷面整洁。一般可以用一条斜线划掉错词，然后在其上方写出正确的，或者用胶带或刀片之类轻轻将错词去掉，然后在原位置写出正确的。考前备战写作模板短文写作段落结构中的常用句型模拟练习大学英语四、六级作文基本题型 分析建议类 原因分析类 对比/比较分析类 议论文 各抒己见类 理由陈述类 1) 提纲式作文 批驳分析类 举例/列举性说明文 知识性说
18、明文 说明文 对比说明文 定义说明文 2) 段首句作文：议论文、说明文、记叙文 3) 图表作文：议论文、说明文 4) 规定情景式作文：议论文、说明文 5) 应用文：议论文、说明文、记叙文 写作模板提纲式作文提纲式作文辩论式议论文辩论式议论文图表式作文图表式作文提纲式作文提纲式作文1 对立观点式 (cf. )A有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？ B 有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？ C我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They al
19、so argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。 However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。 There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the disadvantages of X overweigh the advant
20、ages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的又一个坏处。 2 批驳观点式 A一个错误观点。 B 我不同意。 Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80
21、% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。 There might be some element of truth in these peoples belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。 3 社会问题（现象）式 A一个社会问题或者现象。 B 产生的原因 C对社会和我们生活的影响 D 如何杜
22、绝。（如果是问题的话） E 前景的预测。 Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。 There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon. 下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。 X has c
23、aused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people
24、 will Create a green campus(2009.12)1.建设绿色校园十分重要2.绿色校园不仅指绿色环境3.为了建设绿色校园我们应该Free admission to museums(2009.6) 1. 越来越多的博物馆免费开放的目的是 什么? 2. 也会带来一些问题 3. 你的看法Free Admission to Museums Nowadays, an increasing number of museums are admission-free to visitors home and abroad. The hidden reason behind this is
25、 not hard to analyze as theres a growing awareness for the authorities regarding the urgency of popularization of culture, knowledge and history with every average person in our society. Only with free access to this live database, can most people fully enjoy what museums could offer to them.However
26、, free admission to museums might lead to some social problems as well. The most obvious problem is that it might give museums a very heavy economic burden which directly impedes the sustainable development of these organizations. As a result, our government has to work out other ways to collect fun
27、ds from different channels, which might be difficult to operate or control. On the other hand, free admission attracts too many visitors, some of which might not be well-purposed and do some conscious or unconscious damage to the valuable treasures which used to be well- preserved in the museums.As
28、a university student, I am in favor of the free-admission conduct. Yet it is proposed that some measures should be taken to solve the potential problems caused by it. For example, museums can make some regulations to guide the behavior of visitors or set some closed days for museums for regular main
29、tenance. Only in this way can free-admission to museums become a long-lasting phenomenon and have sustainable development.Limiting the Use of Disposal Bags (2008.12)1. 一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用2. 造成的问题3. 限制使用塑的意义The Internet(2008.6) 1. 有人认为网络可以让学习、工作更有效率 2. 还有人认为网络让青少年沉迷，进而影响学习 3. 你对于网络的看法辩论式议论文辩论式议论文模版1 Some p
30、eople believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点.
31、 As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. /From above, we can predict that 预测.模版2 People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another,
32、论据2. Last but not the least, 论据3. To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. /From above, we can predict that 预测. 模版3 There is no consensus of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。A
33、s far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1. Furthermore, 论据2. Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3. A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点. As a college student, I
34、 am supposed to 表决心. /From above, we can predict that 预测. 图表式作文图表式作文 It is obvious in the graph/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of (多少).
