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1、 管理学院 School of Management 佟瑞 Edward Tong， MPM，MBA2024/9/171Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University International ProjectsCHAPTER FIFTEEN Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin153Where We Are Now154International ProjectsTypesofProjectsDomesticO
2、verseasForeignGlobalIssuesinManagingInternationalProjectsEnvironmentalfactorsaffectingprojectsGlobalexpansionconsiderationsChallengesofworkinginforeignculturesSelectionandtrainingofoverseasmanagers155International AssignmentsPositivesIncreasedincomeIncreasedresponsibilitiesCareeropportunitiesForeign
3、travelNewlifetimefriendsNegativesAbsencefromhomeandfriends,andfamilyPersonalsecurityrisksMissedcareeropportunitiesDifficultieswithforeignlanguage,culture,andlaws156Environmental Factors Affecting International Projects157Environmental FactorsLegal/PoliticalPoliticalstabilityNationalandlocallawsandre
4、gulationsGovernment,stateandlocalbureaucraciesGovernmentinterferenceorsupportGovernmentcorruptionSecurityInternationalterrorismNationalandlocalsecurityLocalcrimeandkidnappingRiskmanagement158Environmental Factors (contd)GeographyClimateandseasonaldifferencesNaturalobstaclesEconomicGrossdomesticprodu
5、ct(GDP)ProtectioniststrategiesandpoliciesBalanceofpaymentsCurrencyconvertibilityandexchangeratesInflationratesLocallaborforce:supply,educationalandskilllevels159Environmental Factors (contd)InfrastructureTelecommunicationnetworksTransportationsystemsPowerdistributiongridsUniquelocaltechnologiesEduca
6、tionalsystemsCultureCustomsandsocialstandardsValuesandphilosophiesLanguageMulticulturalenvironments1510Assessment Matrix Project Site Selection1511Evaluation Matrix Breakdown for Infrastructure1512Cross-Cultural Considerations: A Closer LookCultureAsystemofsharednorms,beliefs,values,andcustomsthatbi
7、ndpeopletogether,creatingsharedmeaningandauniqueidentity.CulturalDifferences:GeographicregionsEthnicorreligiousgroupsLanguageEconomic1513Cross-Cultural Considerations (contd)EthnocentricPerspectiveThetendencytobelievethatonesculturalvaluesandwaysofdoingthingsaresuperiortoallothersWantingtoconductbus
8、inessonlyonyourtermsandstereotypingothercountries.Ignoringthe“peoplefactor”inotherculturesbyputtingworkaheadofbuildingrelationships.AdjustmentsRequired:RelativityoftimeandpunctualityCulture-relatedethicaldifferencesPersonalandprofessionalrelationshipsAttitudestowardworkandlife1514Cross-Cultural Cons
9、iderations (contd)Working inWorking inMexicoMexicoWorking inWorking inSaudi ArabiaSaudi ArabiaWorking inWorking inFranceFranceWorking inWorking inChinaChinaWorking in the United Working in the United StatesStates1515Cross-Cultural OrientationsRelationtoNatureHowpeoplerelatetothenaturalworldaroundthe
10、mandtothesupernatural.TimeOrientationTheculturefocusonthepast,present,orfuture.ActivityOrientationHowtolive:“being”orlivinginthemoment,doing,orcontrolling.BasicNatureofPeopleWhetherpeopleviewedasgood,evil,orsomemixofthesetwo.RelationshipsAmongPeopleThedegreeofresponsibilityonehasforothers.1516Kluckh
11、ohn-Strodtbecks Cross-Cultural FrameworkNote: The line indicates where the United States tends to fall along these issues.1517The Hofstede Cultural Dimensions FrameworkIndividualismversuscollectivismIdentifieswhetheracultureholdsindividualsorthegroupresponsibleforeachmemberswelfare.PowerdistanceDesc
12、ribesdegreetowhichacultureacceptsstatusandpowerdifferencesamongitsmembers.UncertaintyavoidanceIdentifiesacultureswillingnesstoacceptuncertaintyandambiguityaboutthefuture.Masculinity-femininityDescribesthedegreetowhichthecultureemphasizescompetitiveandachievement-orientedbehaviorordisplaysconcernsfor
