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1、Part II The Literature of Reason and RevolutionHistorical IntroductionImportant writersDeclaration of Independence2021/7/231Historical IntroductionlTwo historical eventsl1.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783l2.EnlightenmentlTheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasnowthegreats
2、ubjecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.2021/7/232I.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783l1.ThewritersheldvitallyimportantplacesinthemovementforAmericanindependence.FreedomwaswonasmuchbytheirfieryandinspiringspeechesandwritingsasbytheweaponsofWashingtonandLafayette(IntheAmericanRevolution,Lafayet
3、teservedasamajor-general 少少将将 intheContinentalArmyunderGeorgeWashington).The13originalAmericanstateswerepersuadedtobecomeasinglenationbytheargumentsofstatesmenandmenofletters.2021/7/233GeorgeWashington&Lafayette 2021/7/234I.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783l2.StrictrulesmadebyEnglishgovernmenth
4、amperedtheeconomicdevelopmentofthecolonies.TheBritishwantedthecoloniestoremainpoliticallyandeconomicallydependentonthemothercountry,whichledtothecoloniesintensestrainwithEngland.SotheAmericanWarforIndependencebrokeoutin1775.2021/7/235I.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783lThe Warl(1)1775,Lexington
5、,beginningoftheIndependenceWar(2)July4,1776,ThomasJefferson,DeclarationofIndependence(3)1778,alliancewithFrance,turningpointforAmericanarmy(4)1778,Englisharmysurrendered(5)1783,formalrecognitionbytheBritishgovernment2021/7/236I.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783l3. The procedures of the establis
6、hment of the new nation(1)colonies(2)states(3)federalrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica2021/7/237II. Enlightenmentl1.EnlightenmentlThespirituallifeinthecoloniesduringtheperiodwastoagreatdegreemoldedbythebourgeoisEnlightenment.l(1)OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcenturyl(2)Sources:Newtonstheory;deism（自然神自然
7、神教派教派);Frenchphilosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire)2021/7/238II. Enlightenmentl(3)Basicprinciples:lstressingeducation;stressingReason(Order)(TheagehasbeencalledtheAgeofReason);employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;concernsforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjustice;theideaofprogress.20
8、21/7/239II. Enlightenmentl2.AttheinitialperiodthespreadoftheideasoftheEnlightenmentwaslargelyduetojournalism.AlltheleadersoftherevolutionwereinfluencedbytheEnlightenment;l3.Representatives:BenjaminFranklin,ThomasPaine,ThomasJefferson,etc.l2021/7/2310II. EnlightenmentlTherepresentativesoftheEnlighten
9、mentsetthemselvesthetaskofdisseminatingknowledgeamongthepeopleandadvocatingrevolutionaryideas.TheyalsoactivelyparticipatedintheWarforIndependence.2021/7/2311II. Enlightenmentl4.ThenewnationwassetonthebasicideasandprinciplesoftheEnlightenment.5.InfluenceoftheEnlightenmentl(1)AmericanEnlightenmentdeal
10、tadecisiveblowuponthePuritantraditionsandbroughttolifeseculareducationandliterature.l(2)ThesecularidealsoftheAmericanEnlightenmentwereexemplifiedinthelifeandcareerofBenjaminFranklin.2021/7/2312III. Literaturel1. Call for Americas independence in literaturelAssoonasAmericabecamepoliticallyandeconomic