35、 What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graph/table. First of all, (第一个原因). More importantly, (第二个原因). Most important of all, (第三个原因). From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. Th
36、e trend described in the graph/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势). 短文写作段落结构中的常用句型1 . “引言” 段落中的常用句型1)As is depicted/ shown/ described in the cartoon/ picture/ table/ bar chart/ pie chart, 2) is a very popular topic which is much talked abo
37、ut not only by but also by 3)There is no denying the fact that 4)As is known to all, 5)More and more people are realizing the importance of 6)From what I have mentioned above we can see clearly that （段落结尾用句）2. “正文” 段落中的常用句型1） 分析原因 There are two/ some good/ possible reasons for The reason for is that
38、 We have two good reasons for/ against The reasons for are obvious. To begin with, . In addition, . Finally, 2） 提出建议与措施 My suggestions to deal with/ solve/ tackle/ relieve the problem are as follows. In the first place, . Secondly, . Finally, I suggest that first of all we should There are, I think,
39、 two possible suggestions which worth making. On the one hand, . On the other hand, I suggest that the government should adopt/resort to strong measures to deal with the problem.For one thing, . For another, 3）论述不同看法 Different people have different opinions on this question. Some people believe that
40、 . Others argue that . Still others assert that People differ in their views on the problem. According to some of them, . In the eyes of others, 4） 发表见解 It is important/ necessary/ urgent/ difficult/easy/ expensive/ desirable/ advisable/ convenient/ comfortable/ presumptuous(胆大妄为的, 放肆的, 无礼 的) for sb
41、. to do sth. 5） 分析利弊 As a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides.”, We should analyze this phenomenon from twosides. On the one hand, . On the other hand, We, however, must see the problem/ matter in its right perspective(正确如实地). Before we decide, we must weigh up the pros and cons(权衡利弊). I
42、think, we should debate the matter pro and con(从正反两面来辩论). 6） 举例阐述 For example, For instance, Lets take for example.7） 引证观点 It is generally believed/ accepted/ thought/ held/ assumed that In their eyes, According to them, In their opinions, As is often stressed in the available literature on this sub
43、ject(正如有关这个课题的现有文献中常常强调 的), 8） 论述因果关系 causes/ produces/ brings about/ leads to/ results in 9） 论述相互关系 have/ has much/ something/ nothing to do with be closely related to be directly bound up with 3 图表概述或描述中的常用句型1)As is shown by the graph/ in the table/ in the picture 2)Figures/ Statistics show that 3
44、)It can be seen/ shown/ concluded/ estimated from the table/ graph/ figures/ statistics that 4)(数量总计) a. 总计为 amount to/ add up to/ come to/ sum up to b. 占百分之几 account for/ make up c. 占第几位 rank (first, second, )5) (数量增减) increase/ rise / decrease/ fall/ drop from to 6) (be) times as + 形容词 + as total
45、output/ production ( 总产量) the annual output/ production of ( 的年产量) rise by per cent (上升百分之) the daily output (日产量) result in a diminished output (导致产量下降)7) Compared with 8) There is/ was/ has been a rapid (sharp/ sudden/ steady/ gradual/ slow/ slight) rise (increase/ decrease/ decline/ fall/ drop) i
46、n be on the rise (increase/ decline)4 . “结尾” 段落中的常用句型 In my opinion, Personally, I In short/ In brief, In conclusion, As far as Im concerned, To conclude, it seems clear that 模拟练习（1）国学热国学热 SinologyDirection: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of “The rehabi
47、litation of Sinology”. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below：1、近年来，国学变得流行2、国学热的意义是什么3、我们应该文章写作思路：现象描述+意义阐述+个人评论第一段：(主题句：)In recent years, Chinese traditional culture, as Sinology, has become increasingly prevalent.(举例法扩展段落：exemplification) For instance, it is reported
48、 that many primary and secondary schools have set up courses of sinology, in which students are taught and required to recite classical work by Chinese ancient educators and philosophers, like Confucius.(或者以百家讲坛为例进行说明：A good illustration is CCTV Lecture Room, where famous scholars, such as Yi Zhongt
49、ian and Yudan, give lectures on Chinese ancient philosophies and literatures.)第二段：(主题句)It is of vital significance for the public to acquire knowledge on Sinology. (起)For one thing, it is the essence of Chinese civilization with more than 5000 years. Thus, for individuals, they can enlarge their sco
50、pe of knowledge, enrich their experience and adapt themselves to the complicated society. (承)For another, the rehabilitation of Sinology can contribute to a harmonious society.第三段：(主题句)It is highly expected that all Chinese people young and old- should inherit the merits of Sinology. Therefore,(起) i
51、n the first place, we are well-advised to read books by ourselves or to attend lectures on this issue.(承) In the second place, we have the obligation to advocate and encourage others to learn. Then, it is necessary for us to introduce Sinology to the world. By doing so, not only can we inherit it, b