13、relationships.1518Sample Country Clusters on Hofstedes Dimensions of Individualism-Collectivism and Power Distance1519Working in Different CulturesRelyingonLocalIntermediariesTranslatorsSocialconnectionsExpeditorsCulturaladvisorsandguidesCultureShockThenaturalpsychologicaldisorientationthatpeoplesuf
14、ferwhentheymoveintoadifferentculture.Abreakdowninapersonsselectiveperceptionandeffectiveinterpretationsysteminducedbyforeignstimuliandtheinabilitytofunctioneffectivelyinastrangeland.1520Culture Shock Cycle1521Working in Different Cultures (contd)CopingwithCultureShockCreate“stabilityzones”thatclosel
15、ycreatehomeModifyexpectationsandbehaviorRedefineprioritiesanddeveloprealisticexpectationsFocusonmostimportanttasksandrelishsmallaccomplishmentsUseprojectworkasabridgeuntiladjustedtothenewenvironmentEngageinregularphysicalexerciseprograms,practicemeditationandrelaxationexercises,andkeepajournal1522Se
16、lection and Training for International ProjectsSelectionFactorsWorkexperiencewithculturesotherthanonesownPreviousoverseastravelGoodphysicalandemotionalhealthKnowledgeofahostnationslanguageRecentimmigrationbackgroundorheritageAbilitytoadaptandfunctioninthenewculture1523Selection and Training for Inte
17、rnational Projects (contd)AreasforTrainingtoIncreaseUnderstandingofaForeignCulture: Religion Dresscodes Educationsystem Holidaysnationalandreligious Dailyeatingpatterns Familylife Businessprotocols Socialetiquette Equalopportunity1524Selection and Training for International Projects (contd)LearningA
18、pproachestoCulturalFluencyThe“information-giving”approachthelearningofinformationorskillsfromalecture-typeorientation.The“affectiveapproach”thelearningofinformation/skillsthatraisetheaffectiveresponsesonthepartofthetraineeandresultinculturalinsights.The“behavioral/experiential”approachavariantofthea
19、ffectiveapproachtechniquethatprovidesthetraineewithrealisticsimulationsorscenarios.1525Relationship between Length and Rigor of Training and Cultural Fluency Required1526Key TermsCross-cultural orientationsCultureCulture shockInfrastructure1.IfaconstructioncompanyinDallasbuildsabridgeinHouston,thepr
20、ojectwouldbeclassifiedasA.GlobalB.OverseasC.LocalD.DomesticE.Foreign2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 272.IftheLincolnLogConstructionCo.(basedinChicago)builtanassemblyplantforGeneralMotorsinNigeria,theprojectwouldbeclassifiedasA.GlobalB.OverseasC.LocalD.DomesticE.Foreign2024/9/
21、17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 283.IfIBMbuiltacomputersystemforOutbackBarbieInc.(basedinAustralia)attheircorporateheadquartersinSydney,theprojectwouldbeclassifiedasA.GlobalB.OverseasC.LocalD.DomesticE.Foreign2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 294.McDonaldsiscre
22、atingamultinationaldistributionsystemforallofitsforeignanddomesticsubsidiaries.Theprojectmanagerisfromthecorporateheadquartersandhemanagesteamsfromeachofthecountriesinvolved.TheprojectwouldbeclassifiedasA.GlobalB.OverseasC.LocalD.DomesticE.Foreign2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan Universi
23、ty 305.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthepotentialresultsfortheinternationalprojectmanager?A.PersonalriskB.AbsencefromhomeC.MissedcareeropportunitiesD.AdverseconditionsE.Allofthesearepotentialresults2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 316.Themajorissuesdealingwithinternationalproje
24、ctmanagementincludeallofthefollowingexcept:A.SelectionandtrainingofpersonnelforinternationalprojectsB.ForeigncurrencyexchangeratesC.LocationofinternationalexpansionD.EnvironmentalfactorsE.Challengeofworkinginaforeignculture2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 327.Concernaboutthelo