11、allyindependent,thecallforitsindependenceinliteraturestartedtoemerge.lIn1783,NoahWebsterdeclared,“Americamustbeasindependentassheisinpolitics,asfamousfortheartsasforarms”.YetthroughoutthecenturyAmericanliteraturewaslargelypatternedonthewritingof18thcenturyEnglishmen.2021/7/2313NoahWebster &HisDictio
12、nary of the English Language 2021/7/2314III. Literaturel2. Whileimaginativeliterature(富有想象力的文学作富有想象力的文学作品品, ,fiction,mythology,poetry,drama,etc)inAmericaremainedderivative(派生的派生的; ;拷贝的拷贝的)anddependent,theheroicandrevolutionaryambitionsoftheagehadcreatedgreatpoliticalpamphleteering(小册子小册子)andstatepap
13、ers.Essayistsandjournalistshadshapedthenationsbeliefswithreasondressedinclearandforcefulprose.2021/7/2315III. Literaturel3. Representative workslThomasJefferson:Declaration of IndependencelThomasPaine:The American Crisis; Rights of Man; The FederalistlBenjaminFranklin:Poor Richards Almanac; The Auto
14、biography2021/7/2316Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)lApatriot,diplomat,author,printer,scientist,andinventorintheeighteenthcentury;oneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates.2021/7/2317 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) lHewasajackofalltrades;lBorninapoorcandlemakersfamilyinBostonandhadnoregulareducation;Beca
15、meanapprenticetoaprinterwhenhewas12;Aneditorofanewspaperandpublishedlotsofessayswhenhewas16;HewenttoPhiladelphiawhenhewas17andbecameasuccessfulprinterandpublisher;FoundtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas;2021/7/2318I. LifelEstablishedAmericasfirstcirculatinglibr
16、ary;lFoundedthecollegeUniversityofPennsylvania;lRetiredwhenhewas42.2021/7/2319I. Lifel(1)abusinessman;(2)Ascientistwithlotsofinventionsandafamousexperiment(kite,electricity,thunderstorm);firstappliedtheterms“positive”and“negative”toelectricalcharges(电荷电荷).l(3)astatesmanAsarepresentativeoftheColonies
17、,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultnegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.2021/7/2320I. LifelDeclarationofIndependenceTheTreatyofAlliancewithFranceTheTreatyofPeacewit
18、hEnglandTheConstitution(4)awriterl(5)anembodimentofthe“AmericanDream”2021/7/2321II. Literary careerlAsanauthorhehadpowerofexpression.Hisworksarewell-knownfortheirsimplicity,subtlehumorandbeingsarcastic.1. Representative worksl(1)Poor Richards AlmanacModeledonfarmersannualcalendar;keptpublishingforma
19、nyyears;includesmanyclassicalsayings,suchas:l“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”l“Aplowmanonhislegsishigherthanagentlemanonhisknees.”2021/7/2322Poor Richards Almanac2021/7/2323II. Literary careerl(2)The AutobiographyWrittenwhenhewas65;Anintroductionofhislifetohisownson;Includingfourpartswrittenindifferentt
20、imes;Thefirstsuccessstoryofself-madeAmericans.2021/7/2324II. Literary careerlInThe Autobiography wewillbeabletonotice:l1)influenceofPuritanism,suchasself-examinationandself-improvement(timetable,thirteenvirtues,lifestyle)2)spiritsoftheEnlightenment(mansnatureisgood,rightsofliberty,virtuesincluding“o
21、rder”)2021/7/2325II. Literary careerlStyleofthework:lsimple,clearinorder,direct,conciseandhumorous(“Nothingshouldbeexpressedintwowordsthatcanaswellbeexpressedinone.”-influenceofPuritanism);Firstofitskindinliteratureandsettheautobiographyasagenre;Popular,stillwell-readtoday.2021/7/2326II. Literary ca
22、reerl2.InfluencelHisvaluesandstyleinfluencedlotsofAmericans.lOneofhisfellowAmericanssaid,“Hisshadowliesheavierthananyothermansonthisyoungnation.”2021/7/2327 Thomas Paine (1737-1809)lRevolutionaryWarpatriotandpamphleteer,borninThetford,England.Paineemigratedin1774toPennsylvania,wherehegravitated(被被吸引
