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1、HowtoProgramaMIS管理信息系统的规划nPartone:theconceptofprogramactivitiesanditsfeatures.nParttwo:theproceduresandthecontentsoftheMISstrategyprogrammingnPartthree:thecommonmethodsofstrategyprogramactivities.nPartfour:HowtowriteaprogramreportPartone:theconceptofprogramactivitiesanditsfeatures.管理信息系统规划的概念及意义MISp
2、rogrammingistomakeoverallarrangementsonshort-term,mid-termandlong-termmissionandgoal,itsimplementationstrategy,itsimplementationprogramaccordingtothegeneraldevelopmentstrategyandtheresourcestatusoftheorganization.管理信息系统规划就是根据组织的总体发展战略和资源状况，对组织信息系统近、中、长期的使命和目标、实现策略和方法、实施方案等内容作出的统筹安排。Anorganizationspr
3、ogramactivitiesofaMIScanbedividedintotwoparts,strategicprogrammingpartandexecutionprogrammingpart.Strategicprogrammingismacroguidancelong-termprogramming,executionprogrammingistheembodimentofthestrategicplanandrefined.一个组织的信息系统规划可以分为战略性规划和执行性规划两部分。战略性规划是宏观指导性的长远规划，执行性规划是对战略规划的具体化和细化。管理信息系统战略规划的意义(1)
4、rationalutilizationofinformationresources,savingMISinvestment.合理利用信息资源，节省MIS投资；(2)makingtheMISstaskclear.明确MIS的任务；(3)toprovidethebasisforfutureestimation.为将来的评估工作提供依据。TheimportanceofstrategicplanningofMIS管理信息系统战略规划的重要性MISstrategicplanningisaboutthemanagementinformationsystemoflong-termdevelopmentpla
5、n,generallyincludesthreeyearsormoreplan,alsocontainsayearofshort-termplans.BecauseoftheMISconstructionisacostly,lastedverylong,thetechnologyiscomplexandinternalandexternalcrossoverproject,andhasbecomethelifelineofenterpriseinformation,informationsystemandenterpriseoperation,culturalhabitsarecloselyr
6、elated.Therefore,MISstrategicplanningisanimportantpartoftheenterprisesstrategicplanning.管理信息系统的战略规划是关于管理信息系统的长远发展的计划，一般包括三年或更长期的计划，也包含一年的短期计划。由于管理信息系统的建设是一项耗资巨大、历时很长、技术复杂且又内外交叉的工程，信息已成为企业的生命线，信息系统和企业的运营方式、文化习惯息息相关。因此，MIS战略规划是企业战略规划的一个重要部分。Parttwo:ContentsandproceduresofMISstrategyprogramming内容(1)MIS
7、sgoal,constraints,andoverallstructure;MIS的目标、约束及总体结构；(2)Surveythepresentsituationoftheorganization;调查组织的现状；(3)Accordingthesituationofbusinessprocesses,analysisitsexistencequestion,andreorganizationtheprocess;根据业务流程现状分析其存在的问题，流程重组；(4)ForecaststheITdevelopmentsinfluencetotheprogrammingactivities.对影响规划
8、的IT发展的预测。2.Generalstepsofformulatethestrategyprogramming制定战略规划一般步骤Strategicprogramminggenerallyincludesthefollowingninesteps制定战略规划一般包括以下九个步骤：Confirmthenatureofprogramming确定规划的性质；Collecttherelatedinformation收集相关信息；Strategicanalysis战略分析；Defineconstraints定义约束条件；Makingstrategicgoalsclear明确战略目标；Proposedo
9、verallstructure提出总体结构；Choosethedevelopmentplan选择开发方案；Determineimplementationschedule确定实施进度；Discussthedocument,approvalandthencomeintoeffect形成文档，并讨论、批准、生效。Partthree:thecommonmethodsofMISprogramactivities.管理信息系统规划的常用方法MISprogrammingmethodshavetwoparts,generalmethodsandMISstrategicprogrammethods.Genera
10、lmethodsincludeinvestigateandsurvey,questionnaire,practiceofinspection,etc.TherearemanymethodsofformulateMISstrategicprogram,mainlyhastheBusinessSystemPlanning(BSP),CriticalSuccessFactormethod(CSF)andStrategicSetTransformation(SST),etc.MIS规划方法分为一般方法和MIS战略规划方法。一般方法包括企业调研，问卷调查，实践考察等方式；MIS战略规划的方法有多种，主要
11、有关键成功因素法（CriticalSuccessFactors,CSF）、战略目标集转化法（StrategySetTransformation，SST）和企业系统规划法（BusinessSystemPlanning,BSP）等三种.1、Basic thought 基本思想基本思想 Informationsupportenterpriseoperation.Throughthetoptobottomtoidentifysystemtarget,enterpriseproceduresanddata,thenanalysisthedata,designmanagementinformationsy
