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1、Barrier Property of Flexible Packaging and Its Impact on Food Safety 软塑包装材料的阻隔性与食品安全Danbell EquipmentMay 2007Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Functions for Modern Packaging现代包装的功能o 产品的容器n合理尺寸,形状n方便使用o产品安全的第一道防线产品安全的第一道防
2、线n阻隔性阻隔性n整体密封性整体密封性o信息,市场功能n产品成份,使用说明n外观设计吸引顾客包装是产品生产的一部分Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Packaging Material and Food Safety包装材料与食品安全oCompatibility of Packaging Material and Food Product.n包装材料与产品相容性oMigration of residua
3、l chemicals in polymern残余化学物从包材致食品的迁移oBarrier Properties of Packaging Materialsn包装材料的阻隔性oPackage Integrityn包装的完整密封性Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Compatibility包装材料与产品相容性o食品是否与包材有化学或物理反应食品是否与包材有化学或物理反应? ?o要求对包装材料的性能以及食
4、品特性要求对包装材料的性能以及食品特性有透彻的了解有透彻的了解o应用举例应用举例: :袋装美式火腿官司袋装美式火腿官司Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Migration残余化学物从包材致食品的迁移o美国FDA 规定:o与食品直接接触的包材:o禁止含有致癌物或者可疑致癌物o非致癌化学物或添加剂含量n最终迁移致食品的量必须低于0.5 ppb (g/ kg)o(Methods and approaches
5、used by FDA to evaluate the safety of food packaging materials http:/www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Laws/Food-Packaging-Safety-FDAJul97.htm)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Barrier Properties阻隔性在包装中的重要性o满足产品保质保鲜的需要,保证预期的货架寿命
6、o保证食品卫生安全,减少因食品变质而引起公众疾病的危险o常规检测: 高分子材料透氧率,透湿率o应用举例:袋装美式火腿官司Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Package Integrity包装的完整密封性o由劣质热封接缝, 针孔等造成的包装泄漏, 不仅降低了产品的货架寿命, 也对消费者的健康带来损害.o要求: 对终极成型包装在实际应用条件下进一步测试,确证包装的阻隔性,物理性能在加工物流和销售环节中未受
7、损坏o应用举例:婴儿奶粉软包装;瓶装酸奶 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.材料的阻隔性与渗透渗透-肉眼看不见的过程所有的塑料都有渗透性所有的塑料都有渗透性所有的塑料都有渗透性所有的塑料都有渗透性Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose
8、 Pty Ltd.Permeation is impacted by影响阻隔性的因素 oEnvironment: 环境n temperature 温度n relative humidity 湿度oMaterial itself: 材料本身n Fickian behavior or Non-Fickian n 线性或非线性材料n Material Propertiesn 结晶度,分子间吸引力,添加剂,样品厚度Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2
9、011 Aspose Pty Ltd.影响阻隔性的因素 - 温度o温度每升高1C, 渗透率增加 5 to 7%o-同样材料的渗透率在热带地区与寒带地区会不一样Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.影响阻隔性的因素 - 湿度o- 某些材料的阻隔性在潮湿环境与干燥环境会不一样EVOHEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Pr
10、ofile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Driving Force, or Concentration Effect渗透物的推动力或浓度对不同材料的影响的影响oF(x) = -D(dc/dx)oFor Fickian materials (or those that obey Ficks Law), permeation is linear with concentration for all concentration ranges. o渗透率与渗透物浓度成正比 (Ficken材料)o渗透率与渗透物浓度关系非线性(non-fickia
11、n材料)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Factors influencing permeation and transport properties 影响渗透和传递的材料因素oEffect of the actual chemical substituent on the polymer backboneoThe degree of packing, crystallinity, and orien
12、tation of the molecular chains.oThe susceptibility to moisture and other possible interactants with the chains.oThe nature of the polymer surface contacting the permeant.oAdditives used in manufacturing or modifying the polymer.oThickness, multiple layerso高分子的立体结构,结晶度,链取向,亲水性,表面性能,添加物,厚度,多层结构等都对渗透和传
