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1、Unit4HistorynI.TeachingObjectives:n1.ReadingSkill:Skimming2.TextStudy:ModelsforUnderstandingHistoryII.Teachingkeypoints:nTolearnthehistorymodelsandtheories;nIII.Teachingdifficultpoints:n1.Tolearnhowtounderstandhistory;n2.Tolearnandpracticethereadingskillskimmingskillfully.IV.Lead-inquestionsn n1. 1.
2、 What is history?What is history?n nHistoryisthepast,orasRomanphilosopherCiceroHistoryisthepast,orasRomanphilosopherCicerosisrusisru西塞西塞罗（古罗马政治家、雄辩家、著作家）罗（古罗马政治家、雄辩家、著作家）says,“Historyisthewitnesssays,“Historyisthewitnessthattestifiestothepassingoftime”.Itisarecordofimportantthattestifiestothepassing
3、oftime”.Itisarecordofimportanteventsthateverhappenedandeventsthathaschangedthepeopleseventsthateverhappenedandeventsthathaschangedthepeopleslives.Forexample,theIndustrialRevolutioninEuropeinthe18thlives.Forexample,theIndustrialRevolutioninEuropeinthe18thcenturyreformedthewholeEuropeanlandscape,bring
4、inggreatcenturyreformedthewholeEuropeanlandscape,bringinggreatimprovementsintheeconomicandtechnologicalaspects.Itimprovementsintheeconomicandtechnologicalaspects.ItmodernizedthewholeofEurope.Thatsahistoricalevent.modernizedthewholeofEurope.Thatsahistoricalevent.n nHistoryispresentedandrecordedinmany
5、forms.ItcanbeinHistoryispresentedandrecordedinmanyforms.Itcanbeinprimarysourcesorsecondarysources,writtenandnon-written.primarysourcesorsecondarysources,writtenandnon-written.Historyisaroundus,fromyourdiarytoyourhistorytextbook,fromHistoryisaroundus,fromyourdiarytoyourhistorytextbook,fromthefolksong
6、thatyourgrandmataughtyoutooralmemoirsfromthefolksongthatyourgrandmataughtyoutooralmemoirsfromvictimsofthewar.Theseareallformsofhistory.victimsofthewar.Theseareallformsofhistory.n n n nHistoryisalsosomethingthatprofoundlylinkstoHistoryisalsosomethingthatprofoundlylinkstothepresent,andeventhefuture.Wh
7、atourthepresent,andeventhefuture.Whatourpredecessorshaddoneinthepaststillaffectus.predecessorshaddoneinthepaststillaffectus.TaketheAgeofReasonTaketheAgeofReason理性时代理性时代理性时代理性时代asanexample,inasanexample,inthe18thcentury,thereweremanyEnlightenmentthe18thcentury,thereweremanyEnlightenmentideasgenerated
8、.Theseideaslaidthefoundationforideasgenerated.Theseideaslaidthefoundationfortheuniversalcorevaluesandconstitutions,liketheuniversalcorevaluesandconstitutions,likebasichumanrightsandfreedomofspeech.basichumanrightsandfreedomofspeech.n n2. 2. Do you believe that we can really know the truth of history
9、?nIt depends on, or it is hard to answer. For the past events, some are recorded, but some are lost. For those recorded, we are not sure the author could record them subjectively or objectively.3. Do you think it meaningful to study human history? History is the core of our life. We are one part in
10、history like a drop water in the ocean. It is human beings who create history and history itself guides us to walk less on crooked roads弯路弯路. It is worth learning from history.nV.PracticeofskimmingnAskSstofindtheidenticalunitorwordasquicklyastheycanandcrossitoutandtheteachertimesthespeedoftheirwork.