23、吸引; ;趋趋 倾倾 向向)towardthosewhosupportedcolonialindependence.2021/7/2328I. Life and career lPainespamphletCommon SenseappearedinJanuary1776andcausedanimmediatesensation.Init,PainebothsupportedAmericanindependenceandattackedthecorruptionoftheBritishhereditary(世袭的世袭的) )monarchy.2021/7/2329I. Life and car
24、eerlHefoughtintheRevolutionaryWarandcontinuedtopublish,includinghis1776essayThe American Crisis.2021/7/2330I. Life and career2021/7/2331II. Major worksl1.The Case of the Officers of the Excise (1772)l-hisfirstpamphlet,apetitiontoParliamentforalivingwagefortheexcisecollectorsl2. Common Sense (1776)-s
25、ignedsimply“ByanEnglishman”,tourgethecoloniestodeclareindependence;Painbecameforthwiththemostarticulate(表达表达清楚有力的清楚有力的)spokesmanoftheAmericanRevolution.2021/7/2332II. Major worksl3. The American Crisis (1776-1783)-Paineschiefcontributionwasaseriesof16pamphlets(1776-1783)entitledThe American Crisis a
26、ndsigned“Common Sense” whichdealtdirectlywiththemilitaryengagementstoinspiretheContinentalArmy.2021/7/2333II. Major worksl4. The Rights of Man (1791 - 92)-ananswertoBurkesRecent Reflections on the French Revolution,whichnotonlychampionedRousseausdoctrinesoffreedom,butalsosuggestedtheoverthrowoftheBr
27、itishmonarchy.PainewasindictedfortreasonandwasforcedtoseekrefugeinFrance.2021/7/2334II. Major worksl5. The Age of Reason (1795)l-adeistictreatiseadvocatingarationalisticviewofreligionl6. Analysis of The American Crisis (17761783)l-aseriesofpamphletspublishedinLondonwhichdecriedBritishactionsandloyal
28、ists,offeringsupporttothepatrioticcause2021/7/2335The American Crisis lThefirstofthepamphletswasreleasedduringatimewhentheRevolutionstilllookedanunsteadyprospect;theopeningsentencewasadoptedasthewatchword(标语标语, ,口号口号, ,格言格言)ofthemovementtoTrenton.2021/7/2336The American CrisislThefamousopeninglinesa
29、re:lThese are the times that try mens souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.lThepamphletattemptedtobolstermoraleandresistanceamongpatriots,aswellasshame
30、neutralsandloyaliststowardthecause.2021/7/2337Thomas Jefferson (1743 1826)lBorn:13April1743lBirthplace:Shadwell,VirginialDied:4July1826(naturalcauses)lBest Known As:AuthorofThe Declaration of Independence 2021/7/2338 I. Life and careerl1.Hismindrangedcuriouslyovermanyfieldsofknowledge-law,philosophy
31、,government,architecture,education,religion,science,agriculture,mechanics-andwhateverhetouched,heenrichedinsomemeasure.2021/7/2339 I. Life and careerl2.HewasthethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates(18011809),theprincipalauthorofThe Declaration of Independence(1776),andoneofthemostinfluentialFoundingFather
32、sforhispromotionoftheidealsofRepublicanismintheUnitedStates.HighpointsofhispresidencyincludetheLouisianaPurchasefromNapoleonandtheexplorationofthewestbyLewisandClark(18041806).2021/7/2340 I. Life and careerl3.Asapoliticalphilosopher,JeffersonwasamanoftheEnlightenmentandknewmanyintellectualleadersinB
33、ritainandFrance.Heidealizedtheindependentyeomanfarmerasanexemplarofrepublicanvirtues,distrustedcitiesandfinanciers,andfavoredstatesrightsandastrictlylimitedfederalgovernment.JeffersonsupportedtheseparationofchurchandstateandwastheauthoroftheVirginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1779,1786).2021/7/2