13、递有影响Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.高分子主链上的取代基大=阻隔性高* cc-mil/100 in2-day-atmEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.结晶度高 = 阻隔性高oClose packing an
14、d/or high crystallinity results in low free volume and better barrier.oOrientation results in better barrier by creating a more tortuous diffusion path.* cc-mil/100 in2-day-atmEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.The suscep
15、tibility to moisture and other possible interactants with the chains 对水的敏感性n水汽影响含氢键的极性水汽影响含氢键的极性高分子高分子n(Nylon,材料EVOH)n水汽不影响无氢键的极水汽不影响无氢键的极性高分子性高分子(PET)Nylon 6SELARNylon MXD630% EVOHSELAR OH Plus44% EVOHEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011
16、 Aspose Pty Ltd.Additives used in manufacturing or modifying the polymer 添加物用于高分子的加工和改性材料的阻隔性因添加物的加入而变化, 通常阻隔性变差例外,纳米复合材料Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Thickness (厚度)oTypically the transmission rate is inversely propo
17、rtional to the thickness of the materialn thickness permeation rate n 厚度上升，渗透下降Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.阻隔性测试方法比较阻隔性测试方法比较o 透氧透氧n 压差法n 等压法（库仑电量法）o 透湿透湿n 杯式法n 电解法n 传感器法（湿度传感器、红外传感器）Evaluation only.Created with As
18、pose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.透氧率的检测方法和标准方方 法法标标 准准压差法压差法ISO 15105-1:2003(E)DIN 53536ASTM 1434-82电量法电量法(库仑电量法库仑电量法)(MOCON专利）专利）ISO 15105-2:2003(E)ASTM D3985ASTM F-1927DIN 53380JIS K-7126ISO 14663-2ASTM F-1307 packagesEvaluation only.Created with A
19、spose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.压差法o可以测定多种气体可以测定多种气体o测试条件难以控制测试条件难以控制n 相对湿度 饱和盐溶液n 真空室 与实际应用环境不同o改变材料本身的性能结构改变材料本身的性能结构 n 裂纹 针孔n 材料变薄 透气面积增大 o局限性局限性 n 不能检测包装件o精度低精度低1.0ml/24h.1atm 或 0.5ml/24h.1atm o偏差大偏差大，高达15% - 20% o不可溯源不可溯源Evaluation only.Create
20、d with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.库仑电量法o只测试氧气，排除干扰，测试精度非常高只测试氧气，排除干扰，测试精度非常高n 0.005cc/m2/24h.1atm，灵敏度是传统仪器的近百倍。o真正的绝对值传感器，无需校准真正的绝对值传感器，无需校准o精确控制测试条件精确控制测试条件n 温度、相对湿度、时间等o不改变材料本身性能不改变材料本身性能n 材料两侧气压相等o可检测薄膜和包装件可检测薄膜和包装件n 除薄膜外，还可以测量瓶子，袋子等o重复性好重
21、复性好o可可NIST溯源溯源Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.透湿率的检测方法和标准方方 法法标标 准准杯式法杯式法/ /重量法重量法ASTM E-96TAPPI T-464JIS Z-0208传感器法传感器法湿度传感器法湿度传感器法ISO 15106-1:2003(E)红外传感器法红外传感器法(MOCON专利专利）ISO 15106-2:2003(E)ASTM F-1249TAPPI T-557JIS
22、 K-7129电解传感器法电解传感器法ISO 15106-3:2003(E)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.杯式法/称重法o优点 操作简单、实验成本低、硬件要求低、仪器设备价格低廉 o缺点 操作人员因素（计算和设定）、重复性差、可靠性差（温度和相对湿度控制）、测量时间长、精度低o适用范围 低阻隔性材料oISO国际标准已经淘汰这个方法Evaluation only.Created with Aspose
23、.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.电解法o需要先用吸湿剂来吸收水蒸气，再通过电极电解水蒸气，再根据电解电流来判断。这样对水蒸气进行了二次处理过程，吸湿剂的效率、电极的损耗都会影响测试的精度，累积误差大。o电解槽需要定期再生，可能还需要寄回原厂，费时费力。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty
24、Ltd.湿度传感器法o结构简单，设备价格相对较低o传感器本身局限性，检测精度一般只能到0.1%o湿度传感器的输出受温度波动影响很大o未被国际标准广泛采用（适用标准少）Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.红外法o红外传感器，被公认为世界上最精确的透湿测试方法o在测试过程中，只是检测红外能量的损失，水蒸气不在测试过程中，只是检测红外能量的损失，水蒸气不经过任何处理，不存在其它误差因素的干扰。经过任何处理，不存
25、在其它误差因素的干扰。 o精确控制温度和相对湿度o双压力法生成相对湿度条件，安全无腐蚀性o测量时间短o精度高，0.005 100 g/m2/day o干扰因素少o可靠性高o重复性好，可NIST溯源Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Case Studies- Food Safety Application阻隔性与食品安全应用举例Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Sli