11、n1.Letterperception(25seconds)n2.wordperception(25seconds)nVI.Wordpretestn1.ToaskSstofinishdoingtheEXX.inWordPretest.(4minutes)n2.Tochecktheanswers.n1.underlying:,ndlaiinadj.notobvious,difficulttodiscoverorrevealnadj.潜在的；根本的；在下面的；优先的nunderlie:vt.hidebehind,bethecauseorbasisofsth.过去式过去式underlay,过去分词过
12、去分词underlain,现在分词现在分词underlying.n2.subscribeto:sbskraibnagreeto,support,contribute订阅；同意；捐款n3.covenantkvnntn:agreement,contract契约，盟约，合同契约，盟约，合同n4.tribulation:,tribjuleinnsufferings,disasters苦难；磨难；忧患nThetrialsandtribulationsofeverydaylifen生活的磨难生活的磨难n5.flyinthefaceof:goagainst;becontrarytovt.悍然不顾n6.suc
13、cumbskmconsentreluctantlyvi.屈服；死；被压垮:vi.givein,固定搭配固定搭配ton7.garb:bn:vt.dress,orwearastrangeclothes(尤指不寻常的)装束nshawl:ln.围巾，长方形披巾vt.用披巾包裹n8.shed:vt.getridof,pouroutindropsorsmallquantitiesnvt.流出；摆脱；散发；倾吐ne.g.shedtears,GodshedHisgraceonThee(you).nshedlighton:makefreefromconfusionorambiguity;makeclearn为为
14、提供线索，使提供线索，使清楚的显现，阐明清楚的显现，阐明nHeshedhisimageasapushyboss.npushypuiadj.有进取心的；爱出风头的；有冲劲的；固执己见的nadj.markedbyaggressiveambitionandenergyandinitiativenShedyourclothes.n9.discerndis:n,-z:nnview,detect,spot,observe,perceive,seenvt.识别；领悟，认识vi.看清楚，辨别VI.TextIModelsforUnderstandingHistorylAsk Ss to spend 6 minu
15、tes skimming Text 1 while bearing the questions of 1-6 on Page 58 in mind.And then check the answers.Keys:1. ModelsforUnderstandingHistory 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C lAsk Ss to spend 6 minutes reread the text again and then decide whether each of the statements on page 58 is true or false.And then check th
16、e answers.Keys : 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.TVII.UnderstandingofTextIl7.1Comprehensionquestionsl What does model mean ?the way to help people to interpret and assemble the facts of history.l How many models for understanding history? What are they?3 models: the history of mankind is a record of progre
17、ss and that future prospects are bright.things wre getting worse over time and that the prospects for the future were grim.（unpleasant,depressing,anddifficulttoaccept.严酷的;令人沮丧的）periods of accomplishment are followed by periods of decay7.2Topic-centeredAnalysisofTextnPart I (Para 1)nThe models of und
18、erstanding history can be sorted into three broad categories.nPart II (Para 2-4)nMode A believes that the history of mankind is a record of progress and that future prospects are bright.nPart III (Para 5)nModel B is that things were getting worse over time and that the prospects for the future were
19、grim.nPart IV (Para 6-9)nHistory is complicated. Periods of accomplishement are followed be periods of decay.nPart V (Para 10-11)nConclusion: Suggest the right attitude for history: The trick is to move beyond the simple models and to think critically about whatever time period they are studying.7.3
20、ThestructureoftheTexttheauthorschioce:criticaleyesModelC:upanddownModelB:downModelA:upthegenerallead-in7.3.1.Lead-innunderlying:-underlyingcause/principle/problemetc:thecause,ideaetcthatisthemostimportant,althoughitisnoteasilynoticed.-Thereisanunderlyingassumptionthatyoungerworkersareeasiertotrain.n
21、assumption-sththatyouthinkistruealthoughyouhavenodefiniteproof-alotofpeoplemaketheassumptionthatpovertyonlyexistsintheThirdWorld.7.3.2ModelA the future of mankind is better and brighteruthebenifitsofthismodel:flatteringtooneselfandonescontemporariesallowsonetofacethefuturewithoptimismutherepresentat
