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1、HAZARDS OF CONFINED SPACESCity of Langleyn nAs per OG #2.14.06, Confined Space Rescue, Policy:As per OG #2.14.06, Confined Space Rescue, Policy:n n“Only personnel trained in confined space operations “Only personnel trained in confined space operations will enter confined spaces.”will enter confined
2、 spaces.”n nThis session does not constitute confines space This session does not constitute confines space operations training, it is simply an awareness session. operations training, it is simply an awareness session. AGENDAn nWhat is Confined SpaceWhat is Confined Spacen nDangers of Unplanned Res
3、cue Attempts Dangers of Unplanned Rescue Attempts n nHazardsHazardsn nOxygen LevelsOxygen Levelsn nToxins / ExplosionsToxins / Explosionsn nPhysical HazardsPhysical HazardsWHAT IS A CONFINED SPACE?n nA confined space is an enclosed or partially enclosed A confined space is an enclosed or partially e
4、nclosed area that is: area that is: n nIs large enough to get a whole body inside, Is large enough to get a whole body inside, n nIs not designed for someone to work in regularly, but Is not designed for someone to work in regularly, but workers may need to enter the confined space for workers may n
5、eed to enter the confined space for tasks such as:tasks such as: inspection, cleaning, maintenance, and repair.inspection, cleaning, maintenance, and repair. n nEntry and exit is difficult and can complicate rescue Entry and exit is difficult and can complicate rescue procedures.procedures.WHAT IS A
6、 CONFINED SPACE?n nExamples of confined spaces:Examples of confined spaces:n nTanksTanksn nManure pitsManure pits (e.g. Mushroom barn)(e.g. Mushroom barn)n nStorage binsStorage binsn nBoilers Boilers n nDouble hullsDouble hullsn nVatsVatsn nPumping stationsPumping stationsn nKilnsKilnsn nPits, sumps
7、Pits, sumpsn nVaultsVaultsn nVesselsVesselsn nSilos Silos n nManholesManholesn nPipelinesPipelinesn nWater reservoirsWater reservoirsn nSewers, Other similar spacesSewers, Other similar spacesWHAT IS A CONFINED SPACE?n nEntry into confined spaces can be very hazardous and Entry into confined spaces
8、can be very hazardous and potentially deadly. potentially deadly. n nUnless proper training, equipment, and procedures are in Unless proper training, equipment, and procedures are in place, workers place, workers are notare not allowed to enter such spaces. allowed to enter such spaces. n nA worker
9、is considered to have entered a confined space A worker is considered to have entered a confined space just by putting his or her head across the plane of the just by putting his or her head across the plane of the opening.opening.n nAbsolutely no employee may enter a confined space for Absolutely n
10、o employee may enter a confined space for any reason unless properly trainedany reason unless properly trainedn nawareness training such as this session does not qualify as the awareness training such as this session does not qualify as the training needed to enter a confined space.training needed t
11、o enter a confined space. WHAT ARE THE DANGERS OF CONFINED SPACE RESCUE?n nDid you Know:Did you Know: n nTWO-THIRDS,TWO-THIRDS,n nOf all confined space fatalities occur among would-be rescuers.Of all confined space fatalities occur among would-be rescuers. n nWho is a rescuer?Who is a rescuer? n nAn
12、yone (Anyone (workers, police, ambulance, fire, etcworkers, police, ambulance, fire, etc.) who attempts to save someone .) who attempts to save someone in a confined space. in a confined space. n nIf you come upon a scene where you hear of or see people who have succumb to If you come upon a scene w
13、here you hear of or see people who have succumb to vapors/fumes, etc. and are conscious or unconscious vapors/fumes, etc. and are conscious or unconscious DO NOT rush inDO NOT rush in. Analyze the . Analyze the environment to establish if the area may be a confined space or an exposure (ex. environm
14、ent to establish if the area may be a confined space or an exposure (ex. Carbon monoxide in a garage).Carbon monoxide in a garage).n nRemember, even a well-planned rescue can end up as a body retrieval.Remember, even a well-planned rescue can end up as a body retrieval.n nTo prevent deaths:To preven
15、t deaths:n n It is critical to use good confined space entry practices It is critical to use good confined space entry practices ANDAND training so that training so that there is no need for rescue operations.there is no need for rescue operations.WHAT ARE THE DANGERS OF CONFINED SPACE RESCUE?n nWHY
16、 HAVE CONFINED SPACES KILLED SO MANY PEOPLE?WHY HAVE CONFINED SPACES KILLED SO MANY PEOPLE?n nConfined spaces are deceiving. Confined spaces are deceiving. n nA confined space often appears to be harmless; no danger signs are apparent & A confined space often appears to be harmless; no danger signs