26、des for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.食品变质的原因与阻隔材料选择食品变质的原因与阻隔材料选择? ?o氧化 n解决办法解决办法-氧气阻隔材料氧气阻隔材料, 例如 PET, PVDC, Nylon, EVOHo受潮,发霉 .n解决办法解决办法-水汽阻隔材料水汽阻隔材料,例如 PP, PEo氧化,受潮n解决办法解决办法-复合材料复合材料, 例如 PP/PET/PE, PET/Al/PEo上述, 以及芳香味遗失. n解决办法解决办法- - -复合材料复合材料, 例如 PP/Nylon/Al
27、/PEo其它方法其它方法n包装内加除氧剂,除湿剂;真空包装,充氮包装,气调包装Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.应用举例: 袋装美式火腿官司o某肉食品加工厂生产袋装美式火腿o选择高阻隔材料塑料袋o投放市场后在保质期内产品变质严重o期间包装袋本身也出现层间薄离现象o因损失严重, 厂家投诉塑料袋供应商Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.
28、5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.应用举例: 袋装美式火腿官司o被包装产品被包装产品: :n美式火腿- 为使肉质鲜嫩, 加工时添加水溶液,故产品含水量高. 包装后, 袋中RH =75%o包装袋材料包装袋材料: nNylon/PE 复合层o透氧率透氧率: : n0.05 cc /(bag*24hr), (在4C及0%RH 测试)n0.4 cc /(bag*24hr), (在4C及75%RH 测试)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Cl
29、ient Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.应用举例: 袋装美式火腿官司o失败原因分析失败原因分析: : n对材料性能缺乏了解n-Nylon本身在0%RH 是很好的氧阻隔材料,但在高湿度下阻隔性变差 n没有考虑材料与产品的相容性n-与产品直接接触的Nylon层受高湿度影响而溶胀, 进而阻隔性下降并出现层间剥离的自然现象. n对产品本身属性的忽视n-选材时没有考虑实际应用中产品的湿度问题n只对0%RH 的OTR 测试, 作出错误决定. Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for
30、.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.应用举例: 袋装美式火腿官司o解决方案解决方案: :1)选择类似PE/Nylon/PE 复合膜,降低水汽对Nylon的直接影响2)在实际使用条件(例如75%RH)下对薄膜及成型袋子透氧率评估Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.薄膜测试与包装体测试o大多数新产品的研发只测试薄
31、膜而不进行包装件测试。 o下面用一个例子来说明整体包装件测试的重要性Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.应用举例:婴儿奶粉包装材料的选择o奶粉厂要把奶粉的罐装包装改成袋包装n因为奶粉遇氧气或遇水汽都容易变质,n必须采用高性能的复合阻隔材料 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyr
32、ight 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.应用举例:婴儿奶粉包装材料的选择样品编号 待选材料结构待选材料结构1PET / Al / Nylon / LLDPE2PET / Al / PE3PET / Al / PETMET / PE4PET / Al / Nylon / PE 5PET / PE (extruded)/ Al / PE(extruded)/PEEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty
33、Ltd.待选材料薄膜样品实际测得值待选材料薄膜样品实际测得值 样品编号OTR(cc/ m2h-day)WVTR (g/ m2-day)10.0050.00520.0050.00530.0050.00540.0050.00550.0050.005Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.包装袋理论估算值 样品编号OTR (cc/ pkg*day)WVTR (g/ pkg*day)10.00040.000420.0
34、0040.000430.00040.000440.00040.000450.00040.0004Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.应用举例:婴儿奶粉包装材料的选择包装整体测定Assembled samplesAssembled samplesEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Cop
35、yright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.应用举例:婴儿奶粉包装材料的选择包装整体测定Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.包装袋实际测得值 样品编号OTR (cc/ pkg*day)WVTR (g/ pkg*day)10.0110.002120.0320.001030.0400.002240.0360.003450.0520.0015Evaluation only.Created w
36、ith Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.包装袋实际测得值与实际值比较Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.观察袋子的内部所发现的次点o“半穿透”裂缝和“半穿透”针孔发生在主要阻隔层(Al层)折痕处-加工过程原因Evaluation only.Created with As
37、pose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.应用举例: 酸奶瓶子WVTR测试举例Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.瓶子WVTR测试结果比较Sample NameWVTR Transmission Rate(g/package-day)W-10.00081W-20.00089W-30.