12、stemfrombottomtotop.Themanagementinformationsystemtosupporttherealizationofenterprisegoal,expressalllevelsofmanagementrequirements,providesinformationconsistentfortheorganizationandadapttothechanges.信息支持企业运行。通过自上而下地识别系统目标、企业过程和数据，然后对数据进行分析，自下上地设计管理信息系统。该管理信息系统支持企业目标的实现，表达所有管理层次的要求，向企业提供一致性信息，对组织机构的变
13、动具有适应性。方法一：信息系统规划方法方法一：信息系统规划方法 - 企业系统规划法企业系统规划法 (BSP Business System Planning)3、General steps一般步骤一般步骤 （1）Preparation研究开始阶段。成立规划组，进行系统初步调查，分析企业的现状、了解企业有关决策过程、组织职能和部门的主要活动、存在的主要问题、各类人员对信息系统的看法。（2）Identifybusinessprocess：definebusinessprocessisthecoreofBSPmethod.Thebusinessprocessislogicrelatedsetofde
14、cisionsoractivities.定义业务过程：定义业务过程是BSP方法的核心。所谓业务过程就是逻辑相关的一组决策或活动的集合。（3）Businessprocessreengineering：Businessprocessreengineeringisonthebasicofthedefinitionofthebusinessprocess,findoutwhichprocessiscorrect,whichprocessesisinefficient,neededoptimizedinthesupportofinformationtechnology.业务过程重组：在业务过程定义的基础
15、上，分析哪些过程是正确的；哪些过程是低效的，需要在信息技术支持下进行优化处理；哪些过程不适合计算机信息处理，应当取消。（4）Definedatatypes确定数据类。定义数据类是BSP方法的另一个核心。所谓数据类就是指支持业务过程所必须的逻辑上相关的一组数据。（5）Designmanagementinformationsystemoverallstructure:designmanagementinformationsystemoverallstructuremainworkiscanuseU/Cmatrixtodividingsubsystemsandportraythenewinforma
16、tionsystemframeworkandthecorrespondingdataclasses.设计管理信息系统总体结构：设计管理信息系统总体结构主要工作就是可以利用U/C矩阵来划分子系统，刻画出新的信息系统的框架和相应的数据类。（6）DeterminesubsystemImplementationorder.确定子系统实施顺序。（7）CompleteBSPresearchreport,putforwardproposalsanddevelopmentplan.完成BSP研究报告，提出建议书和开发计划。4.Subsystemdivision子系统的划分BSPmethodisAccordin
17、gtoinformationusedandcreatetodividingsubsystems,ittrytodividetheenterpriseprocesscreateinformationanduseinasubsystem,andareductionintheinformationexchange.Theprocedureisasfollows:BSP方法是根据信息的产生和使用来划分子系统的，它尽量把信息产生的企业过程和使用的企业过程划分在一个子系统中，从而减少了子系统之间的信息交换。划分子系统的步骤如下：（1）MakeU/Cmatrix.Usingdefinedfunctionsa
18、nddataclasstomakeaformoffunctionanddata,i.e.U/Cmatrix,asshowninthetable.RowsoftheMatrixrespectdata,andcolumnsrepresentfunction,anduseletterU(use)andC(create)meanthefunctionsuseandcreatedata.TheintersectionsuperscriptCmeansthedatageneratedbythecorrespondingfunction.MarkingUmeansthefunctionusingthisda
19、taclass.Forexample,salesfunctionneedtouserelevantproducts,customersandorderingofdata,thenthecorrespondingsaleslineintersectionmarkedU;Anddataofsalesregioncreateinsalesfunctions,thencorrespondingintersectionsuperscriptC. 作U/C矩阵。利用定义好的功能和数据类作一张功能数据类表格，即U/C矩阵，如表所示。矩阵中的行表示数据类，列表示功能，并用字母U（use）和C (create)
20、表示功能对数据类的使用和产生， 交叉点上标C的表示这个数据类由相应的功能产生，标U的表示这个功能使用这个数据类。例如，销售功能需要使用有关产品、客户和订货方面的数据，则在这些数据下面的销售一行对应交点标上U； 而销售区域数据产生于销售功能，则在对应交叉点上标C。 functionData classOperation planFinancial plan Asset sizeProduct forecasts production process Inventory controlSales managementDispatch Operations sequenceMaterial Requ
21、irement Production Capacity PlanningProductdesign&developmentcost accountingEmploying planMarket analysisFinancial accountingShipment Ordering serviceFinancial planPlan Production Inventory costMaterials listPart requirementTask formMaterial stockStaff Cost Order goodsSales region Client Technologic
