《心理学专业英语课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《心理学专业英语课件（29页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Milgrams study of obedience心理学专业英语n1.AIMn2. PROCEDUREn3.APPARATUSn3.THE SUBJECTSn4.VOCAL FEEDBACK CONDITIONn5.THE EXPERIMENTERn6.THE LEARNERn7.RESULTS 心理学专业英语AIMnTo investigate how far people will go in obeying an authority figure.n目的是研究多少人会服从一个权威人士。心理学专业英语PROCEDUREnSubjects were led to believe that
2、 the experiment was investigating the effects of punishment on learning . The subjects were tested one at a time and were always given the role of teacher (through a fixed lottery).n被试被引导着相信这个实验是研究惩罚对学习的影响。被试进行了一次测试而且会永远得到老师这个角色。（通过抽签的方式）心理学专业英语nThe subject saw his apparent co-subject (in reality an
3、 actor) strapped into a chair with electrodes attached to him ,since he was to be the learner . nThe subject (teacher) was told the shocks would cause no permanent tissue damage and was given a trial shock of 45volts.nStrap: 捆绑nTrial： 实验的n被试看到这个表面上的同伴被试（实际上是个演员）被捆绑到椅子上，并且把电极粘贴到他身上。因为他要扮演的是“学生”。n被试（“
4、老师”）被告知这个电击不会造成永久性的组织损伤而且得到一个45伏的试验电击。心理学专业英语nThe subject then started the experiment in the shock generator room next door by testing the learner over an intercom ,and was told by the experimenter (the authority figure) to administer increasing levels of electric shock for each wrong answer (which
5、the actor gave often) .nIntercom：内部通信联络系统n被试在装有电击设置的房间开始实验，另一间房通过内部联络系统测试学生，并且由实验者（权威人士）告诉被试每出现一个错误答案（由演员给出）要去实施增加的电击强度。心理学专业英语nThe experiment finished when either the subject refused to continue (disobeyed the experimenters request) ,or had reached the maximum shock on the scale (450 volts).The sub
6、ject was then fully debriefed as to the real nature of the experiment ,re-introduced to the learner in a friendly way and reassured that no damage had been done since the learner had not really received any shocks at all ! n当被试拒绝继续（不在服从实验者的要求）或已经达到了最大电击幅度（450伏）时，实验就完成了。被试随后会接受一个充分的解释，例如实验的真正本质，重新以友好
7、的方式介绍学生而且宽慰他们没有做过任何伤害因为学生从来没有受到任何的电击。心理学专业英语nIn the basic set-up of the experiment the subject received feedback reactions from the learner he was electrocutingonly by a thump on the wall at 300 volts followed by no further reply, but in a later condition vocal feedback was given (this was standardi
8、sed by the use of a tape recoding ). nFeedback：反馈n在这个实验的基本装置中，被试会从学生那里获得一个他在遭受300伏电击时撞击墙然后不再有进一步的反应的反馈，但是随后又会获得声音反馈（这通过录音机的使用使其标准化）。心理学专业英语nMilgram decided to conduct many variations of the study to determine the key factors that were responsible for the obedience.n米尔格兰姆决定去实施许多不同的研究来确定决定服从的关键因素。心理学专
9、业英语APPARATUSnTwo rooms in the Yale Interaction Laboratory were used - one for the learner containing an electric chair and an answering device,the other for the teacher and experimenter with an electric shock generator.n实验在耶鲁大学的互动实验室中的两个房间进行。一个是为学生准备的，包括一个“电击椅”和一个回答装置，另外一个是为老师和实验者准备的，这里有一个可以实施电击的发电机
10、。心理学专业英语 nThe generator did not actually give shocks to the learner,and was used to measure the dependent variable of obedience.It was a convincing machine with a row of 30 witches that ranged from 15 volts to 450 volts in increments of 15 volts,and was marked with descriptive terms of the shock eff
11、ects-ranging from slight shock through to Danger:severe shock and xxx.nIncrement:增量nDescriptive：描述性的n发电机不会真的对学生产生电击，这只是被用作测试服从的因变量。这是一个令人信服的机器，它有30个按钮，最低从15伏开始，每个按钮的电极以15伏为单位递增直到450伏，而且被标记上描述性的术语：电机等级从轻微电击到危险：严重点击和xxx。心理学专业英语THE SUBJECTSnThey were 40 males between the ages of 20 and 50 from a range
12、of occupations,and were drawn from the New Haven area. They were obtained by newspaper ads for participation in a study of learning at Yale University and were paid 4.50 just for turning up.n他们是年龄在20-50岁之间的从事不同职业的40名男性，住在美国纽黑文地区。他们是看到了一份寻求志愿者来耶鲁大学进行记忆力和学习方法的研究，参加者可获每小时4美元的广告而到来的 。 心理学专业英语VOCAL FEEDB
13、ACK CONDITIONnAt 75 volts moans/groans.nAt 150 volts requests to be excused from the experimentnAt 195 volts yelled let me out ! My hearts bothering menAt 285 volts agonised screamnAt 300 volts kicked the wall and begged to be released.nAt 315 volts no further responses n75伏 呻吟n150伏 要求停止实验n195伏 大喊：放