52、ut also make it glorious and prosperous.模拟练习（2）低碳生活低碳生活 Low-carbon LifeDirection: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of “Low-carbon Life”. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below：1、低碳生活方式受到人们的欢迎2、低碳生活的意义3、我们应该Recently, low-carb
53、on becomes a high-frequency and fashionable word which gets the greatest concern in the world. Low-carbon life means a kind of lifestyle in which people do their best to reduce energy consumption and carbon greenhouse gas emissions.It is of vital importance for the whole world to practice the low-ca
54、rbon lifestyle. Firstly, our natural resources and energy are limited; therefore, it is absolutely necessary for us to save and protect them. Secondly, in order to protect our environment from serious greenhouse effect, we need a low-carbon emission. It is low-carbon life that enables our next gener
55、ations to live a better and superior life.What we should bear in mind is that the earth is common home. Thus, every one is well advised to practice this lifestyle and there are several ways for us to do this. Firstly, every one is expected to cultivate their awareness of saving energy. Then, we are
56、also hoped to help our families and friends to live a low-carbon life. Only by doing so can we hope to create a world where all humans enjoy a clean and tidy environment. (185words)第一课 指代（Reference） 在同一句中，代词与其指代的前述名词应在人称、数、格上保持一致。由于指代不符或不确而造成的错句在写作中是常见的，应该注意以下几种情况1代词与前述词的人称或数不符Students who wish to t
57、ake linguistics are asked to sign his name on a sheet of paper. 代词his应改为their， 与前述词students保持复数第三人称的一致。 Each member of the board will have an opportunity to submit their own plan. 代词their应改为his，与前述词each member保持单数第三人称的一致。2.代词在句中的指代不明People have tried to fight against the influence of TV commercials,
58、 but it often proves useless. 代词it 在本句中并不指代前面的单数名词influence，而是指 to fight against the influence of TV commercials （反对电视商业广告）的这种努力，因此应将it的意义具体化，此句可改为：People have tried to fight against the influence of TV commercials, but this effort often proves useless.3.代词one 和you用于指代意义时的不同If one wants to excel in
59、athletics, you should watch your diet. 此句应把代词one和you的使用统一起来，有两种改法：If one wants to excel in athletics, he should watch his diet.If you want to excel in athletics, you should watch your diet.一般的规则是：用于泛指意义时， 常用he (him, his)，用于特定意义时才用you (you, your)。再如：When a person gets married, you take on new respons
60、ibilities. 此句的改法同上，也有两种改法，即：When a person gets married, he takes on new responsibilities.（泛指）When you get married, you take on new responsibilities.(特指)第二 垂悬修饰语 （Dangling Modifier） 垂悬修饰语是指一个句子中同其他词没有明显修饰关系的成分。一般都出现在句子的句首，用作状语。形式有分词短语、介词+动名词、不定式短语和省略性子句等四种。判断该词组是否为垂悬修饰语的基本原则是看它逻辑意义上的主语是否与所在句子的主语相一致，如
61、不一致，该状语就成了垂悬修饰语，试以下面二句为例：Hearing a number of amusing stories, our visit was thoroughly enjoyable.To remain healthy, a balanced diet is important. 在第一句，状语hearing a number of amusing stories的逻辑主语并非句子主语our visit， 第二句中状语to remain healthy与句子主语a balanced diet在逻辑意义也不一致。因此这两个状语词组都成了各自句中的垂悬修饰语，在意义上是错误的，改正的方法
62、有二：1修饰主句中的主谓语部分，使与修饰语逻辑上的主语一致起来。如：Hearing a number of amusing stories, we thoroughly enjoyed our visit.To remain healthy, one needs a balanced diet.2修改垂悬修饰语部分，使其在逻辑上符合主句意义。Since we heard a number of amusing stories, our visit was thoroughly enjoyable.If a person is to remain healthy, a balanced diet
63、 is important.下面列举四种形式的垂悬修饰语及两种修改的办法：1分词短语误：Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach.正：Looking out of the window, we found the grassland stretched as far as the eyes could reach.正：If you look out of the window, you will find the grassland stretches as far as th
64、e eyes can reach.2介词+动名词短语误：On entering the room, refreshments were being served.正：On entering the room, I found that refreshments were being served.正：When I entered the room, refreshments were being served.3不定式短语误：To play tennis well, the racket must be held properly.正：To play tennis well, one must
65、 hold the racket properly.正：If one wishes to play tennis well, he must hold the racket properly.4省略性子句误：When only five years old, my father took me to a circus.正：When only five years old, I was taken to a circus by my father.正：When I was only five years old, my father took me to a circus.第三 平行结构（Par
66、allelism） 在一个句子中，有几个表达相近或相对意义的并列成分时，应该使用词性一致的排比结构，这就是写作中的平行结构原则。这种结构能使句子显得严谨，层次分明，增强感染力。常见的平行结构有以下几种情况：1两个或两个以上的并列单词、短语、或句子用and连接，在句中作同一成分，包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语等皆可。如： 1）误：Knowing how to study and learn to budget time is important for university students. 用and连接的两个并列 主语分别为动名词和不定式短语，词性不一致，不是平行结构。正：Knowing
67、how to study and learning how to budget time is important for university students. 用and连接的两个并列主语词性一致，都为动名词短语，符合平行结构要求。2用于连接并列成分的连接词除and 外，常见的还有either.or., neither.nor., both.and., not only.but also.等复合连词，但必须注意其连接部分的词性成分必须相一致。 1）误：I hope either to spend my vacation in Beijing or Xian. 连接成分不一致，前者为不定式短
68、语，后者为名词。正：I hope to spend my vacation either in Beijing or in Xian. 连接成分相一致，都为介词短语，用作状语。 或：I hope to spend my vacation in either Beijing or Xian. 连接成分相一致，都为名词，用作名词in的宾语。3.表示相同意义或比较意义的两个同等成分，其词性也应该相一致。 1）误：Jogging is a more vigorous exercise than to play golf. 正：Jogging is a more vigorous exercise than playing golf. Jogging 与playing相一致，都为动名词，作主语。