25、calrestrictionsontoxicwasteisclassifiedaswhichofthefollowingenvironmentalfactors?A.EconomicB.GeographicC.Legal/politicalD.InfrastructureE.Culture2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 338.ThegrowingpresenceoftheRussianMafiahasdiscouragedmanyforeignfirmsfromsettingupoperationsinthefo
26、rmerSovietUnion.Thisisanexampleofwhichofthefollowingenvironmentalfactors?A.SecurityB.EconomicC.CulturalD.Legal/politicalE.Infrastructure2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 349.AsaresponsetotheeventsofSeptember11,2001,themovingofpersonnel,materials,andequipmentacrossinternationalb
27、ordershascreatedbordercongestionwithincreasedcostsandtime.Thisisanexampleofwhichofthefollowingenvironmentalfactors?A.CulturalB.InfrastructureC.GeographicD.SecurityE.Legal/political2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 3510.Aninformationsystemsspecialistreportedthathisperformanceona
28、projectinNorthernSwedendeclinedduetosleepdeprivationduringthesummermonthsinwhichtherewas20hoursofdaylighteachday.Thisisanexampleofwhichofthefollowingenvironmentalfactors?A.CulturalB.Legal/politicalC.GeographicD.EconomicE.Infrastructure2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 3611.Impo
29、rtquotasandtariffs,andeducationleveloftheworkforceareexamplesofwhichofthefollowingenvironmentalfactors?A.Legal/politicalB.SecurityC.CulturalD.InfrastructureE.Economic2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 3712.Needsforaprojectcouldincludetelecommunications,transportation,power,andav
30、ailabilityoftechnicallyskilledtalent.Thisisanexampleofwhichofthefollowingenvironmentalfactors?A.GeographicB.InfrastructureC.EconomicD.Legal/politicalE.Cultural2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 3813.Communicationsdifficultiesbecauseofdifferentlanguagesareexamplesofwhichofthefoll
31、owingenvironmentalfactors?A.GeographicB.SecurityC.CulturalD.Legal/politicalE.Infrastructure2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 3914.Whichofthefollowingcanhelpaprojectmanagertodigest,clarify,andunderstandthefactorsleadingtotheselectionofaspecificproject?A.RiskmatrixB.Prioritymatri
32、xC.ResponsibilitymatrixD.GanttchartE.Contingencymatrix2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 4015.Cultureisaconceptthatencompassesallofthefollowingexcept:A.SharednormsB.BeliefsC.ValuesD.EconomiclevelE.Customs2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 4116.Americanprojec
33、tmanagershaveearnedareputationabroadforbeingverygoodatunderstandingtechnologybutnotgoodatunderstanding:A.CulturesB.PeopleC.LocaltraditionsD.LocalbusinesspracticesE.Laws2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 4217.ThebiggestadjustmentAmericanstypicallyhavetomakeinworkingabroadis:A.Lan
34、guagedifferencesB.AdaptingtothegeneralpaceoflifeC.PunctualityofpeopleD.BothBandCarecorrectE.A,B,andCareallcorrect2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 4318.Kluckhohn-Strodtbeckscross-culturalframeworkincludesallofthefollowingexcept:A.PerceptionofGodB.RelationtonatureC.Timeorientati
35、onD.BasicnatureofpeopleE.Activityorientation2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 4419.TheHofstedeframeworkincludesallofthefollowingdimensionsexcept:A.Masculinity-feminityB.UncertaintyavoidanceC.PowerdistanceD.IndividualismversuscollectivismE.AlloftheseareincludedintheHofstedeframe
36、work2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 4520.IntheSnapshotfromPracticeProjectManagementX-files,akeysuccessfactorwhichisheldinmuchhigherregardbyculturesoutsidetheU.S.is:A.FamilytiesB.LuckC.HardworkD.SocialstatusE.Patience2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 4621