22、ivesofthismodel:HegelmanyAmericanhistoriansGeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegel(17701831)na German philosopher, and one of the creators of German idealism.nHegel influenced writers of widely varying positions, including both his admirers such as Marx, and his detractors such as Nietzsche. ni:t尼采尼采Hegel develo
23、ped a comprehensive philosophical system, to account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and nature, the subject and object of knowledge, and psychology, the state, history, art, religion, and philosophy. 围绕思维与存在的辩证同一这个基本命题，黑格尔建立起令人叹为观止的客观唯心主义体系:绝对精神自我发展的三个阶段：逻辑学、自然哲学、精神哲
24、学。这是人类思想史上最惊人的大胆思考之一。恩格斯后来给其以高度的评价：“近代德国哲学在黑格尔的体系中达到了顶峰，在这个体系中，黑格尔第一次这是他的巨大功绩把整个自然的、历史的和精神的世界描写为处于不断运动、变化、转化和发展中，并企图揭示这种运动和发展的内在联系。”黑格尔的代表作品有精神现象学、逻辑学、哲学全书、法哲学原理、哲学史讲演录、历史哲学和美学等。nunify=unite:ifyouunifytwoormorepartsorthings,oriftheyunify,theyarecombinedtomakeasingleunit-hismusicunifiestraditionaland
25、modernthemes.-strongsupportforthewarhasunifiedthenation.-oppositetodivide俾斯麦俾斯麦(Ottovon,1815-1898,德国政治家德国政治家,德意志帝国德意志帝国第一任首相第一任首相)uOttoEduardLeopoldvonBismarck(18151898)bizma:kwasaPrussian普鲁士Germanstatesmanandaristocratofthe19thcentury.AsMinister-PresidentofPrussiafrom18621890,heoversawtheunificatio
26、nofGermany.In1867hebecameChancelloroftheNorthGermanConfederation.WhentheGermanEmpirewasformedin1871,heservedasitsfirstChancelloruntil1890andpracticedRealpolitikreia:lpliti:k权力政治,whichgainedhimthenicknameTheIronChancellor.uWilhelmI霍亨索伦王室,alsoknownasWilhelmtheGreat(WilliamFrederickLouis,German:Wilhelm
27、FriedrichLudwig)(17971888)wastheKingofPrussia(2January18619March1888)andthefirstGermanEmperor(18January18719March1888).uUndertheleadershipofWilhelmandhisChancellorOttovonBismarck,PrussiaachievedtheunificationofGermanyandtheestablishmentoftheGermanEmpire.German Emperor; King of PrussiaBismark7.3.3Mod
28、elBgolden agegrimy futureHow does this model fit the outlines of Scripture? Paradise the earthAdam & Evethrough Gods covenants with Noah, Abraham, Mosesfulfill in JesusbacknThe word, scripture, has been firmly attached to the Bible in that it is used 32 times in 32 verses in the King James Bible.nTh
29、e Bible is the central religious text of Judaism and Christianity.nChristianity recognises the Old Testament which includes three parts: the Torah tr,tu-,tur:律法律法(“teaching” or “law”), the Neviim先知先知 (“prophets”), and the Ketuvim 圣卷，圣卷，著作著作(“writings”). ScripturenAnd all Christians also recognise th
30、e New Testament, a collection of early Christian writings that consists of the Gospels福音书福音书, the Acts of the Apostles使徒行传;圣经新约第五章(OftenshortenedtoActs), the Epistles/psl/使徒书信;圣经新约中的各卷书，原为早期基督徒的书信, and the Apocalypsepklips启示；天启；世界末日；世界末日AdamandEveAdam and Eve were, according to the chapters 1-5 of G
31、enesis of the Bible, the first man and woman created by God. In Genesis 1 God creates Adam in his image, and gives him dominion over the living things he has created.Genesis 2 God causes the man to sleep, and creates a woman from his rib. That is Eve.Genesis 3, the serpent tempts Eve to eat from the
32、 tree of knowledge, telling her that it will not lead to death; she succumbs, and gives the fruit to Adam. thus, they broke Gods command by eating from the tree. God curses them with hard labor and with pain in childbirth, and banishes them from his garden.Genesis 4 and 5 give the story of Adam and