22、al processMaterials supplyCUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUCCCCCUUUUUUUUUUUUUUCCCCCCUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUEquipment loadUUUUUUUUCUUUUUCAchievement evaluationCheck1Check1：No null No null row/columrow/column nCheck2Check2:Eac:Each row can h row can have only have only one Cone CCheck3Check3:Each :Each column have column h
23、ave one U leastone U least(2)Adjustmentfunction/dataclassmatrix.Atbeginningclassandprocessdataisinrandomarrangement,U,Cinthematrixarrangementisdispersive,willhavetobeadjusted.调整功能/数据类矩阵。开始时数据类和过程是随机排列的，U、C在矩阵中排列也是分散的，必须加以调整。First,accordingtoalistoffunctionarrangement,eachfunctionalgroupsarrangeaccor
24、dingtotheresourcesinthelifecycleoffourstages.Functionalgroupswiththesametypesoffunction,suchas“businessplan”“financialplanning”belongtoplangroup,dividedtogroups“operatingplan”.首先，功能这一列按功能组排列，每一功能组中按资源生命周期的四个阶段排列。功能组指同类型的功能，如“经营计划”、“财务计划”属计划类型，归入“经营计划”功能组。Secondly,indataarrangethisline,makingthematri
25、xCclosesttothemaindiagonalline.Becausethefunctiongroupisnotabsolute,maybeappropriatelyallocatefunctiongroupwithoutthedestructionlogicfunction,makeUalsoclosetomaindiagonalline.Afterthefunctionofaboveofthematrix/figuresadjusting,cangetthefunction/dataclassmatrixdisplayedtablebelow.其次，排列“数据类”这一行，使得矩阵中C
26、最靠近主对角线。因为功能的分组并不绝对，在不破坏功能组成的逻辑性基础上，可以适当调配功能分组，使U也尽可能靠近主对角线。上表的功能/数据类矩阵经上述调整后，得到下表表示的功能数据类矩阵。（3）Drawfunctionalgroupscorrespondingbox,andgiveaname,thisissubsystem,seetablebelow.画出功能组对应的方框，并起个名字，这就是子系统，见表所示。（4）UsearrowsputdownintheboxwiththeUconnected,standforthedataflowofbetweensubsystem.Forexample,d
27、ataclass“plan”createbytheoperationsubsystem,andtechnicalpreparationsubsystemmayusethisdataclass.用箭头把落在框外的U与子系统联系起来，表示子系统之间的数据流。例如，数据类“计划”，由经营子计划系统产生，而技术准备子系统要用到这一数据类。FunctionBusiness planProductionmanufacturingData classC U UTechnical preparationMarketingFinance and accountingPersonnel U U U U CU U
28、U UC C U UU U C UC C U UU C UC U U U U U CU U C U C U U U C U U U C U U U U C C U U U U Operation planFinancial plan Asset sizeProduct forecasts production process Inventory controlSales region managementDispatch Operations sequenceMaterial Requirement Production Capacity PlanningProductdesign&devel
29、opmentCost accountingEmploying planMarket analysisFinancial accountingShipment Ordering serviceAchievement evaluationFinancial planPlan Production Inventory costMaterials listPart requirementTask formMaterial stockStaff Cost Order goodsSales region Client Technological processMaterials supplyEquipme
30、nt load方法二：关键成功因素法(CriticalSuccessFactors，CSF)1、Concept概念概念Criticalsuccessfactorsistheimportantfactorsrelatedtothesurvivaloforganizationandsuccessoforganization,theyarethedecisioninformationtheorganizeneedmost,andthosearetheareasofactivitymanagersfocuson.所谓的关键成功因素，就是关系到组织的生存与组织成功与否的重要因素，它们是组织最需要得到的决
31、策信息，是管理者重点关注的活动区域。方法三：战略目标集转移法(StrategySetTransformation,SST)1、Basicthought基本思想基本思想 Thewholestrategicobjectivesasainformationcollectionsbymission,goals,andstrategicetc,themanagementinformationsystemprogrammingprocessthatistheorganizationsstrategicobjectivesintothestrategictargetofmanagementinformati
32、onsystemintheprocess.把整个战略目标看成是一个“信息集合”，由使命、目标、战略等组成，管理信息系统的规划过程即是把组织的战略目标转变成为管理信息系统的战略目标的过程。Partfour:programreport规划报告Theprocessofprogrammingreport规划报告的撰写过程明确项目用途Clearprojectuses专业机构进行调查和设计professionalorganizationtosurveyanddesign交初稿Handinthedraft双方沟通进行修改Communicationandmodified与专业机构沟通Communicatewi