34、341 I. Life and careerlHewastheeponym（名祖名祖; 命名来源命名来源）ofJeffersoniandemocracyandtheco-founderandleaderoftheDemocratic-RepublicanParty,whichdominatedAmericanpoliticsforaquarter-centuryandwastheprecursorofthemodern-dayDemocraticParty.JeffersonservedasthewartimeGovernorofVirginia(17791781),firstUnitedSt
35、atesSecretaryofState(17891793)andsecondVicePresident(17971801).2021/7/2342 I. Life and careerl4.Apolymath(学识渊博的人学识渊博的人),Jeffersonachieveddistinctionas,amongotherthings,ahorticulturist(园艺学家园艺学家),statesman,architect,archaeologist(考古学家考古学家),paleontologist(古生物学者古生物学者),author,inventorandfounderoftheUnive
36、rsityofVirginia.2021/7/2343II. The Declaration of IndependencelTheDeclaration of IndependencewasanactoftheSecondContinentalCongress,adoptedonJuly4,1776,whichdeclaredthattheThirteenColoniesinNorthAmericawereFreeandIndependentStatesandthatallpoliticalconnectionbetweenthemandtheStateofGreatBritain,isan
37、doughttobetotallydissolved.2021/7/2344II. The Declaration of IndependencelThedocument,formallyentitledThe unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America,explainedthejustificationsforseparationfromtheBritishcrown,andwasanexpansionofRichardHenryLeesResolution(passedbyCongressonJuly2),w
38、hichfirstproclaimedindependence.Anengrossed(正式写成的正式写成的)copyoftheDeclarationwassignedbymostofthedelegatesonAugust2andisnowondisplayintheNationalArchivesandRecordsAdministrationinWashington,D.C.2021/7/2345II. The Declaration of IndependencelTheDeclarationisconsideredtobethefoundingdocumentoftheUnitedS
39、tatesofAmerica,whereJuly4iscelebratedasIndependenceDayandthenationsbirthday.lJohnHancock,astheelectedPresidentofCongress,wastheonlypersontosigntheDeclaration of Independence onJuly4.ItwasnotuntilthefollowingmonthonAugust2thattheremaining55otherdelegatesbegantosignthedocument.2021/7/2346II. The Decla
40、ration of IndependencelThefollowingstatementshavebecomeworld-famoussincethen:lWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.2021/7/2347II
41、. The Declaration of Independencel我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：造物者创造了平等的个人，并赋予他们造物者创造了平等的个人，并赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。自由权和追求幸福的权利。2021/7/2348II. The Declaration of IndependencelThat to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powe
42、rs from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall see
43、m most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.2021/7/2349II. The Declaration of Independencel为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们之间建立政为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，则来自被统治者的同府，而政府之正当权力，则来自被统治者的同意。任何形式的政府，只要破坏上述目的，人意。任何形式的政府，只要破坏上述目的，人民就有权利改变或废除它，并建立新政府；新民就有权利改变或废除它，并建立新政府；新政府赖以奠基的原则，得以组织权力的方式，政府赖以奠基的原则，得以组织权力的方式，都要
44、最大可能地增进民众的安全和幸福。都要最大可能地增进民众的安全和幸福。 2021/7/23502021/7/2351National Treasure (film)lNational Treasureisa2004Americandiscovery/adventure/heistfilm(抢劫片抢劫片)producedandreleasedbyWaltDisneyPictures.2021/7/2352National Treasure (film)lCageplaysBenjaminFranklinGates,ahistorianandamateurcryptologist(密码破译专家密码破
45、译专家)searchingforalosttreasureofpreciousmetals,jewelry,artworkandotherartifactsthatwasaccumulatedintoasinglemassivestockpile（大量的储备大量的储备; ;囤积囤积）bylootersandwarriorsovermanymillennia（一千年一千年）startinginAncientEgypt,laterrediscoveredbywarriorswhoformthemselvesintotheKnightsTemplar（圣殿骑圣殿骑士团士团）toprotectthet