33、Eves family after they leave the garden. ngrim:-=harsh,makingyoufeelworriedorunhappywhenhelosthisjob,hisfuturelookedgrim.-lookingorsoundingveryserious.Illsurvive,hesaidwithagrimsmile.-verybad,ugly,orunpleasanttheweatherforecastisprettygrim.ntrend:ageneraltendencyinthewayasituationischangingordevelop
34、ing-trendupward/downward:atendencyforsthtoincreaseordecreaseGodscovenantwithNoahnuThe biblical story of Noah is contained in the book of Genesis, chapters 69 ，God, saddened at the wickedness of mankind, decided to send a great delugedelju:d洪水 to destroy all life. But he saw that Noah was a righteous
35、 man, and instructed him to build an ark and gather himself and his family with every type of animal, male and female. And so the Flood came, and all life was extinguished, except for those who were with Noah. nAndthenNoahbuiltanaltartoGodandmadeanoffering.AndwhentheLordsmelledthepleasingodour,theLo
36、rdsaidinhisheart,Iwillneveragaincursethegroundbecauseofman,fortheinclinationofmansheartisevilfromhisyouth;neitherwillIeveragaindestroyeverylivingcreatureasIhavedone.Whiletheearthremains,seed-timeandharvest,coldandheat,summerandwinter,dayandnight,shallnotcease.nThenGodspoketoNoahthattheanimalswouldfe
37、arman;andinreturn,manwasforbiddentoeat“fleshwithitslife,thatis,itsblood.”AndGodforbademurder,andgaveacommandment:“Befruitfulandmultiply,bringforthabundantlyontheearthandmultiplyinit.”Andasasignofhiscovenant,hesettherainbowinthesky,“thesignofthecovenantwhichIhaveestablishedbetweenmeandallflesh（众生，人类）
38、thatisupontheearth.GodscovenantwithAbrahamAccordingtoGenesis,AbrahamwasthetenthgenerationfromNoahandthe20thfromAdam.AbrahamwassentbyGodfromhishomeinUrKadimandHarrantoCanaankeinn迦南迦南,thelandpromisedtohisdescendantsbyYahwehja:wei;ja:va:耶和华耶和华InCanaan,Abrahamenteredintoacovenant:inexchangeforrecognitio
39、nofYHWHashisGod,Abrahamwillbeblessedwithinnumerableprogeny子孙子孙andthelandwouldbelongtohisdescendants:Leaveyourcountry,yourpeopleandyourfathershouseholdandgotothelandIwillshowyou.IwillmakeyouintoagreatnationandIwillblessyou;Iwillmakeyournamegreat,andyouwillbeablessing.Iwillblessthosewhoblessyou,andwho
40、evercursesyouIwillcurse;andallpeoplesonearthwillbeblessedthroughyou.Genesis12:1-3GodscovenantwithMosesmuziz摩西摩西nareligiousleader,lawgiver,andprophetnAccordingtotheBookofExodus,MoseswasborninatimewhenwarthreatenedandthelargeincreaseinthenumberofhispeopleconcernedtheEgyptianPharaohfru法老，暴君法老，暴君nwhowas
41、worriedthattheymighthelpEgyptsenemies.MosesHebrewmother,Jochebed,hidhimwhenthePharaohorderedallnewbornHebrewboystobekilled,andheendedupbeingadoptedintotheEgyptianroyalfamily.nAfterkillinganEgyptianslave-master,MosesfledacrosstheRedSeatoMidianwherehetendedtheflocksofJethro,apriestofMidianontheslopeso
42、fMt.Horeb.h:reb何烈山（又作西奈山）nAftertheTenPlagues瘟疫瘟疫wereunleashed释放释放onEgypt,MosesledtheHebrewpeopleoutofEgypt,acrosstheRedSea,wheretheybasedthemselvesatHorebandcompassed包围包围thebordersofEdom以东（雅各之兄，以扫别名）.Itwasatthistime,thataccordingtotheBible,MosesreceivedtheTenCommandments.GodscovenantwithJesusnJesust
43、heChrististhecentralfigureofChristianity.nhewasaJewwhowasregardedasateacherandhealer医治者医治者.nHewasbaptizedbyJohntheBaptist,andwascrucifiedkru:si,faininJerusalemontheordersoftheRomanPrefect行政长官行政长官ofJudaeadu:di犹太（地名）犹太（地名）,PontiusPilate彼拉多（钉死耶稣的古代罗马犹太总督）,onthechargeofsedition煽动煽动againsttheRomanEmpire.