17、are apparent & the space may have been entered on prior occasions without incident. However, the space may have been entered on prior occasions without incident. However, a worker cannot assume that conditions have not changed and that the space is a worker cannot assume that conditions have not cha
18、nged and that the space is safe for entry each time. safe for entry each time. n nWHY DO SO MANY FATALITES RESULT FROM EMERGENCY RESCUE?WHY DO SO MANY FATALITES RESULT FROM EMERGENCY RESCUE?n nFatalities can occur when the rescuers:Fatalities can occur when the rescuers:n nAre overcome by their emot
19、ionsAre overcome by their emotionsn nTake unnecessary chancesTake unnecessary chancesn nDo not know the hazards involvedDo not know the hazards involvedn nDo not have a plan of actionDo not have a plan of actionn nLack confines space rescue trainingLack confines space rescue trainingWHAT ARE THE DAN
20、GERS OF CONFINED SPACE RESCUE?n nIS IT IMPORTANT TO INFORM CONFINED SPACE WORKERS AND RESCUERS OF THE IS IT IMPORTANT TO INFORM CONFINED SPACE WORKERS AND RESCUERS OF THE FOUR-MINUTE LIMINATION?FOUR-MINUTE LIMINATION?n nAbsolutely. It is important to know that the period of time for successful rescu
21、e is very Absolutely. It is important to know that the period of time for successful rescue is very limited. Otherwise, a rescue attempt will become body retrieval. After only four minutes limited. Otherwise, a rescue attempt will become body retrieval. After only four minutes without oxygen, it is
22、very likely that a worker will experience asphyxiation, which may result without oxygen, it is very likely that a worker will experience asphyxiation, which may result in brain damage or death.in brain damage or death.n nWHAT DOES ONE NEED TO ASSUME IN ANY CONFINED SPACE RESCUE OPERATION?WHAT DOES O
23、NE NEED TO ASSUME IN ANY CONFINED SPACE RESCUE OPERATION?n nEveryone involved in a rescue should assume that the space is deadly!Everyone involved in a rescue should assume that the space is deadly!n nUnder no circumstance should you rush in to rescue unless you have the training, PPE, Under no circ
24、umstance should you rush in to rescue unless you have the training, PPE, equipment, and safe work procedures to do so. equipment, and safe work procedures to do so. WHAT ARE THE HAZARDS OF CONFINED SPACES?n nThe atmosphere in a confined space may be The atmosphere in a confined space may be hazardou
25、s for several reasons:hazardous for several reasons:n n The air may have too little or too much oxygen. The air may have too little or too much oxygen. n nThe atmosphere may be toxic or explosive.The atmosphere may be toxic or explosive.n nConfined spaces could also have some of the physical Confine
26、d spaces could also have some of the physical hazards.hazards.TOO LITTLE / TOO MUCH OXYGEN IN CONFINED SPACESn nLack of oxygen is a leading cause of death among workers entering confined spaces.Lack of oxygen is a leading cause of death among workers entering confined spaces.n nLow oxygen levels can
27、not be detected by sight or smell. You must test the air for this hazardous Low oxygen levels cannot be detected by sight or smell. You must test the air for this hazardous condition. A very low level of oxygen can damage the brain and cause the heart to stop after a few condition. A very low level
28、of oxygen can damage the brain and cause the heart to stop after a few minutes.minutes.n nWhat causes oxygen deficiency?What causes oxygen deficiency?n nHere are some common causes of oxygen deficiency (not enough oxygen) in a confined space:Here are some common causes of oxygen deficiency (not enou
29、gh oxygen) in a confined space:n nOxygen is used up when metals rust.Oxygen is used up when metals rust.n nOxygen is used up during combustion for example, by propane space heaters, during Oxygen is used up during combustion for example, by propane space heaters, during cutting or welding, and by in
30、ternal combustion engines.cutting or welding, and by internal combustion engines.n nOxygen can be replaced by other gases for example, welding gases or gases forced into Oxygen can be replaced by other gases for example, welding gases or gases forced into the space to prevention corrosion.the space
31、to prevention corrosion.n nMicro-organisms use up oxygen for example, in sewer lines and fermentation vessels.Micro-organisms use up oxygen for example, in sewer lines and fermentation vessels.n nToo much oxygen is not as common a hazard as low oxygen, but it is also dangerous.Too much oxygen is not
32、 as common a hazard as low oxygen, but it is also dangerous.n nToo much oxygen greatly increases the risk of fire or explosion in the confined space.Too much oxygen greatly increases the risk of fire or explosion in the confined space.n nMaterials that would not normally catch fire or burn in normal
33、 air may do so extremely quickly and Materials that would not normally catch fire or burn in normal air may do so extremely quickly and easily where there is a high level of oxygen.easily where there is a high level of oxygen.THE AIR MAY BE TOXIC OR EXPLOSIVEn nContaminants in the air can result in