46、reasure,eventuallyhiddenbyAmericanFreemasons（共济会会员共济会会员）duringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.2021/7/2353National Treasure (film)lAcodedmaponthebackoftheDeclarationofIndependencepointstothelocationofthenationaltreasure,butGatesisnotaloneinhisquest.WhoevercanstealtheDeclarationanddecodeitfirstwillfindthe
47、greatesttreasureinhistory.2021/7/2354 Philip Freneau (1752 - 1832)lPhilipMorinFreneau(1752-1832)wasanAmericanpoet,essayist,andjournalist.RememberedasthepoetoftheAmericanRevolutionandthefatherofAmericanpoetry,hewasatransitionalfigureinAmericanliterature.2021/7/2355 I.LifeandcareerHispoliticalandsatir
48、icalpoemshavevaluemainlyforhistorians,buthisplaceastheearliestimportantAmericanlyricpoetissecuredbysuchpoemsas“TheWildHoneysuckle,”“TheIndianBuryingGround,”and“EutawSprings.”2021/7/2356I.LifeandcareerFreneauwasperhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-Revolutionaryperiod.l1.Hispoemsare:lstronglylyric
49、al;lwithclearimagery;lneoclassicalinform,andromanticinspirit.l2.PhilipMorinFreneauwasadeistic(自然神自然神论的论的)optimist.2021/7/2357Deismlcf.Deism (自然神论自然神论, , 自然神教派自然神教派)isareligiousphilosophyandmovementthatderivestheexistenceandnatureofGodfromreasonandpersonalexperience.Thisisincontrasttofideism(哲哲 信仰信仰主
50、义主义, , 一种认为知识取决于信仰的学说一种认为知识取决于信仰的学说) )whichisfoundinmanyformsofChristianity.Islam,JudaismandCatholicteachingsholdthatreligionreliesonrevelationinsacredscripturesorthetestimonyofotherpeopleaswellasreasoning.2021/7/2358DeismlDeiststypicallyrejectsupernaturalevents(prophecy,miracles)andtendtoassertthat
51、Goddoesnotinterferewithhumanlifeandthelawsoftheuniverse.Whatorganizedreligionsseeasdivinerevelationandholybooks,mostdeistsseeasinterpretationsmadebyotherhumans,ratherthanasauthoritativesources.2021/7/2359DeismlDeismbecameprominentinGreatBritain,France,andtheUnitedStatesinthe17thand18thcenturies,most
52、lyamongthoseraisedasChristianswhofoundtheycouldnotbelieveineitheratriune(三位一体的三位一体的)God,thedivinityofJesus,miracles,ortheinerrancy(无误无误; ; 绝对正确绝对正确)ofscriptures,butwhodidbelieveinoneGod.2021/7/2360DeismlInitiallyitdidnotformanycongregations,butintimedeismledtothedevelopmentofotherreligiousgroups,par
53、ticularlyUnitarianism( (【宗宗】唯一神教派唯一神教派, , 基督教一派基督教一派, , 认为上帝系单认为上帝系单一者一者, , 反对三位一体的说法反对三位一体的说法).ItcontinuestothisdayintheformofClassicalDeismandModernDeism.2021/7/2361II. “The Wild Honey Suckle”2021/7/2362II. “The Wild Honey Suckle”lFreneaulaterretiredtoamorerurallifeandwroteamixofpoliticalandnature
54、works.Hisnaturepoem,“TheWildHoneySuckle”(1786),isconsideredanearlyseedtothelaterTranscendentalist(超超验验主义的主义的)movementtakenupbyWilliamCullenBryant,RalphWaldoEmerson,andHenryDavidThoreau.2021/7/2363II. “The Wild Honey Suckle”l“TheWildHoneySuckle”isPhilipFreneausmostwidelyreadnaturallyricwiththethemeof
55、transience.lInthispoemthepoetexpressedakeenaware-nessofthelovelinessandtransienceofnature.HenotonlymeditatedonMortalitybutalsocelebratednature.Thepoemimpliesthatlifeanddeathareinevitablelawofnature.2021/7/2364II. “The Wild Honey Suckle”lThecentralimageisanativewildflower,whichmakesadrasticdifference
56、fromeliteflowerimagestypicaloftraditionalEnglishpoems.lThepoemshowedstrongfeelingsforthenaturalbeauty,whichwasthecharacteristicofromanticpoets.2021/7/2365II. “The Wild Honey Suckle”lThepoemwaswritteninregular6-linetetrameterstanzas,rhyming:ababcc.Thestructureofthepoemisregular,soithastheneoclassicqualityofproportion(比例比例; ;均衡均衡)andbalance.lTheline“thespaceisbutanhour“containsahyperbolestressingthetransienceoflife.Thetoneofthepoemisbothsentimentalandoptimistic.2021/7/2366