44、nChristianbelievesthatJesusisdivine,theMessiahmisai救星救星whosecomingwasprophesiedintheOldTestament,andthathewasresurrected复活复活n,rezrektafterhiscrucifixion.nChristianspredominantlybelievethatJesusisthe“SonofGod”andthesecondpersonintheTrinitytriniti三位一体三位一体whocametoprovidesalvationandreconciliation和解和解w
45、ithGodbyhisdeathfortheirsins.Revelation,revlein启示（录）启示（录）nWithin a set of mostly religious beliefs Revelation refers to the act of revealing or disclosing, or making something obvious and clearly understood through active or passive communication with supernatural entities实体 (divine, .). It is belie
46、ved that revelation can originate directly from a deity神, or through an agent, such as an angel. One who has experienced such contact with or communication from the divine 神学家is often called a prophet.nChristianity regards varied collections of books known as the Bible as authoritative and written b
47、y human authors under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit圣灵.nIn a number of passages the Bible claims divine inspiration for itself. Besides the direct accounts of written revelation, such as Moses receiving the Ten Commandments. and in the New Testament, Jesus treats the Old Testament as authoritati
48、ve and says it “cannot be broken” ,“All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking指责，非难, correction and training in righteousness.authoritativerttv;-,tetvadj.有权威的；命令式的；当局的ncovenantkvnnt:alegalagreementinwhichsbpromisestopayapersonororganizationanamountofmoneyregularly-hecovenante
49、dtopay$30amonthintothefund.nprophecyprfisi:-astatementthatsth.willhappeninthefuture,esp.onemadebysbwithreligiousormagicpowersTheprophecythatDavidwouldbecomekingwasfulfilled.-thepoweroractofmakingstatementsaboutwhatwillhappeninthefutureShehadthegiftofprophecy.ntribulation,tribjulein:serioustroubleora
50、seriousproblem.naccomplishment-=achievement:sthsuccessfulorimpressivethatisachievedafteralotofeffortandhardworkItwasamajoraccomplishmentforaplayerwhohadbeeninjuredsorecently.-theactoffinishingorachievingsthgoodtheaccomplishmentofpolicygoals-anabilitytodosthwell,ortheskillinvolvedindoingsthwell.技艺技艺p
51、layingthepianoisoneofhermanyaccomplishment.7.3.4ModelCperiods of accomplishmentperiods of decaythingsdeteriorateanddecaywithagendecay:damagegradually-tobeslowlydestroyedbyanaturalchemicalprocess,ortomakesthdothis.-ifbuildings,structures,orareasdecay,theirconditiongraduallybecomesworse.-iftraditional
52、beliefs,standardsetcdecay,peopledonotbelieveinthemorsupportthemanymore.ndeteriorateditirireitn:tobecomeworse,todevelopintoabadorworsesituation-Janeshealthhasdeteriorated.nflyinthefaceofsth:tobetheoppositeofwhatmostpeoplethinkisreasonable,sensible,ornormal.-Helikestoflyinthefaceofconvention大会，惯例，习俗.n
53、exception:sthorsbthatisnotincludedinageneralstatementordoesnotfollowaruleorpattern-withtheexceptionofsb/sthwealllaughed,withtheexceptionofMaggie马吉（女名）马吉（女名）.nsupernatural: impossible to explain by natural causes, and therefore seeming to involve the powers of gods or magic nempower: -to give sb more
54、 control over their own life or situation The Voting Rights Act was needed to empower minority groups. -to give a person or organization the legal right to do sth The President is empowered to appoint judges to the Supreme Court.nreverse: to change sth, such as a decision, judgment, or process so th