38、00099W-40.00092W-50.0107W-6 (plate epoxyed)0.0003瓶盖填片材料的差异可造成从瓶盖处不同程度的渗透和微量漏气. Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.土豆片软包装袋的困惑o土豆片-某食品公司新产品之一,冲氮渡铝膜软包装o未过保质期, 但客户发现土豆片已出现异味,已明显地变质.o厂家在装袋前测定空袋子,各项指标合格.l 这是什么回事这是什么回事? ?Evaluat
39、ion only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.我们的观察方法o把产品取出,把袋子剪开o关掉日光灯,在黑暗中开一小台灯o把展开的袋子对着光源.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. twinkle, twinkle, little stars
40、运输过程中土豆片对袋子损坏Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.我们的建议o对装有硬质食品的软包装袋, 其合格与否应考核更严格的指标o用如下仪器对包装材料进行揉搓扭曲处理后再测定阻隔性是否合格 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pt
41、y Ltd.成型包装体测定的重要性o当选定了材料后，对成型包装体的测定是很重要的o只有通过测定才能知道整体的阻隔性是否受到因为加工过程, 运输中不恰当“磨损”的影响o由测试结果对包装加工过程进行调整o从而能保证产品在保质期内的安全Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.应用举例:华夫饼干包装袋 - 环境温度,湿度对选材的影响 材料A(很好)材料B(好)材料C(中等)测试条件销往北欧北欧PASSPASSPASS
42、15C, 30%RH销往南韩南韩PASSPASSFAIL23C50%RH销往泰国泰国PASSFAILFAIL30C, 85%RHEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.软塑包装材料保证食品安全的要素o了解食品特性, 了解包装材料性能, 论证材料的安全性以及与产品相容性o用实验测试手段, 在实际应用条件下对包装材料的阻隔性进行评估,合理选材 o对终极成型包装在实际应用条件下进一步测试,确证包装的阻隔性,物理性能
43、在加工,物流和销售环节中未受损坏Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.一些特殊包装o为了进一步延长保质期, 可设计一些特殊包装:o包装内加除氧剂,除湿剂o真空包装o充氮气包装o气调包装Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd
44、.新型气调性包装o新鲜肉类包装新鲜肉类包装-o新型气调性包装, 充有一定含量CO2, 及少量COoPAC CHECK Model 333便携式三用顶空分析仪oCO 测量范围: 0.02% - 2%oCO2测量范围: 0% - 100%oO2测量范围: 0% - 100%Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.真空包装, 充氮气包装o真空包装o充氮气包装oMOCON Pac Check Model 800 Se
45、ries顶空分顶空分析仪检测包装袋内氧气含量的增加析仪检测包装袋内氧气含量的增加, ,针孔大小与针孔大小与, ,内空间体积内空间体积 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.REGULATORY RECALLPRODUCTSPOILAGE产品变质PRODUCT RETURNSPRODUCT RETURNS退货退货TAINTEDTAINTEDCOMPANYCOMPANYIMAGEIMAGE公司形象的损坏公司形象
46、的损坏错误的判断和选择的代价错误的判断和选择的代价威胁食品安全威胁食品安全, , 公众健康公众健康, ,您的公司形象您的公司形象ILLNESS生病打官司Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.