33、thprofessionalorganization双方签订合同Signthecontract专家评审Expertevaluation上报领导审批ReporttoleadersapprovalProgramming report general frameworkProgramming report general framework规划报告规划报告一般框架一般框架1projectgeneral项目总论项目总论 2projectbackgroundanddevelopmentsituation项目背景和项目背景和发展概况发展概况 3marketanalysisandconstructionco
34、nditions市场分析与建市场分析与建设条件设条件4projecttechnologysolutions项目技术方案项目技术方案 5projectprogress项目实施进度项目实施进度6theinvestmentestimateandriskavoidance投资估算与风投资估算与风险规避险规避7fundraisingandfinancialanalysis资金筹措与财务分析资金筹措与财务分析 8feasibilitystudyconclusionandsuggestion可行性研究结论可行性研究结论与建议与建议functionData classOperation planFinanci
35、al plan Product forecasts production process Inventory controlSales managementDispatch Operations sequenceMaterial Requirement Production Capacity PlanningProductdesign&developmentCost accountingEmploying planSales Accounting Shipment Ordering serviceFinancialPlan Production Inventory stockMaterials
36、 listPart requirementTask formMaterial stockStaff Cost Order goodsSales region Client Technological processMaterials supplyCUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUCCCCCUUUUUUUUUUCCCCCCUUUUUUUUUCUUUUEquipment loadUUUUUCUCAchievement evaluationCheck1Check1：No null No null row/columrow/column nCheck2Check2:Eac:Each column h
37、column can have can have only one Conly one CCheck3Check3:Each :Each column have column have one U leastone U leastFunctionBusiness planProductionmanufacturingData classC U UTechnical preparationMarketingFinance and accountingPersonnel U U U U CU U U UC C U UU U C UC C U UU C UC U U U U U CU U C U C
38、 U U U C U U U C U U U U C C U U U U Operation planFinancial plan Asset sizeProduct forecasts production process Inventory controlSales region managementDispatch Operations sequenceMaterial Requirement Production Capacity PlanningProductdesign&developmentCost accountingEmploying planMarket analysisF
39、inancial accountingShipment Ordering serviceAchievement evaluationFinancial planPlan Production Inventory costMaterials listPart requirementTask formMaterial stockStaff Cost Order goodsSales region Client Technological processMaterials supplyEquipment load 定义信息结构定义信息结构 - - 划分子系统、确定子系统的实施顺序划分子系统、确定子系
40、统的实施顺序数据类功能数据类1数据类3数据类6数据类2数据类5数据类8数据类10数据类4数据类7数据类9功能1CCUU功能2UU功能4UUC功能8UUU功能3CUCU功能6UCU功能7UUC功能5CCU功能9UUU功能10UUCAfterdivideSubsystems,thereareseveral“U“stayouttheredsquare,thisistheofdataconnectionsbetweensubsystemsinfuture,orshareddataresources.Theseusearrowexpress.子系统划定之后，留在小方块（子系统）外还有若干个“U”元素，这
41、就是今后子系统之间的数据联系，即共享的数据资源。将这些联系用箭头表示。UsearrowsputtheUwhichoutoftheboxestoconnectedwithsubsystem,standforthedataflowofbetweensubsystem.Forexample,dataclass“plan”createbytheoperationsubsystem,andtechnicalpreparationsubsystemmayusethisdataclass.用箭头把落在框外的U与子系统联系起来，表示子系统之间的数据流。例如，数据类“计划”，由经营子计划系统产生，而技术准备子系
42、统要用到这一数据类。Thedirectionofarrowsmeansthedataclasscreatebyasubsystemandwillusebyanothersubsystem.Inthewholesystemlogicdivisionweshouldbepaidattentionto:Alongthediagonallinedrawsubsystemoneafteranother,canneitheroverlap,normissanydataandfunctions.Smallsquaresdivisionisarbitrary,butitmustgivealltheCelementcontainswithininasmallsquares.在整个系统逻辑的划分中要注意的是：沿对角线一个接一个地画，既不能重叠，又不能漏掉任何一个数据和功能。小方块的划分是任意的，但必须将所有的“C”元素都包含在小方块之内。