55、at it is the opposite of what it was before -More changes are required to reverse the trend towards centralised power.Greekcity-statesnAcity-stateisanindependentcountrywhoseterritoryconsistsofacitywhichisnotadministeredaspartofanotherlocalgovernment.nWhereasthenation-statesrelyonacommonheritage共同继承的
56、财产,beitlinguistic,historical,economic,etc.,thecity-statereliesonthecommoninterestinthefunctionoftheurbancenter.Theurbancenteranditsactivitysuppliesthelivelihoodsofallurbanitesb()natinhabitingthecity-state.nthecity-statecomesfromtheword“polis”城邦；都市国家.Eachcitywascomposedofseveraltribes.Metics外邦人(resid
57、entforeigners)andslaveslayoutsidethisorganization.Birthtypicallydeterminedcitizenship.Eachpoliswouldalsoworshipanumberofpatronpeitrn保护人，赞助保护人，赞助deities/det/神灵神灵forprotectionandkeptitsownparticularfestivalsandcustoms.nPoliswasfrequentlydividedintothreetypesofinhabitants.Thefirst,andhighest,“group”ofi
58、nhabitantsarecitizenswithpoliticalrights.Thentherearethecitizenswithoutpoliticalrights.Lastlytherearethenon-citizens.AlexandertheGreat(356323BC)nanAncientGreekkingofMacedonmsidn马其顿王国马其顿王国whocreatedoneofthelargestempiresinancienthistory.nAlexanderdiedinBabylonin323BC,beforehavingthechancetorealizease
59、riesofplannedcampaigns,beginningwithaninvasionofArabia.IntheyearsfollowingAlexandersdeath,hisempirewastornapartinaseriesofcivilwars,whichresultedintheformationofanumberofstatesruledbyMacedoniannobility.,msidunjnnAlthoughbothAlexandersreignandempirewereshort-lived,theculturalimpactofhisconquestslaste
60、dforcenturies.Alexanderisoneofthemostwellknownfiguresofantiquity古代古代ntikwti,andisrememberedforhistacticalability,hisconquests,andthespreadofGreekcivilizationintotheeast.nHewasgreatlyinfluencedbyAristotle.nsuccumbskmto-=givein:tostopopposingsborsththatisstrongerthanyou,andallowthemtotakecontrol.Ginas
61、uccumbedtotemptationandhadasecondservingofcake.-ifyousuccumbtoanillness,youbecomeveryillordieofit.About400,000Americanssuccumbeachyeartosmoking-relatedillnesses.nTheRomanRepublicwasthephaseoftheancientRomancivilizationcharacterizedbyarepublicanformofgovernment;aperiodwhichbeganwiththeoverthrowoftheR
62、omanmonarchy.mnkinn.君主政体；君主国；君主政治nTheRomanRepublicwasgovernedbyacomplexconstitution,whichcenteredontheprinciplesofaseparationofpowersandchecksandbalances.nRomealsosawitsterritoryexpandduringthisperiod,fromcentralItalytotheentireMediterraneanworld.nManyofRomeslegalandlegislativestructurescanstillbeob
63、servedthroughoutEuropeandtherestoftheworldbymodernstatesandorganizations.TheRomansLatinlanguagehasinfluencedgrammarandvocabularyacrossEuropeandtheworld.RomanRepublicRomanEmpireThetermisusedtodescribetheRomanstateduringandafterthetimeofthefirstemperor,Augustus.:gsts奥古斯都奥古斯都Romanexpansionbeganintheday
64、softheRepublic,butreacheditszenithunderEmperorTrajantreidn图拉真图拉真.BecauseoftheEmpiresvastextentandlongendurance,Romaninfluenceuponthelanguage,religion,architecture,philosophy,law,andgovernmentofnationsaroundtheworldlaststothisday.Inthelate3rdcenturyAD,Diocletian戴克里先意罗马皇帝establishedthepracticeofdividi
65、ngauthoritybetweentwoemperors,oneinthewesternpartoftheempireandoneintheeast,inordertobetteradministerthevastterritory.TheWesternRomanEmpirecollapsedin476,whiletheEasternRomanorByzantinebizntain】Empire拜占庭endureduntil1453withthecaptureofConstantinople君士坦丁堡bytheOttomanTurks土耳其人ledbyMehmedII.DarkAgesnIt
66、 refers to a period of cultural decline or societal collapse that supposedly took place in Western Europe between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance. rnsnsnThe concept of a Dark Age was created in the 1330s by the Italian scholar Petrarch. pet,ra:k彼特拉克（1304-1374，意大利诗人，学者、欧洲人文主义运动的主要代表）Petrarch wro