37、.ThesignificanceofpersonalrelationshipshascreatedasysteminwhichMexicansareobligatedtogivepreferencetorelativesandfriendswhenhiring,contracting,procuring,andsharingbusinessopportunities.Thissystemisreferredtoas:A.MananaB.GringoC.CompadreD.QuidproquoE.Nepotism2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jin
38、an University 4722.InFrance,whichofthefollowingfactorsisconsideredmuchmoreimportantthanintheU.S?A.SocialclassB.AgreementonissuesC.ProfessionalaccomplishmentsD.BeingopenduringnegotiationsE.Dedicationtoprojectcompletion2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 4823.WorkingintheSaudiArabi
39、aculturewouldincludemajorshiftsintheareaof:A.BraggingorcallingattentiontooneselfB.ImportanceofbusinessconnectionsC.IncreaseinuseofadministrativechannelsD.BothBandCarecorrectE.A,B,andCareallcorrect2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 4924.IndealingwiththeChinese,itisimportanttoreal
40、izethattheyA.TendtobeslowinformulatingaplanB.WillchangedecisionsquicklyC.ValuetimeandmovingforwardD.BothBandCarecorrectE.A,B,andCareallcorrect2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 5025.Thestagesofculture shockincludeallofthefollowingexcept:A.GradualadjustmentB.Irritabilityandhostil
41、ityC.HoneymoonD.RepatriationE.Adaptation2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 5126.WhichofthefollowingisnotcontainedintheAssessmentMatrixProjectSiteSelection?A.PoliticalstabilityB.Workerskill,supplyC.InfrastructureD.CulturecompatibilityE.Utilities2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reser
42、ved Jinan University 5227.WhichofthefollowingisnotcontainedintheEvaluationMatrixBreakdownforInfrastructure?A.TransportationB.GovernmentsupportC.EducatedworkforceD.TelecommunicationsE.Vendorsuppliers2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 5328.AmajordifferencebetweenworkinginMexicoand
43、workingintheUnitedStatesistheperceptionofdeadlines.Thisisreferredtoas:A.MananaB.GringoC.CompadreD.QuidproquoE.Nepotism2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 5429.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueforFrenchvalues?A.TheyvaluepunctualityB.GreatimportanceisplacedonneatnessandtasteC.TheFrenchi
44、seasytonegotiatewithD.FrenchmanagersseeworkasanintellectualexerciseE.TheFrenchconsidermanagerstobeexperts2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 5530.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneoftheformsthatstress-relatedcultureshocktakes?A.FatigueB.SleeplessnessC.HeadachesD.HyperactivityE.Allofthes
45、earesymptoms2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 5631.Asenseoffrustrationinnotbeingunderstoodistypicalofwhichofthefollowingstagesofcultureshock?A.HoneymoonB.GradualadjustmentC.IrritabilityandhostilityD.RepatriationE.Adaptation2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University
46、 5732.Whenyoubegintoloseconfidenceinyourabilitiestocommunicateandworkeffectivelyinthedifferentculture,youareinwhichofthefollowingstagesofcultureshock?A.HoneymoonB.GradualadjustmentC.IrritabilityandhostilityD.RepatriationE.Adaptation2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 5833.Whenyou
47、recoverfromyoursenseofpsychologicaldisorientationandbegintofunctionandcommunicate,youareinwhichofthefollowingstagesofcultureshock?A.HoneymoonB.GradualadjustmentC.IrritabilityandhostilityD.RepatriationE.Adaptation2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 5934.WhichfilmprojectwasreviewedinaSnapshotfromPractice?A.TheGodfatherB.StarWarsC.HeartsofDarknessD.ApocalypseNowE.Rambo2024/9/17Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University 60