34、an atmosphere that is toxic to Contaminants in the air can result in an atmosphere that is toxic to workers and may result in injury or death.workers and may result in injury or death.n nSome toxic gases typically found in confined spaces are:Some toxic gases typically found in confined spaces are:n
35、 nArgon (Ar) Argon (Ar) Displaces OxygenDisplaces Oxygenn nCarbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Displaces oxygen, toxic Displaces oxygen, toxicn nCarbon monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide (CO) Toxic Toxicn nChlorine (Cl2) Chlorine (Cl2) Toxic Toxicn nGasoline VaporsGasoline Vapors Fire and explosion
36、 Fire and explosion n nHydrogen sulfide (H2S) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Flammable, toxic Flammable, toxicn nMethane (CH4) Methane (CH4) Fire and explosion Fire and explosionn nNitrogen (N2) Nitrogen (N2) Displaces oxygen Displaces oxygenn nNitrogen dioxide (NO2) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Toxic Toxicn nSul
37、fur dioxide (SO2) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Toxic Toxicn nOxygen (O2) Oxygen (O2) Low and High levels cause asphyxiate / explosion Low and High levels cause asphyxiate / explosionPHYSICAL HAZARDS OF CONFINED SPACEn nLoose and unstable materialsLoose and unstable materialsnWhenever unstable solids made of
38、 small particles like sand or grain are stored in enclosures, there is a danger of the materials flowing onto workers and trapping or burying them.n nSlips, trip and fall hazardsSlips, trip and fall hazardsnThe space you are about to enter may have a hatchway that is difficult to squeeze through, an
39、d ladders for ascending or descending. You are therefore at risk of falling while getting into the space as well as while you are inside. In addition, the flooring of tanks or other wet environments or the rungs of a ladder may be very slippery.n nFalling objectsFalling objectsnIn a confined space t
40、here may be the danger of being struck by falling objects such as tools or equipment, particularly if access ports or workstations are located above workers.PHYSICAL HAZARDS OF CONFINED SPACEn nMoving parts of equipment and machineryMoving parts of equipment and machinerynMechanical equipment such a
41、s augers, mixers, or rotating tanks can be dangerous if activated or not secured. Residual energy, such as gravity or accumulated pressure, may also pose a risk unless the equipment is locked out and de-energized.n nElectrical shockElectrical shocknAll electrical sources that pose a hazard to worker
42、s inside the space must be locked out following the written lockout procedure for the particular confined space.n nSubstances entering through pipingSubstances entering through pipingnPiping adjacent to a confined space could contain liquids or gases or other harmful substances. Substances must be p
43、revented from entering the confined space through piping. This is done by “isolating” the piping from the confined space.PHYSICAL HAZARDS OF CONFINED SPACEn nPoor visibilityPoor visibilitynEmergency lighting such as flashlights or battery-operated area units must be provided where necessary, so that
44、 workers can locate exits and escape.n nTemperature extremesTemperature extremesnSpecial precautions are needed before workers enter equipment such as boilers, reaction vessels, and low-temperature systems. A qualified person must provide these procedures. n nNoiseNoisenNoise produced in confined sp
45、aces can be particularly harmful because of reflection off walls.n nRisk of drowningRisk of drowningnConfined spaces should be fully drained or dry when entered. Spaces that are not fully drained or dry may pose a risk of drowning. The risk of drowning in a vat or tank with a large amount of liquid
46、is easily recognized. However, workers have drowned in small pools of liquid. For example, insufficient oxygen, the presence of a toxic gas, or a blow to the head can make workers unconscious. Workers who have fallen face-down into a small pool of water have drowned.CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROGRAMnBefo
47、re workers perform work in a confined space, the employer must prepare and implement a written confined space entry program.nThe confined space entry program must include the following:nAn assignment of responsibilities.nA list of each confined space or group of similar spaces, and a written hazard
48、assessment of those spaces prepared by a qualified person.nWritten safe work procedures for entry into and work in each of the confined spaces. Each procedure must be written specifically for each of the hazards that exist in each space during each entry.nThe equipment necessary for each entry must also be provided, including testing devices, air-moving devices, isolation and lockout devices, and personal protective equipment.nA signed permit where required.nTraining of employees.nA rescue plan.n nWorkSafeBC Video: n nConfined Space AwarenessConfined Space AwarenessQuestions?