67、te that history had had two periods: the classic period of the Greeks and Romans, followed by a time of darkness, in which he saw himself as still living. nLater historians expanded the term to refer to the transitional period between Roman times and the High Middle Ages. Popular culture has further
68、 expanded on the term as a vehicle to depict the Middle Ages as a time of backwardness落后, extending its pejorativepi:drtive贬义的 use and expanding its scope.nAnd humanists believed one day the Roman Empire would rise again and restore classic cultural purity, and so by the late 14th and early 15th cen
69、turies, humanists such as Leonardo Bruni believed they had attained this new age, and that a third, Modern Age had begun. The age before their own, which Petrarch pet,ra:k彼特拉克had labelled dark, thus became a middle age between the classic and the modern. The first use of the term Middle Age appeared
70、 around 1439.Renaissancernsnsnaculturalmovementthatspanned（lasted）roughlythe14thtothe17thcentury,beginninginFlorenceintheLateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.nAsaculturalmovement,itencompassed(included)arebirthoflearningbasedonclassicalsources古典源流,thedevelopmentoflinearperspective线条透视；直线
71、透视图inpainting,andgradualbutwidespreadeducationalreform.nTraditionally,thisintellectualtransformationhasresultedintheRenaissancebeingviewedasabridgebetweentheMiddleAgesandtheModernera.ir,rnAlthoughtheRenaissancesawrevolutionsinmanyintellectualpursuits,itisbestknownforitsartisticdevelopmentsandthecont
72、ributionsofLeonardodaVinci,Michelangelo,makel:ndel:米开朗基罗米开朗基罗,Shakespeare,etcwhoinspiredthetermRenaissanceman文艺复兴人；多才多艺的人Protestantprtistnt新教的；新教徒的ReformersnThe Protestant Reformers were those theologians神学者,i:ludin, churchmen, and statesmen whose careers, works, and actions brought about the Protes
73、tant Reformation of the sixteenth century. n the widening spread of the Protestant Reformation over Europe into diversifying movements like Lutheranismlu:rnizm路德教教义, Anglicanism, liknizm英国国教Calvinismklvinizm加尔文主义；加尔文教派, and Arminianism. :mininizm荷兰神学家阿米纽派教义nthey wanted to clarify the traditional Cat
74、holic Church大公教会；天主教；天主教会 and set up or turn back to the New Testament church新约圣经教会: the early church that believed in the basic principles of Gods. it seldom pays attention to the forms but the spirits.7.3TheOutlineofWesternHistory(Britain)RomanRepublicRoman EmpireDarkAgesRenaissanceReligious Refor
75、mationAge of Reason理性时代理性时代Victorian Agemodern societyGreak city-statesVIII.Reviewn1.WhatistheModelC?n2.CouldyouillustratethisModelthroughthedescriptionofwesternhistory?n(P.57-61)n3.WhatdoyouknowaboutRomanRepublicandEmpire?n4.HowabouttheDarkAgesandRenaissance?nthe commander of the Continental Army i
76、n the American Revolutionary War (17751783) and served as the first President of the United States of America (17891797). For his central role in the formation of the United States, he is often referred to as the father of his country.nhe was first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of
77、his countrymen.n Washington has been consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents.GeorgeWashington(17321799)nstrive:tomakeagreatefforttoachievesth-Iwasstillstrivingtobesuccessful.ngarb:aparticularstyleofclothing,esp.clothesthatshowyourtypeofworkorlookunusualntoga:alongloose