14、我出去！我心脏受不了了n285伏 挣扎 尖叫n300伏 撞墙 请求被释放n315伏 没有进一步反应心理学专业英语THE EXPERIMENTERnHe was 31 years old,dressed in a grey laboratory coat,and appeared somewhat stern and impassive through the experiment. If at any point the subject showed reluctance to administer the shock,he would command them to continue wit
15、h standardised prompts ranging from please continue to You have no other choice,you must go on.nReluctance：不情愿，勉强nPrompt：提示性语言n他31岁了，穿着灰色的实验服，整个实验过程显得有些严厉和冷漠。如果在任何时候被试表现出拒绝执行电击，他会命令他们继续，并且是使用标准化的提示语，从请继续到你没有选择，必须继续。心理学专业英语THE LEARNERnAn actor was required to play the role of the learner - an lrish-A
16、merican,47 year old accountant who appeared mild-mannered and likeable.n一个演员被要求扮演学生的角色，是个爱尔兰人。他是个会计师，47岁，看起来很温和而且招人喜欢。心理学专业英语RESULTSnLevels of obedience expectednPsychology students and professional colleagues were asked what percentage of subjects would administer the highest degree of shock (450 v
17、olts)-the answers ranged from 1 to 3,with a mean of 1.2n预期的服从水平n心理学的学生和专业的大学生被问到被试会执行450伏这个最大电击强度的人数百分比时，他们的答案在一到三之间，平均是1.2。心理学专业英语Subjects realisation of shock effectsnIn the post-experimental interview the subjects were asked “How painful to the learner were the last few shocks that you administer
18、ed to him?”.The mean response was 13.42 out of 14-extremely painful on the scale. n被试实施的电击反应n在后来的实验采访中，被试被问到“你实施的最后几个电击对学生产生多大的痛苦？”平均的反应是13.42不到14在极端痛苦这个强度上。心理学专业英语Behavioural reactions to the studynIn a large number of cases , the degree of tension reached extremes that are rarely seen in sociopsyc
19、hological laboratory studies .Subjects were observed to sweat ,tremble,stutter,bite their lips,groan and dig their fingers into their flesh.These were characteristic rather than exceptional responses to the experiment.n研究的行为反应n在大量的案例中，紧张达到极大程度的情况很少在社会心理学实验室研究中出现。被试被观察到出现出汗，颤抖，结巴，咬嘴唇，呻吟，手指甲都抓到肉里面去。这些
20、特点在实验中不是例外而是典型。心理学专业英语nOne sign of tension was the regular occurrence of nervous laughing fits.Full-blown,uncontrollable seizures were observed for 3 subjects.On one occasion ,we observed a fit so violently convulsive that it was necessary to call a halt to the experiment.nSeizure：癫痫nConvulsive:抽搐n紧
21、张的另一个信号是几阵紧张的笑声的有规律的出现。三个被试出现了全面的，不受控制的癫痫症状。有时，我们观察到非常激烈的抽搐以至于不得不停止实验。心理学专业英语nIn the post experimental interviews,subjects took pains to point out that they were not sadistic types,and that the laughter did not mean they enjoyed shocking the victim.Milgram(1963).n在后来的实验采访中，被试就伤害来说他们并不是虐待狂，而且笑声并不意味着他
22、们享受电击受害人的过程。心理学专业英语The percentages of those who continued to the maximum shock level:n65% Remote victim condition. The victim in a separate room and no feedback until a bang on the wall at 300 volts.No subject stopped before 300 volts.n继续执行最大强度电击的人数百分比：n65%受害者远离条件：受害者在独立的房间，而且没有反馈直到达到300伏时出现撞墙的声音。在达
23、到300伏前，没有被试停止。心理学专业英语n62.5% Vocal feedback condition. With the verbal protestations,screams,wall pounding,and ominous silence after 300 volts .Only a few stopped before 300 volts.n62.5%雨声反馈条件：有口头的抗议，尖叫，撞击还有在300伏之后的不祥的沉默。只有一少部分人在300伏之前停止。心理学专业英语n92.5% Two teacher condition.The subject was paired with
24、 another teacher (a confederate) who actually delivered the shocks while the teacher only read out the words. n92.5% 两教师条件：被试和另一个老师（一个同伙）一组，老师只说话，被试负责执行电击。心理学专业英语n47.5% Shift of setting condition . The experiment was moved to a set of run down offices rather than the impressive Yale University . n47
25、.5% 设定条件的转换：这个实验在一套破旧的办公室进行而不是在著名的耶鲁大学。心理学专业英语n40% Proximity condition. Learner moved into the same room so the teacher could see his agonised reactions.nAgonised: 挣扎的n40% 接近条件：学生进入同一个房间，所以老师可以看到他挣扎的反应。心理学专业英语n30% Touch proximity condition. The teacher had to force the learners hand down onto a shoc
26、k plate after he refused to participate after 150 volts.nOnto：自身的nPlate:金属板n30% 触觉接近条件：在150伏后，如果学生拒绝参与，老师不得不强迫让学生的手放到自身的电极板上。心理学专业英语n20% Absent experimenter condition. The experimenter has to leave and give instructions over the telephone . Many subjects cheated and missed out shocks or gave less vo
27、ltage than ordered to .nMiss out:略过n20% 实验者不在场条件： 实验者必须离开只能通过电话传达命令。许多被试选择欺骗而且略过电击或者给与少量的电击而不是执行命令。心理学专业英语n10% Social support condition . Two other subjects(confederates) were also teachers but soon refused to obey . Most subjects stopped very soon after the others.nConfederate：同伙n10% 社会支持条件 ：两个以上的被试（同伙）都是老师但是不久会拒绝服从。大部分被试在其他人之后不久也停下来了。心理学专业英语心理学专业英语