78、pieceofclothingwornbypeopleinancientRomen（古罗马的）宽外袍JamesMadison(17511836)詹姆斯麦迪逊（美国前总统）nan American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (18091817), and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. nthe “Father of the Constitution”, who was
79、the principal author of the document, who drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments 修正案to the Constitution, and thus is also known as the “Father of the Bill of Rights”人权法案.nWithThomas Jefferson, he organized the Republican Party 共和党in opposition to key policies of the
80、 Federalists联邦党人；联邦派, especially the national bank and the Jay Treaty.杰伊条约（见下页）nAs Jeffersons Secretary of State (18011809), Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the nations size. nAs president, he led the nation into the War of 1812 against Great Britain. n杰伊条约JayTreaty编辑n1794年美英签署的友
81、好、通商与航海条约，因美方代表，美国首席大法官约翰杰伊得名。1783年巴黎和约签订后，英国虽承认了美国的独立，但双方并未实现真正和平，英国在美国的驻军、美国在法国支持下对英国的私掠以及英国为镇压法国大革命而采取的劫掠美国船只的行为，使得美英走到战争边缘。为缓和美英关系，和平解决双方争端，1794年5月，美国派特使约翰杰伊赴英谈判，并于1794年11月19日在伦敦缔结杰伊条约，条约规定，英国于1796年6月1日前从美国西北地区撤军；英国赔偿被其劫掠的美国船只的损失；密西西比河向英美两国开放；美国禁止在美国港口装备针对英国的私掠船；美国在英属东印度群岛享受贸易优惠；只准许美国以载重70吨以下的船只
82、同西印度群岛进行贸易，且不得进行棉花、可可、食糖等商品的贸易；双方同意成立联合委员会以确定美国同英属加拿大间的边界。杰伊条约是一个不平等条约，它承认了英国在北美大陆内河航行的自由和在西印度群岛贸易中的优势地位，使美国丧失了自己在领土主权和贸易方面的部分利益，因此在美国国内引发了以亲法的民主共和党为主的广泛不满。n然而，条约使得美英避免了在独立战争结束后的短时期内再次爆发战争的危险，使美国得以暂时置身于因法国大革命而引发的欧洲战事之外，为独立之初的美国赢得了一个相对和平的国际环境。1795年6月24日，除西印度群岛的贸易条款外，杰伊条约被美国参议院批准。杰伊条约的签订，使得原本与美国存在同盟关系
83、的法国大为不满，美法关系就此开始恶化，终致爆发了1797年的XYZ事件和1798-1800年的美法准战争。nXYZ事件是1797年发生在美国与法国之间的外交事件，法国外交部长塔列朗的三位代理人（在最初公布的保密外交文件中被分别称为X、Y和Z）向前来进行和平谈判的美国总统约翰亚当斯的外交使节索取巨额贿赂，作为继续谈判的条件。这一事件被披露后引发了美国的反法浪潮，进一步恶化了美国与法国的关系，并导致了1798年美国对法国的不宣而战。ThomasJefferson(17431826) the third President of the United States (18011809), the p
84、rincipal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States.The first United States Secretary of State (17891793), and second Vice President (17971801) a man of the Enlightenment who
85、 idealized the independent yeoman jumn自耕农farmer as exemplarizempl模范，榜样；标本 of republican virtues, distrusted cities and financiers, and favored states rights and a strictly limited federal government. Jefferson supported the separation of church and state and was the author of the Virginia Statute弗吉利
86、亚法规 for Religious Freedom (1779, 1786). nJeffersonwasalsoahorticulturist,h:tikltrist园艺家 statesman,architect,archaeologist考古学家,paleontologist,peilintldist古生物学者 ,inventor,andfounderoftheUniversityofVirginia.nHehasbeenconsistentlyrankedbyscholarsasoneofthegreatestofU.S.presidents.nimplications:apossibl
87、efutureeffectorresultofanaction,event,decisionetc-ThiselectionhasprofoundimplicationsforthefutureofU.S.democracy.nomission:whenyoudonotincludeordonotdosth-hisomissionfromtheteamnsophisticated:-havingalotofexperienceoflife,andgoodjudgmentaboutsociallyimportantthingssuchasart,fashion,etcasophisticated
88、,wittyAmerican-asophisticatedmachine,system,methodetcisverywelldesignedandveryadvanced,andoftenworksinacomplicatedwaysophisticatedsoftware-havingalotofknowledgeandexperienceofdifficultorcomplicatedsubjectsandthereforeabletounderstandthemwellBritishvotershavebecomemuchmoresophisticated.ndiscern:dis:n
89、,-z:nntonoticeorunderstandsthbythinkingaboutitcarefullyvt.识别；领悟，认识vi.看清楚，辨别nOfficialswerekeentodiscernhowmuchpublicsupporttherewas.ReviewnHowmanymodelsarethereaccordingtothetext?nWhatarethey?nWhatdoyouknowaboutGodscovenantswithNoah,Abraham,Moses,andJesus?nAssignmentn1.FinishdoingSectionBwithin15minutes.n2.ReadingSectionCandfinishallexercisesinthisunit.
